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Warsaw Uprising



Main articles: After effects of the Warsaw Uprising and Cultural representations of the Warsaw Uprising
After the Uprising, one grave was left in the streets of Warsaw.
After the Uprising, one grave was left in the streets of Warsaw.

Due to a lack of cooperation and often the active aggressive moves on the part of the Soviets and several other factors, the Warsaw Uprising and Operation Tempest failed in their primary goal: to free part of the Polish territories so that a government loyal to the Polish government-in-exile could be established there instead of a Soviet puppet state. There is no consensus among historians as to whether that was ever possible, or whether those operations had any other lasting effect. Some argue that without Operation Tempest and the Warsaw Uprising, Poland would have ended as a Soviet republic, and thus the Operation succeeded at least partially in being a political demonstration to the Soviets and Western Allies.[citation needed] In addition, the Warsaw Uprising compelled the Soviets to stop their offensive in Poland to let the Germans suppress the uprising. Some historians speculate that if they had not stopped their march, they would have occupied all of Germany rather than just the eastern section.[citation needed]

Warsaw was liberated from the Nazis on 17 January 1945 by the Red Army and the 1st army of Ludowe Wojsko Polskie during the Vistula-Oder Offensive.[11]

Warsaw monument to the heroes of the Warsaw Uprising.
Warsaw monument to the heroes of the Warsaw Uprising.

Most soldiers of the Home Army (including those who took part in the Warsaw Uprising) were persecuted after the war: captured by the NKVD or UB political police, interrogated and imprisoned, awaiting trials on various charges.[57][58] Many of them were sent to Gulags, executed or just "disappeared".[57]

In addition, members of the Polish Air Force flying supplies to the Home Army, were likewise persecuted after the war and many others "disappeared" after their return to Poland. Once word got back to the Polish flyers still in England, many decided not to return to Poland. Many insurgents, captured by the Germans and sent to POW camps in Germany were later liberated by British, American and Polish forces and remained in the West. Among those were the leaders of the uprising: Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski and Antoni Chruściel (in London and the United States, respectively).

Factual knowledge of the Warsaw Uprising, inconvenient to Stalin, was twisted by propaganda of the People's Republic of Poland, which stressed the failings of the Home Army and the Polish government-in-exile, and forbade all criticism of the Red Army or the political goals of Soviet strategy.[59] Until the late sixties the very name of the Home Army was censored, and most films and novels covering the 1944 Uprising were either banned or modified so that the name of the Home Army did not appear.[59] Further, the official propaganda of both communist Poland and the USSR suggested that the Home Army was some sort of a group of right-wing collaborators with Nazi Germany. From 1956 on, the image of the Warsaw Uprising in Polish propaganda was changed a little bit to underline that the soldiers were indeed brave, while the officers were treacherous and the commanders were characterised by disregard of the losses.[59] The first serious publications on the topic were not issued until the late eighties. In Warsaw no monument to the Home Army could be built until 1989. Instead, efforts of the Soviet-backed Armia Ludowa were glorified and exaggerated.

Warsaw monument to the heroes of the Warsaw Uprising.
Warsaw monument to the heroes of the Warsaw Uprising.

In the West, the story of the Polish fight for Warsaw with little support was an embarrassment, as was the shock of Home Army soldiers as Western Allies recognised the Soviet controlled pro-Communist regime installed by Stalin; as a result, the story received little attention in the West for many years. One exception is a 1974 episode of the BBC documentary The World at War whose 10 minutes of coverage concludes 'thus ended one of the wars most tragic episodes'.

The courage of soldiers and civilians involved in the Warsaw Uprising, and its betrayal by the Soviet Union, contributed to keeping anti-Soviet sentiment in Poland at a high level throughout the Cold War. Memories of the Uprising helped to inspire the Polish labour movement Solidarity, which led a peaceful opposition movement against the Communist government during the 1980s, leading to the downfall of that government in 1989 and the emergence of democratic political representation.

After fall of communism in 1989, the censorship of the facts of the Uprising ceased, and 1 August has now become a celebrated anniversary. On 1 August 1994, Poland held a ceremony commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Uprising. Germany and Russia were invited to the ceremony, although there was opposition to Russia's invitation. Moreover, a joke making the rounds suggested that "Yeltsin should be given a pair of binoculars so he can observe the ceremony from across the Vistula river." On July 31, 2004, a Warsaw Uprising Museum opened in Warsaw.

Research into the Warsaw Uprising has been boosted since the 1990s, particularly due to abolition of censorship and opening of state archives in Poland, however research into the lack of support of the Warsaw Uprising is (according to historians such as Norman Davies) is still very difficult due to lack of access to archives in both UK and Russia. For records related to the period, currently both the United Kingdom archives and Russian archives (where the majority of Soviet archives are kept) remain mostly closed to the public. Further complicating the matter is the United Kingdom's claim that they accidentally destroyed the archives of the Polish Government in Exile.[60]

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See also

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Notes and references

See also this external link for more English language books on the topic.
  1. ^ a b c d COMPARISON OF FORCES, Warsaw Rising Museum
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Warsaw Uprising: FAQ
  3. ^ (Polish) Whatfor (2004). Akcje zbrojne - Warszawa. Powstanie Warszawskie. Retrieved on 2007-04-11. “Gdybyśmy nie mieli Warszawy w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie, to nie mielibyśmy 4/5 trudności, z którymi musimy walczyć. Warszawa jest i pozostanie ogniskiem zamętu, punktem, z którego rozprzestrzenia się niepokój w tym kraju.”
  4. ^ George Sanford (scholar), Katyn and the Soviet Massacre of 1940: Truth, Justice and Memory, Routledge, 2005, ISBN 0415338735, Google Print, p.205–206
  5. ^ a b c d e f g The Warsaw Rising, polandinexile.com
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j David M. Glantz, The Soviet-German War 1941–1945: Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay Retrieved on 20 May 2007
  7. ^ a b c d e f "When Titans Clashed. How the Red Army Stopped Hitler" - How the Red Army Stopped Hitler. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Belarus. Retrieved on 20 May 2007
  8. ^ The exact number of Poles of Jewish ancestry and Jews to take part in the uprising is a matter of controversy. General Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski estimated the number of Jewish Poles in Polish ranks at 1,000, other authors place it at between several hundred and 2,000. See for instance: (Polish) Edward Kossoy. "Żydzi w Powstaniu Warszawskim" (pdf). . Task Force for International Cooperation on Holocaust Education, Remembrance and Research Retrieved on 2007-05-09.
  9. ^ (Polish) Adam Borkiewicz (1957). Powstanie Warszawskie 1944. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo PAX, 40. 
  10. ^ Borkiewicz, op.cit., p.41
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Warsaw Uprising - Timeline
  12. ^ (Polish) Bartelski, Lesław M. (2000). Praga. Warsaw: Fundacja "Wystawa Warszawa Walczy 1939–1945", 182. ISBN 8387545333. 
  13. ^ (Polish) (German) various authors; Czesław Madajczyk (1999). "Nie rozwiązane problemy powstania warszawskiego", in Stanisława Lewandowska, Bernd Martin: Powstanie Warszawskie 1944. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Polsko-Niemieckie, 613. ISBN 8386653086. 
  14. ^ (Polish) "Muzeum Powstania otwarte", BBC Polish edition, 2004-10-02. 
  15. ^ (Polish) Jerzy Kłoczowski. "O Powstaniu Warszawskim opowiada prof. Jerzy Kłoczowski", Gazeta Wyborcza, 1998-08-01. 
  16. ^ THE SLAUGHTER IN WOLA at Warsaw Rising Museum
  17. ^ a b c Krystyna Wituska, Irene Tomaszewski, Inside a Gestapo Prison: The Letters of Krystyna Wituska, 1942–1944, Wayne State University Press, 2006, ISBN 0814332943, Google Print, p.xxii
  18. ^ (Polish) Nawrocka-Dońska, Barbara (1961). Powszedni dzień dramatu, 1, Warsaw: Czytelnik, 169. 
  19. ^ (Polish) Tomczyk, Damian (1982). Młodociani uczestnicy powstania warszawskiego. Łambinowice: Muzeum Martyrologii i Walki Jeńców Wojennych w Łambinowicach, 70. 
  20. ^ (Polish) Ryszard Mączewski. Stacja Filtrów. Architektura przedwojennej Warszawy. warszawa1939.pl. Retrieved on 2007-05-08.
  21. ^ a b (Polish) various authors; Jadwiga Cieślakiewicz, Hanna Falkowska, Andrzej Paczkowski (1984). Polska prasa konspiracyjna (1939–1945) i Powstania Warszawskiego w zbiorach Biblioteki Narodowej. Warsaw: Biblioteka Narodowa, 205. ISBN 830000842X. 
  22. ^ (Polish) collection of documents (1974). in Marian Marek Drozdowski, Maria Maniakówna, Tomasz Strzembosz, Władysław Bartoszewski: Ludność cywilna w powstaniu warszawskim. Warsaw: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. 
  23. ^ (Polish) Zadrożny, Stanisław (1964). Tu--Warszawa; Dzieje radiostacji powstańczej "Błyskawica". London: Orbis, 112. 
  24. ^ (Polish) Sławomir Bułajewski. Burza i Błyskawica. Retrieved on 2007-05-14.
  25. ^ (English) Project InPosterum (corporate author). Warsaw Uprising: Radio 'Lighting' (Blyskawica). Retrieved on 2007-05-08.
  26. ^ (English) Jan Nowak-Jeziorański (1982). Courier from Warsaw. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 9780814317259. 
  27. ^ (Polish) Adam Nogaj. Radiostacja Błyskawica. Retrieved on 2007-05-14.
  28. ^ (English) Project InPosterum (corporate author) (2004). John Ward. Warsaw Uprising 1944. Retrieved on 2007-05-14.
  29. ^ Warsaw Uprising CNN Special - August 26. Last accessed on 11 April 2007.
  30. ^ a b c d American Radioworks on Warsaw Uprising
  31. ^ a b c d e AIRDROPS FOR INSURGENTS at Warsaw Rising Museum
  32. ^ (English) Neil Orpen (1984). Airlift to Warsaw. The Rising of 1944. University of Oklahoma, 192. ISBN 8324702350. 
  33. ^ ALLIED AIRMEN OVER WARSAW at Warsaw Rising Museum
  34. ^ Kamil Tchorek, Escaped British Airman Was Hero of Warsaw Uprising
  35. ^ a b c STALIN’S PRIVATE AIRFIELDS, Warsaw Rising Museum
  36. ^ CNN Presents: The Warsaw Uprising. CNN. Retrieved on 2006-03-15.
  37. ^ (Polish) Bartoszewski, Władysław; Muzeum Powstania Warszawskiego. Dni walczącej stolicy: kronika Powstania Warszawskiego. Warszawa: Muzeum Powstania Warszawskiego; Świat Książki. ISBN 9788373916791. 
  38. ^ www.rkka.ru - Map of 2nd Tank Army operations around Warsaw - 1-5 August, 1944 map
  39. ^ The Soviet Conduct of Tactical Maneuver: Spearhead of the Offensive by David M Glantz. Map of the front lines on August 3, 1944 - Google book search
  40. ^ ibid, Google book search result
  41. ^ Map of 2nd Tank Army operations map
  42. ^ a b c (Polish) Jan Nowak-Jeziorański (1993-07-31). "Białe plamy wokół Powstania". Gazeta Wyborcza (177): 13. 
  43. ^ SS: The Waffen-SS War in Russia 1941–45 Relevant page viewable via Google book search
  44. ^ a b c d e For description of Berling's landings, see Warsaw Uprising Timeline, Warsaw Uprising PART 10 - "THE FINAL AGONY", and p.27 of Steven J. Zaloga's The Polish Army, 1939–45 (Google Print's excerpt)
  45. ^ Richard J. Kozicki, Piotr Wróbel (eds), Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945, Greenwood Press, 1996, ISBN 0313260079, Google Print, p.34
  46. ^ Adam Józef Borkiewicz, Powstanie warszawskie 1944: zarys działań natury wojskowej, 1957, PAX, p.617 or another source, Władysław T. Bartoszewski, Dni Walczacej Stolicy: kronika Powstania Warszawskiego, 1984, Aneks, p.282. Translation from Nad Wisłą został złamany przez 9. armię ostatni opór powstańców, którzy walczyli aż do ostatniego naboju.
  47. ^ a b (Polish) Zaborski, Zdzisław (2004). Tędy przeszła Warszawa: Epilog powstania warszawskiego: Pruszków Durchgangslager 121, 6 VIII - 10 X 1944. Warsaw: Askon, 55. ISBN 8387545864. 
  48. ^ a b Anthony M. Tung, PRESERVING THE WORLD'S GREAT CITIES: The Destruction and Renewal of the Historic Metropolis, Three Rivers Press, New York, 2001, ISBN 0-517-70148-0. See [http://www.anthonymtung.com/excerpts.htm#Chap4 CHAPTER FOUR: WARSAW: THE HERITAGE OF WAR (online excerpt).
  49. ^ Peter K. Gessner, "For over two months..."
  50. ^ Vanessa Gera Warsaw bloodbath still stirs emotions, Chicago Sun-Times, August 1, 2004
  51. ^ (Polish) Warszawa szacuje straty wojenne (Polish). Retrieved on 2007-03-16.
  52. ^ See the following pages on the official site of Warsaw: Raport o stratach wojennych Warszawy LISTOPAD 2004, Straty Warszawy w albumie and Straty wojenne Warszawy
  53. ^ a b c d e f g h i (Polish) Jerzy Kirchmayer (1978). Powstanie warszawskie. Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza, 576. ISBN 83-05-11080-X. 
  54. ^ The higher number includes all fighting personnel, both men, women and children volunteers fighting in support formations, the lower number includes just the military personnel.
  55. ^ The number includes all troops fighting under German command, including Germans, Azeri, Hungarians, Russians, Ukrainians, Cossacksetc. Also, the number come from General von dem Bach himself and should probably be higher.
  56. ^ a b German MIA were never declared dead and are still considered missing 60 years after the battle. According to various Polish historians (among them col. Jerzy Kirchmayer) the purpose of this policy is to lessen the total casualties rate.
  57. ^ a b Andrzej Paczkowski. Poland, the "Enemy Nation", pp. 372–375, in Black Book of Communism. Crimes, Terror, Repression. Harvard University Press, London. See online excerpt.
  58. ^ Michał Zając, Warsaw Uprising: 5 pm, August 1, 1944, Retrieved on 4 July 2007.
  59. ^ a b c (Polish) Sawicki, Jacek Zygmunt (2005). Bitwa o prawdę: Historia zmagań o pamieć Powstania Warszawskiego 1944-1989. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo "DiG", 230. ISBN 837181366X. 
  60. ^ Rising '44. The Battle for Warsaw, Norman Davies, Pan Books, 2004, ISBN 0-330-48863-5, Chapter VII: Stalinist Repression, Page 528, "the post Communist Polish Government was told that the files had been 'inadvertently destroyed'"; Davies refers to http://www.archiwa.gov.pl/kronika as the place a report on the subject should be delivered in 2003, but that link appears dead.

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