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Ukraine



Main article: Sport in Ukraine
Olympic stadium in Kiev
Olympic stadium in Kiev

Ukraine greatly benefited from the Soviet emphasis on physical education. Such policies left Ukraine with hundreds of stadiums, swimming pools, gymnasiums, and many other athletic facilities.[116] Of the many different sports Ukraine plays, the major sport is football. The top professional league is the Vyscha Liha, also known as the Ukrainian Premier League. The most decorated and known team is FC Dynamo Kyiv. The Ukraine national football team debuted in the 2006 FIFA World Cup, and reached the quarterfinals before losing to eventual champions, Italy.

Other sports are also popular in Ukraine. Boxers Vitali Klitschko and Wladimir Klitschko have held heavyweight world champion titles. Ukraine has an ice hockey league and a national ice hockey team. They also have a basketball league, and cricket clubs.

Ukraine made its Olympic debut at the 1994 Winter Olympics. After attending 3 out of 25 Summer Games and 4 out of 22 Winter Games, Ukraine is ranked 36th by number of gold medals won in the All-time Olympic Games medal count. Many athletes who represented and won medals for the Soviet Union were Ukrainians.

[

Demographics

Ethnic composition of Ukraine
Ukrainians
  
 77.8%
Russians
  
 17.3%
Belarusians
  
 0.6%
Moldovans
  
 0.5%
Crimean Tatars
  
 0.5%
Bulgarians
  
 0.4%
Hungarians
  
 0.3%
Romanians
  
 0.3%
Poles
  
 0.3%
Jews
  
 0.2%
Armenians
  
 0.2%
Greeks
  
 0.2%
Tatars
  
 0.2%
Source: Ethnic composition of the population of Ukraine, 2001 Census
Main article: Demographics of Ukraine

According to the Ukrainian Census of 2001, ethnic Ukrainians make up 77.8% of the population. Other significant ethnic groups are Russians (17.3%), Belarusians (0.6%), Moldovans (0.5%), Crimean Tatars (0.5%), Bulgarians (0.4%), Hungarians (0.3%), Romanians (0.3%), Poles (0.3%), Jews (0.2%), Armenians (0.2%), Greeks (0.2%) and Tatars (0.2%).[117]

Ukraine is considered to be in a demographic crisis due to its high death rate and a low birth rate. In 2007, the country's population was declining at the fourth fastest rate in the world.[118] The demographic trend is showing signs of improvement, as the birth rate has been growing for several consecutive years. Net population growth over the first nine months of 2007 was registered in five provinces of the country (out of 24), and population shrinkage was showing signs of stablising nationwide. The highest birth rates were in Western provinces.[119] Immigrants constitute an estimated 14.7% of the total population.[120]

The industrial regions in the east and southeast are the most heavily populated, and about 67.2% of the population lives in urban areas.[121]

Demography, 1990-2007. Number of inhabitants in millions.
Demography, 1990-2007. Number of inhabitants in millions.

Romanians and Moldavians are another significant minority in Ukraine, concentrated mainly in the Chernivtsi, Odessa, Zakarpattia and Vinnytsia oblasts.

Jews played a very important role in Ukrainian cultural life, especially in the 19th and first half of the 20th century. Today Yiddish, the Ukrainian Jews' traditional language, is only used by a small number of older people.

Significant migration took place in the first years of Ukrainian independence. More than one million people moved into Ukraine in 1991-1992, mostly from the other former Soviet republics. In total, between 1991 and 2004, 2.2 million immigrated to Ukraine (among them, 2.0 million came from the other former Soviet Union states), and 2.5 million emigrated from Ukraine (among them, 1.9 million moved to other former Soviet Union republics).[122]

In the context of low salaries and unemployment within Ukraine, labor emigration became a mass phenomenon at the end of the 1990s. Although estimates vary, about two to three million Ukrainian citizens are currently working abroad, many illegally, in construction, service, housekeeping, and agriculture industries.

Largest cities of Ukraine
view • talk • edit
  City Division Population     City Division Population
1 Kiev Kiev 2,611,327 Kiev
Kiev
Kharkiv
Kharkiv		 11 Luhansk Luhansk Oblast 463,097
2 Kharkiv Kharkiv Oblast 1,470,902 12 Makiivka Donetsk Oblast 389,589
3 Dnipropetrovsk Dnipropetrovsk Oblast 1,065,008 13 Simferopol Crimea 358,108
4 Odessa Odessa Oblast 1,029,049 14 Vinnytsia Vinnytsia Oblast 356,665
5 Donetsk Donetsk Oblast 1,016,194 15 Sevastopol Sevastopol 342,451
6 Zaporizhia Zaporizhia Oblast 815,256 16 Kherson Kherson Oblast 328,360
7 Lviv Lviv Oblast 732,818 17 Poltava Poltava Oblast 317,998
8 Kryvyi Rih Dnipropetrovsk Oblast 668,980 18 Chernihiv Chernihiv Oblast 304,994
9 Mykolaiv Mykolaiv Oblast 514,136 19 Cherkasy Cherkasy Oblast 295,414
10 Mariupol Donetsk Oblast 492,176 20 Sumy Sumy Oblast 293,141
Source: 2001 Census[123]

[

Healthcare

Universal health care is granted to all the citizens of Ukraine by the constitution,[124] while private institutions are also encouraged and provide a complementary role. As of 2006, the average life expectancy in Ukraine is 62.16 years for males and 73.96 years for females. The biggest factor contributing to this relatively low life expectancy for males is a high mortality rate among working-age males from preventable causes such as alcohol poisoning and smoking.[125] As a result, there are 0.857 males to every female in Ukraine.[2]

The death rate in 2007 is estimated to be 16.07 per 1000 people, compared with the European Union average of 10.00 per 1000.[126] Ukraine's birth rate is 9.45 per 1000 people, compared with the European Union average of 10.00 per 1000.[126] To help ease these statistics, the government increased child support payments by 17 times in 2005, thus providing one-time payments of 8,175 Hryvnias, and monthly payments of 154 Hryvnias per child.[127][128] Ukraine suffers from the highest per capita rate of cardiovascular diseases in the world.[129] HIV/AIDS, which was virtually non-existent in the Soviet Union, rapidly spread following its collapse.[130] As of 2001, Ukraine had at least 360,000 people, or approximately 1.4% of the population, living with HIV/AIDS,[2] giving it the highest rate of HIV/AIDS infection in Europe and the CIS. The number of physicians in Ukraine is currently at 2.95 per 1000 people. This is comparable to the United States, which has 2.56 physicians per 1000 people.[131] Nominal spending on the Ukrainian health care system nearly doubled from 1996 to 2000. Thus, in 2000, health care spending sat at 7.4 billion hryvnias, and was still increasing.[132]

[

Religion

See also: History of Christianity in Ukraine
St. Michael's Golden-Domed Cathedral is an example of Ukrainian Baroque architecture
St. Michael's Golden-Domed Cathedral is an example of Ukrainian Baroque architecture
The Crimean Khan's palace in Bakhchisaray was the center of Islam in Ukraine for more than 300 years
The Crimean Khan's palace in Bakhchisaray was the center of Islam in Ukraine for more than 300 years

The dominant religion in Ukraine is Eastern Orthodox Christianity, which is currently split between three Church bodies: the Ukrainian Orthodox Church autonomous church body under the Patriarch of Moscow, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Kiev Patriarchate, and the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church.[102]

A distant second by the number of the followers is the Eastern Rite Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, which practices a similar liturgical and spiritual tradition as Eastern Orthodoxy, but is in communion with the See of Rome (Roman Catholic Church) and recognizes the primacy of the Pope as head of the Church.[133]

Additionally, there are 863 Roman Catholic (Latin or Western Rite) communities, and 474 clergy members serving some one million Roman Catholics in Ukraine.[102] The group forms some 2.19% of the population and consists mainly of ethnic Poles, who live predominantly in the western regions of the country.

Protestant Christians also form around 2.19% of the population. Protestant numbers have grown greatly since Ukrainian independence. The Evangelical Baptist Union of Ukraine is the largest group, with more than 150,000 members and about 3000 clergy. The second largest Protestant church is the Ukrainian Church of Evangelical faith (Pentecostals) with 110000 members and over 1500 local churches and over 2000 clergy, but there also exist other Pentecostal groups and unions and together all Pentecostals are over 300,000, with over 3000 local churches. Also there are many Pentecostal high education schools such as the Lviv Theological Seminary and the Kiev Bible Institute. Other groups include Calvinists, Lutherans, Methodists and Seventh-day Adventists. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is also present.[102]

There are an estimated 500,000 Muslims in Ukraine. About 300,000 Muslims are Crimean Tatars. There are 487 registered Muslim communities, 368 of them on the Crimean peninsula. In addition, some 50,000 Muslims live in Kiev, mostly foreign-born.[134]

The Jewish community is a tiny fraction of what it was before World War II. Jews form 0.63% of the population. A 2001 census indicated 103,600 Jews, although community leaders claimed that the population could be as large as 300,000. There are no statistics on what share of the Ukrainian Jews are observant but the Orthodox Judaism has a stronger presence in Ukraine, than a smaller Reform denomination. Additionally, there is a presence of the middle-ground sect, Conservative Judaism (aka Masorti Judaism) as well.[102]

As of January 1, 2006 there were 35 Krishna Consciousness and 53 Buddhist registered communities in the country.[134]

[

Education

Main articles: Education in Ukraine and List of universities in Ukraine
Ukraine produces the fourth largest number of tertiary graduates in Europe, while being ranked seventh in population
Ukraine produces the fourth largest number of tertiary graduates in Europe, while being ranked seventh in population

According to the Ukrainian constitution, the access to free education is granted to all citizens. Complete general secondary education is compulsory in the state schools which constitute the overwhelming majority. Free higher education in state and communal educational establishments is provided on a competitive basis.[135] There is also a small number of accredited private secondary and higher education institutions.

Due to the state supported free education, the literacy rate is an estimated 99.4%.[2] Since 2005, an eleven-year school program has been replaced with a twelve-year one: primary education takes four years to complete (starting at age six), middle education (secondary) takes five years to complete. There are then three years of upper secondary school.[136] In the 12th grade, students take the Government Tests or school-leaving exams. The Government tests act as both school-leaving exams and university admission tests.

The Ukrainian higher education system comprises higher educational establishments, scientific and methodological facilities under federal, municipal and self-governing bodies in charge of education.[137] The organization of higher education in Ukraine is built up in accordance with the structure of education of the world's higher developed countries, as is defined by UNESCO and the UN.[138]

[

Infrastructure

Main article: Transport in Ukraine
Ukraine's road Network
Ukraine's road Network

Most of Ukraine's infrastructure is Soviet era and outdated. Although the Ukrainian road system covers all major populated centers, it is considered to be by European standards, of low quality.[139] In total, Ukrainian paved roads stretch for 164,732 km.[2]

Rail transport in Ukraine plays the role of connecting all major urban areas, port facilities and industrial centers with neighboring countries. The heaviest concentration of railroad track is located in the Donbas region of Ukraine. Although the amount of freight transported by rail fell by 7.4% in 1995 in comparison with 1994, Ukraine is still one of the world's highest rail users.[140] The total amount of railroad track in Ukraine extends for 22,473 km, of which 9,250 km is electrified.[2]

Ukraine is one of Europe’s largest energy consumers, it consumes almost double the energy of Germany, per unit of GDP.[141] A great share of energy supply in Ukraine comes from nuclear power, with the country receiving most of its nuclear services and nuclear fuel from Russia. The remaining oil and gas, is mostly imported from Russia. Ukraine is heavily dependent on its nuclear energy. The largest nuclear power plant in Europe, the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant, is located in Ukraine. In 2006, the government planned to build 11 new reactors by the year 2030, in effect, doubling the current amount of nuclear power capacity.[142] Renewable energy plays a very modest role in electrical output. In 2005 energy production was met by the following sources: nuclear (47%), thermal (45%), hydro and other (8%).[142]

[

See also

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Politics
Religion
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Military
Administrative
divisions
Economy
Demographics
Culture
WikiProject · Portal

[

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  142. ^ a b Nuclear Power in Ukraine. Uranium Information Centre. Retrieved on 2007-12-22.

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Notes

a.^  Among the Ukrainians that rose to the highest offices in the Russian Empire were Aleksey Razumovsky, Alexander Bezborodko, Ivan Paskevich. Among the Ukrainians who greatly influenced the Russian Orthodox Church in this period were Stephen Yavorsky, Feofan Prokopovich, Dimitry of Rostov.

b.^  Estimates on the number of death vary. Official Soviet data is not available because the Soviet government denied the existence of the famine.

c.1 2  These figures are likely to be much higher, as they do not include Ukrainians from nations or Ukrainian Jews, but instead only ethnic Ukrainians, from the Ukrainian SSR

d.^  This figure excludes POW deaths.

e.1 2  According to the official 2001 census data (by nationality; by language) about 75% of Kiev's population responded 'Ukrainian' to the native language (ridna mova) census question, and roughly 25% responded 'Russian'. On the other hand, when the question 'What language do you use in everyday life?' was asked in the 2003 sociological survey, the Kievans' answers were distributed as follows: 'mostly Russian': 52%, 'both Russian and Ukrainian in equal measure': 32%, 'mostly Ukrainian': 14%, 'exclusively Ukrainian': 4.3%.
"What language is spoken in Ukraine?", Welcome to Ukraine, 2003/2. 

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Geographic locale
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1 Has part of its territory outside Europe.  2 Entirely in West Asia but having socio-political connections with Europe.  3 Has dependencies or similar territories outside Europe. 4 Name disputed by Greece; see Macedonia naming dispute. 5 Declared independence from Serbia on February 17 and is recognised by 43 countries including Taiwan.
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Slavic-speaking states



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