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Yasser Arafat



Upon Arafat's death, PLC Speaker Rawhi Fattouh succeeded Arafat as interim President of the PNA. PLO Secretary-General Mahmoud Abbas was selected Chairman of the PLO, and Farouk Kaddoumi became head of Fatah.[118] The PNA and the leadership of Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon declared forty days of mourning for Arafat.[96] Abbas won the January 2005 presidential election by a comfortable margin, solidifying himself as the successor to Arafat as leader of the Palestinians.

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See also

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Notes

  1. ^ a b Not certain; Disputed; Most sources including Tony Walker, Andrew Gowers, Alan Hart and Said K. Aburish indicate Cairo as Arafat's place of birth, but others list his birthplace as Jerusalem as well as Gaza. See here and here for more information. Some believe also that the Jerusalem birthplace might have been a little known rumor created by the KGB [1].
  2. ^ Some sources use the term Chairman rather than President; the Arabic word for both titles is the same. See President of the Palestinian National Authority for further information.
  3. ^ a b Aburish, Said K. (1998). From Defender to Dictator. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, pp.33–67. ISBN 1-58234-049-8.  Aburish says the date of Fatah's founding is unclear but claims in 1959 it was exposed by its magazine.
    Zeev Schiff, Raphael Rothstein (1972). Fedayeen; Guerillas Against Israel. McKay, p.58; Schiff and Rothstein claim Fatah was founded in 1959.
    Salah Khalaf and Khalil al-Wazir state Fatah’s first formal meeting was in October 1959. See Anat N.Kurz (2005) Fatah and the Politics of Violence: The Instituionalization of a Popular Struggle. Brighton, Portland: Sussex Academic Press (Jaffee Centre for Strategic Studies), pp.29-30
  4. ^ Hockstader, Lee. "A Dreamer Who Forced His Cause Onto World Stage", Washington Post Foreign Service, The Washington Post Company, 2004-11-11. Retrieved on 2007-10-31. 
  5. ^ Johnston, Elgin H., and Jerold C. Mathews. A History of Palestine 1900-1950, pp. 1063. Addison-Wesley, Sydney, Australia, 1978. ISBN 978-0-321-00682-0
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Aburish, Said K. (1998). From Defender to Dictator. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, pp.7–32. ISBN 1-58234-049-8. 
  7. ^ Yasser Arafat: Homeland a dream for Palestinian Authority Chief. CNN News. Cable News Network. Retrieved on 2007-09-15.
  8. ^ Rubenstein, Dany (1995). The Mystery of Arafat. New York: Steerforth Press, pp.38. ISBN 1883642108. 
  9. ^ Aburish, Said K. (1998). From Defender to Dictator. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, pp.46. ISBN 1-58234-049-8. 
  10. ^ Hart, Alan (1994). Arafat. Sidgwick & Jackson, pp.99. ISBN 978-0-283-06220-9. 
  11. ^ Mattar, Phillip (2000-11-12). Biography of Khalil al-Wazir (Abu Jihad). Encyclopedia of the Palestinians. Facts on File; 1st edition. Retrieved on 2007-07-17.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h Aburish, Said K. (1998). From Defender to Dictator. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, pp.33–67. ISBN 1-58234-049-8. 
  13. ^ Hussein, Hassan Khalil. Abu Iyad, Unknown Pages of his Life, pp.64. 
  14. ^ Cooley, John K. (1973). Green March, Black September. Frank Crass & Co., pp.100. ISBN 0-7146-2987-1. 
  15. ^ Abu Sharif, Bassam; Uzi Mahmaini (1996). Tried by Fire. Time Warner Paperbacks, pp.33. ISBN 0751516368. 
  16. ^ Gowers, Andrew; Tony Walker (1991). Behind the Myth: Yasser Arafat and the Palestinian Revolution. Interlink Pub Group Inc, pp.65. ISBN 0940793865. 
  17. ^ Oren, Michael (2003). Six Days of War, June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East. New York: The Random House Publishing Group, pp.33–36. ISBN 0-345-46192-4. 
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h Aburish, Said K. (1998). From Defender to Dictator. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, pp.69–98. ISBN 1-58234-049-8. 
  19. ^ Aburish, Said K. (2004). Nasser, The Last Arab. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 031228683. 
  20. ^ a b c Sayigh, Yezid (1997). Armed Struggle and the Search for State, the Palestinian National Movement, 1949–1993. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198296436. 
  21. ^ Bulloch, John (1983). Final Conflict: The War in Lebanon. London: Century Publishing, pp.165. ISBN 0712601716. 
  22. ^ Livingstone, Neil; David Halevy (1990). Inside the PLO. pp.80: Reader's Digest Association. ISBN 978-0-7090-4548-9. 
  23. ^ The Guerrilla Threat In the Middle East. Time (1968-12-13). Retrieved on 2007-08-24.
  24. ^ Cobban, Helena (1984). The Palestinian Liberation Organization, Power, People and Politics. Cambridge University Press, pp.39. ISBN 0521272165. 
  25. ^ a b c Aburish, Said K. (1998). From Defender to Dictator. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, pp.100–112. ISBN 1-58234-049-8. 
  26. ^ Ortega, Sergio (2000). This Is a Hijack. AirOdyssey.net. Retrieved on 2007-08-24.
  27. ^ a b "Black September in Jordan 1970–1971", Armed Conflict Events Data, 2000-12-16. Retrieved on 2007-07-17. 
  28. ^ Rasheda, Mahran. Arafat, the Difficult Number (in Arabic). Dar al-Hayan, pp.175–181. ISBN 0141272625. 
  29. ^ 'The continuous and escalating attacks experienced by Lebanon in the late 1960s and 1970s were part of precisely such a strategy. Southern villages were shelled and the crops and groves upon which the villagers depended destroyed. The Lebanese Army recorded over three thousand violations of Lebanese territory by Israeli forces between 1968 and 1974, an average rate of 1.4 incidents per day. (In 1974-75 the rate would increase still further, to 7 per day.) During this same period (1968-74) some 880 Lebanese and Palestinian civilians were killed in Israeli attacks. Thousands were wounded, and one-fifth or more of the border region's 150,000 inhabitants were forced to flee the south to the relative safety of Beirut and other urban centers.' Rex Brynen,Sanctuary and Survival: The PLO in Lebanon, Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado 1990, citing Walid Khalidi, Conflict and Violence in Lebanon. Center for International Affairs, Harvard 1979.p. 125.
  30. ^ a b c Aburish, Said K. (1998). From Defender to Dictator. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, pp.122–125. ISBN 1-58234-049-8. 
  31. ^ Sontag, Deborah (1999-04-20). 2 Who Share a Past Are Rivals for Israel's Future Section A, Page 3, Column 1. The New York Times.
  32. ^ Klein, Aaron (2005). Striking Back: The 1972 Munich Olympics Massacre and Israel's Deadly Response. New York: Random House. ISBN 1920769803. 
  33. ^ Berger, Robert. "Munich Massacre Remembered", CBS News, MMII, CBS Worldwide Incorporate, 2002-09-05. Retrieved on 2007-07-17. 
  34. ^ Morris, Benny (2001). Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–2001. Vintage Books, pp.383. ISBN 9780679744757. 
  35. ^ Political Program Adopted at the 12th Session of the Palestine National Council. Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations (1974-06-08).
  36. ^ a b c Aburish, Said K. (1998). From Defender to Dictator. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, pp.140-142. ISBN 1-58234-049-8. 
  37. ^ The Seizure of the Saudi Arabian Embassy in Khartoum. U.S. Department of State (2006-05-04).
  38. ^ a b Aburish, Said K. (1998). From Defender to Dictator. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, pp.252–261. ISBN 1-58234-049-8. 
  39. ^ Yasser Arafat's UN General Assembly speech, November 13, 1974
  40. ^ a b c d e f Aburish, Said K. (1998). From Defender to Dictator. Bloomsbury Publishing, pp.150–175. ISBN 1-58234-049-8. 
  41. ^ Mohammed Zaatari Saad loses final battle against cancer. Lebanonwire (2002-07-26).
  42. ^ Noam Chomsky (1999). The Fateful Triangle: The United States, Israel and the Palestinians. South End Press, 184. ISBN 0896086011. 
  43. ^ a b The Civil War... 1975, Regional Intervention. The Lebanese-American Association.
  44. ^ Harris, William (1996). Faces of Lebanon. Sects, Wars, and Global Extensions. Markus Wiener Publishers, pp.162–165. ISBN 1558761152. 
  45. ^ In Faces of Lebanon. Sects, Wars, and Global Extensions pp.162–165, William Harris states "Perhaps 3,000 Palestinians, mostly civilians, died in the siege and its aftermath". This source states that 2,000 were killed.[2] while this page suggests several thousand.[3]
  46. ^ What happened at Ma'alot, Kiryat Shmona, and other terrorist targets in the 1970s?. Palestine Facts. Retrieved on 2007-10-05.
  47. ^ 133 Statement to the press by Prime Minister Begin on the massacre of Israelis on the Haifa - Tel Aviv Road- 12 March 1978. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1978-05-12).
  48. ^ Time Line: Lebanon Israel Controls South. BBC News. BBC MMVII (2007-10-09). Retrieved on 2007-10-09.
  49. ^ Noam Chomsky, Fatal Triangle, 1999 p.346
  50. ^ Mordechai Bar-On, cited in Chomsky, The Fatal Triangle, 1999 pp.355-356
  51. ^ The Battle of Tel al-Zaatar. Liberty 05.
  52. ^ 92 Press Conference Following Israel Air Force Attack on PLO base in Tunis. Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1985-11-01).
  53. ^ a b c d e f g Aburish, Said K. (1998). From Defender to Dictator. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, pp.201–228. ISBN 1-58234-049-8. 
  54. ^ A Matter of Justice: Tax Resistance in Beit Sahour-Nonviolent Sanctions; Albert Einstein Institution, Spring/Summer 1992
  55. ^ Yasser Arafat, Speech at UN General Assembly Geneva, General Assembly 13 December 1988. Le Monde Diplomatique (1988-12-13).
  56. ^ Arafat Clarifies Statement to Satisfy U.S. Conditions for Dialogue. Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved on 2007-07-18.
  57. ^ Aburish, Said K. (1998). From Defender to Dictator. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, pp.246–247. ISBN 1-58234-049-8. 
  58. ^ a b "Profile: Suha Arafat-Blonde, convent-educated and with a rumored penchant for designer suits, Suha Arafat makes an unlikely wife for the leader of the Palestinian resistance.", BBC News, BBC MMVII, 2005-11-17. Retrieved on 2007-07-21. 
  59. ^ "Milestones", Time Magazine, 1994-12-19. Retrieved on 2007-07-22. 
  60. ^ "Timeline: Yasser Arafat", FOX News & Associated Press, Fox News Network, 2005-02-08. Retrieved on 2007-07-27. 
  61. ^ a b c Carter, James (2006). Palestine Peace Not Apartheid. New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc., pp.147–150. ISBN 978-0-7432-8502-5. 
  62. ^ Israel 1991 to Present: Oslo Accords, What were the details of the Oslo Accords. palestinefacts.org (2007). Retrieved on 2007-08-24.
  63. ^ Agreement on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho Area. The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (2007). Retrieved on 2007-08-24.
  64. ^ Israel-PLO Recognition: Exchange of Letters Between PM Rabin and Chairman Arafat. U.S State Department Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs (1993-09-03). Retrieved on 2007-08-24.
  65. ^ a b 1994: Israelis and Arafat share peace prize. BBC News. BBC MMVII (1993-09-03). Retrieved on 2007-08-24.
  66. ^ a b c d Aburish, Said K. (1998). From Defender to Dictator. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, 262–292. ISBN 1-58234-049-8. 
  67. ^ Heikal, Mohammed (1996). Secret Channels. HarperCollins Publishing, 479. ISBN 0006383378. 
  68. ^ Constitution of Palestine (1994) Wikisource 2006-07-26. Accessed on 2007-11-07
  69. ^ Forgione, Fabio (October 2004). The Chaos of Corruption, Challenges for the improvement of the Palestinian Society: VI. PA security service, 1. Abuses, torture and infringements of the law. The Palestinian Human Rights Monitoring Group (PHRMG). Retrieved on 2007-11-04.
  70. ^ Palestine Facts: 1994-1995. Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs (PASSIA). Retrieved on 2008-03-15.
  71. ^ Miller, Judith (2004-11-10). Obituary: Yasir Arafat, Palestinian Leader, Dies at 75. New York Times. Retrieved on 2007-11-25.
  72. ^ Aburish, Said K. (1998). From Defender to Dictator. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, pp.293–320. ISBN 1-58234-049-8. 
  73. ^ "Profile: Binyamin Netanyahu-Binyamin Netanyahu was one of the most right-wing and controversial leaders in Israel's history.", BBC News, BBC MMVII, 2005-12-20. 
  74. ^ "Hardliners Gain Around Likud Vote", BBC News, BBC MMIII, 2002-12-09. Retrieved on 2007-07-21. 
  75. ^ The Wye River Memorandum. The State of Israel (Translated from Hebrew) (1998). Retrieved on 2007-08-24.
  76. ^ a b c d e f Yasser Arafat (1929–2004). PASSIA (2004-12-11).
  77. ^ "Mid-East press reflects on Arafat legacy: Israeli newspaper Maariv", BBC News, BBC MMIII, 2004-11-05. Retrieved on 2007-09-17. 
  78. ^ a b c Aburish, Said K. (1998). From Defender to Dictator. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, pp.321–325. ISBN 1-58234-049-8. 
  79. ^ Beyer, Lisa (2004-11-12). A Life in Retrospect: Yasser Arafat pp.2. Time. Retrieved on 2007-08-24.
  80. ^ Isseroff, Ami (2004-11-12). The Arab Peace Initiative. MEW 2002. Retrieved on 2007-08-26.
  81. ^ "Al-Aqsa Intifada timeline: 2002", BBC News, BBC MMVII, 2004-09-29. Retrieved on 2007-09-11. 
  82. ^ Bowen, Jeremy. "Palestinian Authority funds go to militants", BBC News, BBC MMVII, 2003-11-07. Retrieved on 2007-08-26. 
  83. ^ Naveh, Dani (2002-05-06). The Involvement of Arafat, PA Senior Officials and Apparatuses in Terrorism against Israel- Corruption and Crime. Ministry of Foreign Affairs - The State of Israel. Retrieved on 2007-10-15.
  84. ^ "Profile: Marwan Barghouti", BBC News, BBC MMVII, 2004-12-13. Retrieved on 2007-09-11. 
  85. ^ Pipes, Daniel. "Arafat's Failure May Offer Seeds of Hope", Los Angeles Times, 1980–2007 Daniel Pipes, 2002-05-06. Retrieved on 2007-10-07. 
  86. ^ Schmemann, Serge. "Arafat Remains Defiant Amid Rubble of His Compound", New York Times, 2002-09-22. Retrieved on 2006-02-17. 
  87. ^ Amayreh, Khalil. "Arafat vs Abbas", Al-Ahram Weekly, 2003-07-23. Retrieved on 2006-02-17. 
  88. ^ Hillman, G. Robert. "Bush dismisses Arafat as Partner, Pushes for New Leader", The Dallas Morning News, 2003-09-19. Retrieved on 2007-07-21. 
  89. ^ Alon, Gideon; Amira Hass. "MI chief: terror groups trying hard to pull off mega-attack", Haaretz, 2002-08-14. Retrieved on 2007-07-21. 
  90. ^ Nashashibi, Karim; Adam Bennett. "Business & Economy: IMF audit reveals Arafat diverted $900 million to account under his personal control", The Electronic Intifada, 2003-09-20. Retrieved on 2007-07-21. 
  91. ^ For a general overview of the crucial importance of foreign funding in the peace process, and the PNA's use of such aid, see Rex Brynen, A Very Political Economy: Peacebuilding and Foreign Aid in the West Bank and Gaza, United States Institute of Peace Press, 2000
  92. ^ a b Stahl, Lesley. "Arafat's Billions, One Man's Quest To Track Down Unaccounted-For Public Funds", CBS News, 2003-11-09. Retrieved on 2007-07-21. 
  93. ^ Wiertz, Rue. "EU funding to the Palestinian Authority: Commissioner Patten responds to a letter from Mr. Laschet, MEP", European Union External Relations, 2003-01-21. Retrieved on 2007-09-26. 
  94. ^ Katz, Yaakov. ""Arafat used aid to buy weapons"", JPost, 2006-05-17. Retrieved on 2007-07-21. 
  95. ^ a b Ending of Yasser's Life. Palestine: The Mystery Country.
  96. ^ a b c d Biles, Peter (2004-11-12). Arafat's funeral held in Cairo: Mystery illness. BBC News. BBC MMVII. Retrieved on 2007-11-02.
  97. ^ Hospital concealment strengthens suspicion: Arafat died of AIDS. Israel Insider. Koret Communications (2004-11-11).
  98. ^ Lindgren, Jim (2004-11-04). Arafat: If he is "brain-dead," he is dead. The Volokh Conspiracy using passage published by France-Press.
  99. ^ Stahl, Julie. "'They're Trying to Bury My Husband Alive' Suha Arafat Says", CNS News, Cybercast News Service, 2004-11-08. Retrieved on 2007-10-11. 
  100. ^ Code of Public Health (French). Legifrance (2002-03-05).
  101. ^ "Top Palestinians arrive in Paris 'Apologize'", BBC News, BBC MMVII, 2004-11-08. Retrieved on 2007-10-11. 
  102. ^ Arafat's health unchanged: French official. China View. Xinhua News Agency (2004-11-07).
  103. ^ "Palestinians mourn Arafat but struggle for liberation will continue", Obituary, Maavik Sotzialisti (Socialist World News), 2004-11-11. Retrieved on 2007-07-21. 
  104. ^ "Palestinians head to Paris to probe Arafat's death", Oscar-Tango, Despardes Inc., 2004-11-17. Retrieved on 2007-09-26. 
  105. ^ Arafat doctors found 'no poison':Tests on Yasser Arafat's body showed no traces of any known poisons, according to medical files released on Monday.. BBC News. BBC MMVII (2004-11-22). Retrieved on 2007-09-02.
  106. ^ a b Cause of Arafat death 'unknown' Medical records of former Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat appear to show that doctors could not determine the underlying cause of his death.. BBC News. BBC MMVII (2005-09-08).
  107. ^ a b c d Rubenstein, Danny. "Arafat's doctor: There was HIV in his blood, but poison killed him", Haaretz, Haaretz, 2005-09-08. 
  108. ^ "Arafat’s doctor wants autopsy", Associated Press, 2004-11-12. Retrieved on 2007-12-12. 
  109. ^ Erlanger, Steven; Lawrence K. Altman. "Medical Records Say Arafat Died From a Stroke", The New York Times, New York Times Company, 2005-09-08. Retrieved on 2007-09-26. 
  110. ^ Kapeliouk, Amnon. "Yasser Arafat a-t-il été assassiné? ("Was Arafat murdered?")", Le Monde diplomatique, 2005-11-02. Retrieved on 2007-07-21. (French) 
  111. ^ "Debate on the Death of Yasser Arafat", Reuters, Un site auFeminin.com Network, 2004-11-17. Retrieved on 2007-09-02. (French) 
  112. ^ Left, Sarah (2004-11-11). Arafat begins final journey. Guardian Unlimited. Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved on 2007-12-04.
  113. ^ Arafat's Body Arrives in Cairo Ahead of Ceremony on Friday. The New York Times. The New York Times (2004-11-11). Retrieved on 2007-12-06.
  114. ^ Arafat's funeral: Who was there. BBC News. BBC MMVII (2004-11-12). Retrieved on 2007-11-02.
  115. ^ "Israel Plans for Arafat Burial in Gaza", Associated Press, 2004-11-04. Retrieved on 2007-07-21. 
  116. ^ "No way to die", Guardian Unlimited, Guardian News and Media Limited, 2004-12-16. 
  117. ^ Arafat mausoleum opened by Abbas. BBC News. BBC MMVII (2007-11-10). Retrieved on 2007-11-10.
  118. ^ Hardy, Roger (2004-12-01). Who could follow Arafat?. BBC News. BBC MMVII. Retrieved on 2007-11-02.

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Persondata
NAME Arafat, Yasser
ALTERNATIVE NAMES ياسر عرفات (Arabic); Abu `Ammar (kunya)
SHORT DESCRIPTION President of the Palestinian Authority
DATE OF BIRTH August 4 or 24, 1929
PLACE OF BIRTH Cairo, Egypt
DATE OF DEATH November 11, 2004
PLACE OF DEATH Paris, France




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