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The Holocaust



Notes

  1. ^ "The Auschwitz Album", Yad Vashem.
  2. ^ Niewyk, Donald L. The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, Columbia University Press, 2000, p.45: "The Holocaust is commonly defined as the murder of more than 5,000,000 Jews by the Germans in World War II." Also see "The Holocaust," Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2007: "the systematic state-sponsored killing of six million Jewish men, women and children, and millions of others, by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II. The Germans called this "the final solution to the Jewish question."
  3. ^ Berenbaum, Michael. The World Must Know, The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, pp.125ff.
  4. ^ a b "Non-Jewish victims of Nazism," Encyclopaedia Britannica.
  5. ^
    • Weissman, Gary. Fantasies of Witnessing: Postwar Attempts to Experience the Holocaust, Cornell University Press, 2004, ISBN 0801442532, p. 94: "Kren illustrates his point with his reference to the Kommissararbefehl. 'Should the (strikingly unreported) systematic mass starvation of Soviet prisoners of war be included in the Holocaust?' he asks. Many scholars would answer no, maintaining that 'the Holocaust' should refer strictly to those events involving the systematic killing of the Jews'."
    • "The Holocaust: Definition and Preliminary Discussion", Yad Vashem: "The Holocaust, as presented in this resource center, is defined as the sum total of all anti-Jewish actions carried out by the Nazi regime between 1933 and 1945: from stripping the German Jews of their legal and economic status in the 1930s, to segregating and starving Jews in the various occupied countries, to the murder of close to six million Jews in Europe. The Holocaust is part of a broader aggregate of acts of oppression and murder of various ethnic and political groups in Europe by the Nazis."
    • Niewyk, Donald L. The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, Columbia University Press, 2000, p.45: "The Holocaust is commonly defined as the murder of more than 5,000,000 Jews by the Germans in World War II. Not everyone finds this a fully satisfactory definition. The Nazis also killed millions of people belonging to other groups: Gypsies, the physically and mentally handicapped, Soviet prisoners of war, Polish and Soviet civilians, political prisoners, religious dissenters, and homosexuals."
    • "Holocaust," Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2007: "the systematic state-sponsored killing of six million Jewish men, women, and children and millions of others by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II. The Germans called this "the final solution to the Jewish question" (emphasis added).
    • "Holocaust", Encarta: "Holocaust, the almost complete destruction of Jews in Europe by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II (1939–1945). The leadership of Germany’s Nazi Party ordered the extermination of 5.6 million to 5.9 million Jews (see National Socialism). Jews often refer to the Holocaust as Shoah (from the Hebrew word for “catastrophe” or “total destruction”)."
    • Paulsson, Steve. "A View of the Holocaust", BBC: "The Holocaust was the Nazis' assault on the Jews between 1933 and 1945. It culminated in what the Nazis called the 'Final Solution of the Jewish Question in Europe', in which six million Jews were murdered. The Jews were not the only victims of Nazism. It is estimated that as many as 15 million civilians were killed by this murderous and racist regime, including millions of Slavs and 'asiatics', 200,000 Gypsies and members of various other groups. Thousands of people, including Germans of African descent, were forcibly sterilised."
    • "The Holocaust", Auschwitz.dk: "The Holocaust was the systematic annihilation of six million Jews by the Nazis during World War 2. In 1933 nine million Jews lived in the 21 countries of Europe that would be military occupied by Germany during the war. By 1945 two out of every three European Jews had been killed. 1.5 million children were murdered. This figure includes more than 1.2 million Jewish children, tens of thousands of Gypsy children and thousands of handicapped children."
    • "Holocaust—Definition", Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies: "HOLOCAUST (Heb., sho'ah). In the 1950s the term came to be applied primarily to the destruction of the Jews of Europe under the Nazi regime, and it is also employed in describing the annihilation of other groups of people in World War II. The mass extermination of Jews has become the archetype of GENOCIDE, and the terms sho'ah and "holocaust" have become linked to the attempt by the Nazi German state to destroy European Jewry during World War II … One of the first to use the term in the historical perspective was the Jerusalem historian BenZion Dinur (Dinaburg), who, in the spring of 1942, stated that the Holocaust was a "catastrophe" that symbolized the unique situation of the Jewish people among the nations of the world."
    • Also see the Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies list of definitions: "Holocaust: A term for the state-sponsored, systematic persecution and annihilation of European Jewry by Nazi Germany and its collaborators between 1933 and 1945."
    • "The Holocaust", Compact Oxford English Dictionary: "(the Holocaust) the mass murder of Jews under the German Nazi regime in World War II."
    • The 33rd Annual Scholars' Conference on the Holocaust and the Churches defines the Holocaust as "the Nazi attempt to annihilate European Jewry," cited in Hancock, Ian. "Romanies and the Holocaust: A Reevaluation and an Overview", Stone, Dan. (ed.) The Historiography of the Holocaust. Palgrave-Macmillan, New York 2004, pp. 383–396.
    • Bauer, Yehuda. Rethinking the Holocaust. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2001, p.10.
    • Dawidowicz, Lucy. The War Against the Jews: 1933–1945. Bantam, 1986, p.xxxvii: "'The Holocaust' is the term that Jews themselves have chosen to describe their fate during World War II."
  6. ^ Donald Niewyk suggests that the broadest definition, including Soviet civilian deaths, would produce a death toll of 17 million. [1] Estimates of the death toll of non-Jewish victims vary by millions, partly because the boundary between death by persecution and death by starvation and other means in a context of total war is unclear. Overall, about 5.7 million (78%) of the 7.3 million Jews in occupied Europe perished (Gilbert, Martin. Atlas of the Holocaust 1988, pp. 242-244). Compared to five to 11 million (1.4% to 3.0%) of the 360 million non-Jews in German dominated Europe. Small, Melvin and J. David Singer. Resort to Arms: International and civil Wars 1816-1980 and Berenbaum, Michael. A Mosaic of Victims: Non-Jews Persecuted and Murdered by the Nazis. New York: New York University Press, 1990
  7. ^ a b Berenbaum, Michael. The World Must Know," United States Holocaust Museum, 2006, p. 103.
  8. ^ Simon Schama, A History of Britain, episode 3, 'Dynasty'; BBC DVD, 2000
  9. ^ a b ""The Holocaust: Definition and Preliminary Discussion", Yad Vashem, accessed June 8, 2005.
  10. ^ For an opposing view on the allegedly offensive nature of the meaning of the word "Holocaust," see Petrie, Jon. "The Secular Word 'HOLOCAUST': Scholarly Myths, History, and Twentieth Century Meanings," Journal of Genocide Research 2, no. 1 (2000): 31-63.
  11. ^ The Oxford English Dictionary, Clarendon Press, 2nd ed.Oxford 1989, vol.VII p.315 sect c.'complete destruction, esp. of a large number of persons; a great slaughter or massacre' citing examples from 1711, 1833, and 1883 onwards.
  12. ^ "As for the Turkish atrocities ... helpless Armenians, men, women, and children together, whole districts blotted out in one administrative holocaust - these were beyond human redress" (Winston Churchill, The World in Crisis, volume 4: The Aftermath, New York, 1923, p. 158).
  13. ^ a b Holocaust, Yad Vashem
  14. ^ a b Setbon, Jessica. "Who Beat My Father? Issues of Terminology and Translation in Teaching the Holocaust", workshop from a May 2006 conference; see Yad Vashem website. [2]
  15. ^ "Holocaust—Definition", Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Vol. II, MacMillan.
  16. ^ A useful analysis of the terms can be found in Bartov, Omer. "Antisemitism, the Holocaust, and Reinterpretation of National Socialism," in Berenbaum, Michael & Peck, Abraham J. (eds.) The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined. Bloomington 1998, pp. 75–98.
  17. ^ Berenbaum, Michael. The World Must Know," United States Holocaust Museum, 2006, p. 104.
  18. ^ a b Friedländer, Saul (1997). Nazi Germany and the Jews: The Years of Extermination. London: HarperCollins, p.xxi. ISBN 0-06-019043-4. 
  19. ^ Bauer, Yehuda (2002). Rethinking the Holocaust. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, p.48. ISBN 0-300-09300-4. 
  20. ^ Holocaust Map of Concentration and Death Camps
  21. ^ Dear, Ian (2001). The Oxford companion to World War II. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860446-7. 
  22. ^ Bauer, Yehuda. Rethinking the Holocaust New Haven: Yale UP, 2002, p. 49. For a good summary of this point, see Yehuda Bauer's Address to the Bundestag.
  23. ^ Bauer, Yehuda (2002). Rethinking the Holocaust. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, p.49. ISBN 0-300-09300-4. 
  24. ^ See Harran, Marilyn. The Holocaust Chronicles, A History in Words and Pictures, Louis Weber, 2000.
  25. ^ Harran, Marilyn J. (2000). The Holocaust Chronicles: A History in Words and Pictures. Lincolnwood, IL: Publications International, p. 384. ISBN 0-7853-2963-3. 
  26. ^ Müller-Hill, Benno (1998). Muderous science: elimination by scientific selection of Jews, Gypsies, and others in Germany, 1933-1945. Plainview, N.Y: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, p.22. ISBN 0-87969-531-5. 
  27. ^ a b Berenbaum, Michael (1993). The world must know: the history of the Holocaust as told in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Boston: Little, Brown, p. 194–5. ISBN 0-316-09134-0. 
  28. ^ Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum in Oświęcim, Poland.
  29. ^ Dawidowicz, Lucy. The War Against the Jews, Bantam, 1986.
  30. ^ Israel Gutman. Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Macmillan Reference Books; Reference edition (October 1, 1995.
  31. ^ a b "How many Jews were murdered in the Holocaust?", FAQs about the Holocaust, Yad Vashem.
  32. ^ Benz, Wolfgang (1996). Dimension des Völkermords. Die Zahl der jüdischen Opfer des Nationalsozialismus.. Dtv. ISBN 3-423-04690-2. 
  33. ^ Hilberg, Raul. The Destruction of the European Jews. Yale University Press, 2003, c. 1961).
  34. ^ Gutman, Yisrael. (ed.) (1998). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, p.71. ISBN 0-253-20884-X. 
  35. ^ Gilbert, Martin, Atlas of the Holocaust, New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc, 1993.
  36. ^ a b Dawidowicz, Lucy S. (1986). The war against the Jews, 1933-1945. New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 0-553-34532-X. 
  37. ^ The Destruction of the European Jews - Revised and Definite Edition 1985,Holmes and Meier Publishers, Inc. Table B-3, p. 1220
  38. ^ a b "Learning and Remembering about Auschwitz-Birkenau", Yad Vashem.
  39. ^ a b Treblinka, Yad Vashem.
  40. ^ a b Belzec, Yad Vashem.
  41. ^ a b Majdanek, Yad Vashem.
  42. ^ a b c Chelmno, Yad Vashem.
  43. ^ a b Sobibór, Yad Vashem.
  44. ^ a b Maly Trostinets, Yad Vashem.
  45. ^ Rhodes, Richard (2002). Masters of death: the SS-Einsatzgruppen and the invention of the Holocaust. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-375-40900-9. 
  46. ^ DIETRICH EICHHOLTZ "»Generalplan Ost« zur Versklavung osteuropäischer Völker"[3]
  47. ^ Madajczyk, Czesław. "Die Besatzungssysteme der Achsenmächte. Versuch einer komparatistischen Analyse." Studia Historiae Oeconomicae vol. 14 (1980): pp. 105-122 [4] in Hitler's War in the East, 1941-1945: A Critical Assessment by Gerd R. Uebersch̀ear and Rolf-Dieter Müller [5]
  48. ^ a b Berenbaum, Michael. The World Must Know, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2006, p. 125.
  49. ^ 1.8–1.9 million non-Jewish Polish citizens are estimated to have died as a result of the Nazi occupation and the war. Estimates are from Polish scholar, Franciszek Piper, the chief historian at Auschwitz. Poles: Victims of the Nazi Era at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
  50. ^ a b c Piotrowski, Tadeusz. "Project InPosterum: Poland WWII Casualties", accessed March 15, 2007; and Łuczak, Czesław. "Szanse i trudności bilansu demograficznego Polski w latach 1939–1945", Dzieje Najnowsze, issue 1994/2.
  51. ^ "Sinti and Roma", United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM). The USHMM places the scholarly estimates at 220,000–500,000. Michael Berenbaum in The World Must Know, also published by the USHMM, writes that "serious scholars estimate that between 90,000 and 220,000 were killed under German rule." (Berenbaum, Michael. The World Must Know," United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2006, p. 126.
  52. ^ Donna F. Ryan, John S. Schuchman, Deaf People in Hitler's Europe, Gallaudet University Press 2002, 62
  53. ^ Hodapp, Christopher. Freemasons for Dummies, For Dummies, 2005.
  54. ^ a b c d e The Holocaust Chronicle, Publications International Ltd., p. 108.
  55. ^ a b Shulman, William L. A State of Terror: Germany 1933–1939. Bayside, New York: Holocaust Resource Center and Archives.
  56. ^ Soviet Prisoners of war.
  57. ^ Nazi persecution of Soviet Prisoners of War.
  58. ^ Berghahn, Volker R. (1999). "Germans and Poles 1871–1945". Germany and Eastern Europe: Cultural Identities and Cultural Differences. Rodopi. 
  59. ^ Davies, Norman (1982). God's playground, a history of Poland. New York: Columbia University Press, 2: 263. ISBN 0-231-05351-7. 
  60. ^ 1.8–1.9 million non-Jewish Polish citizens are estimated to have died as a result of the Nazi occupation and the war. Estimates are from Polish scholar, Franciszek Piper, the chief historian at Auschwitz. Poles: Victims of the Nazi Era at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
  61. ^ a b (English) Tadeusz Piotrowski (1997). Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide.... McFarland & Company, 295. ISBN 0-7864-0371-3.  See also review
  62. ^ Poland-WWII-casualties ,Piotrowski, Tadeusz. "Project InPosterum: Poland WWII Casualties"
  63. ^ Bartoszewski, Władysław. 1859 Dni Warszawy. Cracow 1974, pp. 303-304.
  64. ^ Moses, A. Dirk. Genocide and Settler Society: Frontier Violence and Stolen Indigenous Children in Australian History, p.260. 
  65. ^ Genocide and Settler Society: Frontier Violence and Stolen Indigenous Children in Australian History, p.260. 
  66. ^ Žerjavić, VladimirYugoslavia manipulations with the number Second World War victims, - Zagreb: Croatian Information center,1993 ISBN 0-919817-32-7 [6] and [7]
  67. ^ Kočović,Bogoljub-Žrtve Drugog svetskog rata u Jugoslaviji 1990 ISBN 8601019285
  68. ^ Genocide in Satellite Croatia, Edmond Paris, American Institute for Balkan Affairs, Chicago 1961, p100.
  69. ^ Tomasevich, Jozo. War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0804736154
  70. ^ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - Holocaust Era in Croatia:1941-1945, Jasenovac (go to section III Concentration Camps)[8],
  71. ^ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Holocaust Encyclopedia. Jasenovac.[9],
  72. ^ Yadvashem. Jasenovac. [10]
  73. ^ (English) Genocide policy. Khatyn.by. SMC "Khatyn" (2005). Retrieved on 2006-08-26.
  74. ^ Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1
  75. ^ Berenbaum, Michael. A Mosaic of Victims: Non-Jews Persecuted and Murdered by the Nazis. New York: New York University Press, 1990.
  76. ^ a b Niewyk, Donald & Nicosia, Frances. "The Gypsies," The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, p. 47.
  77. ^ "We had the same pain", The Guardian, November 29, 2004.
  78. ^ Bauer, Yehuda. "Gypsies," in Berenbaum, Michael & Gutman, Yisrael (eds). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Indiana University Press and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (1994); this edition 1998, p. 453.
  79. ^ Berenbaum, Michael. The World Must Know, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2006, p. 126.
  80. ^ cited in Re. Holocaust Victim Assets Litigation (Swiss Banks) Special Master's Proposals, September 11, 2000).
  81. ^ "Sinti and Roma", United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
  82. ^ Hanock, Ian. "Romanies and the Holocaust: A Reevaluation and an Overview", published in Stone, D. (ed.) (2004) The Historiography of the Holocaust. Palgrave, Basingstoke and New York.
  83. ^ Hancock, Ian. Jewish Responses to the Porajmos (The Romani Holocaust), Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, University of Minnesota.
  84. ^ Kermish, Joseph. (ed.) "Emmanuel Ringblaum's Notes, Hitherto Unpublished"PDF (31.2 KiB), , Yad Vashem Studies VII, Jerusalem 1968, pp. 177–178.
  85. ^ a b c d "Deportations to and from the Warsaw Ghetto", United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
  86. ^ Breitman, Richard. Himmler and the Final Solution: The Architect of Genocide. Random House, 2004.
  87. ^ Bauer, Yehuda. "Gypsies," in Berenbaum, Michael & Gutman, Yisrael (eds). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Indiana University Press and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (1994); this edition 1998, p. 444.
  88. ^ Bauer, Yehuda. "Gypsies," in Berenbaum, Michael & Gutman, Yisrael (eds). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Indiana University Press and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (1994); this edition 1998, p. 445.
  89. ^ Bauer, Yehuda. "Gypsies," in Berenbaum, Michael & Gutman, Yisrael (eds). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Indiana University Press and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (1994); this edition 1998, p. 446.
  90. ^ The word translated here as "fellow German" is Volksgenosse, a term used by the Nazis to signify pure German blood. The Nationalsozialistischen Deutschen Arbeiterpartei 1920 manifesto stated: "Staatsbürger kann nur sein, wer Volksgenosse ist. Volksgenosse kann nur sein, wer deutschen Blutes ist, ohne Rücksichtnahme auf die Konfession. Kein Jude kann daher Volksgenosse sein." ("Citizens must be Volksgenosse. Volksgenosse must be of German blood … No Jew can be Volksgenosse.")
  91. ^ Poster advertising Neues Volk, the monthly magazine of the Bureau for Race Politics of the NSDAP.
  92. ^ Holocaust Remembrance Network.
  93. ^ Kershaw, Ian. Hitler, volume II, Norton 2000, p. 430.
  94. ^ a b Lifton, Robert J. The Nazi Doctors" Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide. London: Papermac, 1986 (reprinted 1990) p. 142.
  95. ^ Neugebauer, Wolfgang. "Racial Hygiene in Vienna 1938", Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, special edition, March 1998.
  96. ^ Sereny, Gitta. Into That Darkness, Pimlico 1974, p. 48.
  97. ^ a b c d Steakley, James. "Homosexuals and the Third Reich", The Body Politic, Issue 11, January/February 1974.
  98. ^ Giles, Geoffrey J. "The Most Unkindest Cut of All': Castration, Homosexuality and Nazi Justice," Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 27, No. 1, (January 1992): pp. 41–61.
  99. ^ Hitler, Adolf. Mein Kampf, pp. 315 and 320.
  100. ^ Katz, Jews and Freemasons in Europe cited in The Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, volume 2, page 531.
  101. ^ Documented evidence from the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum pertaining to the persecution of the Freemasons accessed May 21, 2006.
  102. ^ RSHA Amt VII, Written Records, overseen by Professor Franz Six, was responsible for "ideological" tasks, by which was meant the creation of anti-Semitic and anti-masonic propaganda.
  103. ^ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, FREEMASONRY UNDER THE NAZI REGIME
  104. ^ Persecution and Resistance of Jehovah's Witnesses During the Nazi-Regime 1933–1945 Social Disinterest, Governmental Disinformation, Renewed Persecution, and Now Manipulation of History? p. 251.
  105. ^ Non-Jewish Resistance, Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C.
  106. ^ "Horrors of Auschwitz", Newsquest Media Group Newspapers, January 27, 2005
  107. ^ Augustine, Dolores, Book Review of Niven, Bill, The Buchenwald Child: Truth, Fiction, and Propaganda in Central European History 41:01, Cambridge University Press
  108. ^ "The war that time forgot", The Guardian, October 5, 1999
  109. ^ Commissar Order
  110. ^ Peter Hitchens, The Gathering Storm, April 9, 2008
  111. ^ "Boycotts", Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, University of Minnesota, retrieved September 6, 2006.
  112. ^ Hell, Josef. "Aufzeichnung", 1922, ZS 640, p. 5, Institut für Zeitgeschichte, cited in Fleming, Gerald. Hitler and the Final Solution. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1984. p. 17, cited in "Joseph Hell on Adolf Hitler", The Einsatzgruppen.
  113. ^ Friedländer, Saul. Nazi Germany and the Jews Volume 1: The Years of Persecution, 1933–1939. First published 1997 by HarperCollins; this edition, HarperPerennial 1998, p. 1.
  114. ^ a b Friedländer, Saul. Nazi Germany and the Jews Volume 1: The Years of Persecution, 1933–1939. First published 1997 by HarperCollins; this edition, HarperPerennial 1998, p. 12.
  115. ^ a b Friedländer, Saul. Nazi Germany and the Jews Volume 1: The Years of Persecution, 1933–1939. First published 1997 by HarperCollins; this edition, HarperPerennial 1998, p. 33.
  116. ^ Friedländer, Saul. Nazi Germany and the Jews Volume 1: The Years of Persecution, 1933–1939. First published 1997 by HarperCollins; this edition, HarperPerennial 1998, p. 29.
  117. ^ Friedländer, Saul. Nazi Germany and the Jews Volume 1: The Years of Persecution, 1933–1939. First published 1997 by HarperCollins; this edition, HarperPerennial 1998, p. 30–31.
  118. ^ Extracts From Hitler's Speech in the Reichstag on the Nuremberg Laws, September 1935. Yad Vashem.
  119. ^ Berenbaum, Michael. The World Must Know, p. 57.
  120. ^ a b Padfield, Peter. Himmler: Reichsfuhrer SS. Macmillian 1990, p. 270. Padfield gives as his source for both the Heydrich quote and Eichmann's comment on it J von Lang and C Sybill (eds) Eichmann Interrogated. Bodley Head, London 1982, pp. 92–93.
  121. ^ The inscription on the memorial stone raised in the place of the barn at Jedwabne read: "Place of torture and execution of the Jewish population. The Gestapo and Nazi gendarmerie burned 1600 people alive on 10 July 1941." (Polish: Miejsce kaźni ludności żydowskiej. Gestapo i żandarmeria hitlerowska spaliła żywcem 1600 osób 10.VII.1941.). In 2001 the stone was removed and deposited in the Polish Army Museum in Białystok.
  122. ^ The Warsaw Ghetto. Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
  123. ^ a b Holocaust Timeline: The Camps. A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust. University of South Florida. Retrieved on 2007-01-06.
  124. ^ Harran, Marilyn (2000). The Holocaust Chronicles, A History in Words and Pictures. Louis Weber, Pg.321. ISBN 0-7853-2963-3. 
  125. ^ "Concentration Camp Listing", Jewish Virtual Library.
  126. ^ "The Forgotten Camps".
  127. ^ Harran, Marilyn (2000). The Holocaust Chronicles, A History in Words and Pictures. Louis Weber, Pg.461. ISBN 0-7853-2963-3. 
  128. ^ "Just a Normal Day in the Camps", JewishGen, January 6, 2007.
  129. ^ a b Berenbaum, Michael. The World Must Know, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2006, p. 114.
  130. ^ Berenbaum, Michael. The World Must Know, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2006, p. 115–116.
  131. ^ Berenbaum, Michael. The World Must Know, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, this edition 2006, pp. 81–83.
  132. ^ Berenbaum, Michael. The World Must Know, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, this edition 2006, p 116.
  133. ^ a b c Berenbaum, Michael. The World Must Know. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2nd edition, 2006, p. 93.
  134. ^ Dina Porat, “The Holocaust in Lithuania: Some Unique Aspects”, in David Cesarani, The Final Solution: Origins and Implementation, Routledge, 2002, ISBN 0415152321, Google Print, p. 159
  135. ^ Konrad Kwiet, Rehearsing for Murder: The Beginning of the Final Solution in Lithuania in June 1941, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Volume 12, Number 1, pp. 3-26, 1998, [11]
  136. ^ Hilberg, Raul cited in Berenbaum, Michael. The World Must Know. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, John Hopkins University Press, 2nd edition, 2006, p. 93.
  137. ^ Browning, Christopher R. (2004). The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942 (Comprehensive History of the Holocaust). University of Nebraska Press, 225–226. ISBN 978-0803213272. 
  138. ^ a b Berenbaum, Michael. The World Must Know, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, this edition 2006, pp. 97–98.
  139. ^ Issacs, Jeremy. "Susan McConachy', The Guardian, November 23, 2006.
  140. ^ Bogdanovka. Yad Vashem.
  141. ^ A district of Transnistria, see map.
  142. ^ December 21: More than 40,000 Jews shot at Bogdanovka. Yad Vashem.
  143. ^ One Hundred and Eighth Day, Monday, 4/15/1946, Part 01. Court TV News.
  144. ^ Testimony of Rudolf Hoess, Commandant of Auschwitz. University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law.
  145. ^ Extract From Written Evidence of Rudolf Hoss, Commander of the Auschwitz Extermination Camp. Yad Vashem.
  146. ^ Hoess, Rudolf. Yad Vashem.
  147. ^ Gustave Gilbert witness statement cited in Dwork, Deborah & Van Pelt, Robert Jan. Auschwitz, Norton, paperback edition 2002, p. 278, cited in Rees, Laurence. Auschwitz: A New History, Public Affairs, first published 2006, paperback edition 2005, p. 53.
  148. ^ September 3: First experimental gassings at Auschwitz. Yad Vashem.
  149. ^ Letter from Reinhard Heydrich to Martin Luther, Foreign Office, February 26, 1942, regarding the minutes of the Wannsee Conference.
  150. ^ a b c Berenbaum, Michael. The World Must Know, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, this edition 2006, p. 101–102.
  151. ^ a b c d Protocol of the Wannsee Conference, Haus der Wannsee-Konferenz.
  152. ^ Yad Vashem, Accessed May 7, 2007
  153. ^ Per [12], Auschwitz II total numbers are "between 1.3M–1.5M", so we use the middle value 1.4M as estimate here.
  154. ^ Jasenovac, Yad Vashem.
  155. ^ Aktion Reinhard. Yad Vashem.
  156. ^ Although Chelmno was not technically part of Aktion Reinhard, it began functioning as an extermination camp in December 1941.[13]
  157. ^ Rudolf Vrba cited in Berenbaum, Michael (1993). The world must know: the history of the Holocaust as told in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Boston: Little, Brown, p.114. ISBN 0-316-09134-0. 
  158. ^ [Franciszek Piper (1998). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, p.173. ISBN 0-253-20884-X. 
  159. ^ Piper, Franciszek. "Gas chambers and Crematoria," in Berenbaum, Michael & Gutman, Yisrael (eds). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp, Indiana University Press and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 1994, p. 162.
  160. ^ a b Piper, Franciszek. "Gas chambers and Crematoria," in Berenbaum, Michael & Gutman, Yisrael (eds). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp, Indiana University Press and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 1994, p. 170.
  161. ^ a b Piper, Franciszek. "Gas chambers and Crematoria," in Berenbaum, Michael & Gutman, Yisrael (eds). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp, Indiana University Press and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 1994, p. 163.
  162. ^ Piper, Franciszek. "Gas chambers and Crematoria," in Berenbaum, Michael & Gutman, Yisrael (eds). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp, Indiana University Press and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 1994, p. 163. Also in Goldensohn, Leon. Nuremberg Interviews, Vintage paperback 2005, p. 298: Goldensohn, an American psychiatrist, interviewed Rudolf Höß at Nuremberg on April 8, 1946. Höß told him: "We cut the hair from women after they had been exterminated in the gas chambers. The hair was then sent to factories, where it was woven into special fittings for gaskets." Höß said that only women's hair was cut and only after they were dead. He said he had first received the order to do this in 1943.
  163. ^ Piper, Franciszek. "Gas chambers and Crematoria," in Berenbaum, Michael & Gutman, Yisrael (eds). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp, Indiana University Press and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 1994, p. 172. For the living conditions of the Sonderkommando, Piper quotes survivor testimony from the trial of Adolf Eichmann.
  164. ^ Piper, Franciszek. "Gas chambers and Crematoria," in Berenbaum, Michael & Gutman, Yisrael (eds). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp, Indiana University Press and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 1994, p. 171.
  165. ^ Piper, Franciszek. "Gas chambers and Crematoria," in Berenbaum, Michael & Gutman, Yisrael (eds). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp, Indiana University Press and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 1994, p. 164.
  166. ^ Modern History Sourcebook: Rudolf Höß, Commandant of Auschwitz: Testimony at Nuremberg, 1946 Accessed May 6, 2007
  167. ^
    • Bauer, Yehuda. Forms of Jewish Resistance During the Holocaust. In The Nazi Holocaust: Historical Articles on the Destruction of European Jews. Vol. 7: Jewish Resistance to the Holocaust, edited by Michael R. Marrus, 34–48. Westport, CT: Meckler, 1989.
    • Bauer, Yehuda, They chose life: Jewish resistance in the Holocaust, New York, The American Jewish Committee, 1973.
    • Jewish Resistance During the Holocaust by Israel Gutman. Yad Vashem.
    • Resistance During the Holocaust U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum
    • Jewish Resistance. A Working Bibliography. The Miles Lerman Center for the Study of Jewish Resistance. Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies. U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum
  168. ^ Gilbert, Martin. The Holocaust: The Jewish Tragedy. London: St. Edmundsbury Press 1986.
  169. ^ Resistance During the Holocaust U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum.
  170. ^ Kimel, Alexander. "Holocaust Resistance", accessed May 4, 2007.
  171. ^ Johnson, Paul. A History of the Jews, Harper Perennial, 1988, p. 506.
  172. ^ Wood, Thomas E. & Jankowski, Stanisław M. Karski: How One Man Tried to Stop the Holocaust, 1994.
  173. ^ KILLING CENTERS. USHMM.
  174. ^ a b Conway, John S. "The first report about Auschwitz", Museum of Tolerance, Simon Wiesenthal Center, Annual 1 Chapter 07, retrieved September 11, 2006.
  175. ^ Linn, Ruth. Escaping Auschwitz. A culture of forgetting, Cornell University Press, 2004, p. 20.
  176. ^ Swiebocki, Henryk. "Prisoner Escapes," in Berenbaum, Michael & Gutman, Yisrael (eds). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp, Indiana University Press and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 1994, p. 505.
  177. ^ Grojanowski Report
  178. ^ Grojanowski Report, Yad Vashem
  179. ^ Yad Vashem, "Diaries"
  180. ^ Memorandum, Arthur Sweetser to Leo Rosten, 1 Febuary 1942, quoted in Eric Hanin, "War on Our Minds: The American Mass Media in World War II" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Rochester, 1976), ch. 4, n.6
  181. ^ Het Parool, September 27th, page 4–5. Concentration camps: where the Nazi's bring their ideals in practice, NIOD (Dutch Institute of War Documentation), Amsterdam
  182. ^ [14] and [15] (Het Parool, 27 September 1943, p 4–5)
  183. ^ Hilberg, Raul (1985). The destruction of the European Jews. New York: Holmes & Meier, p. 1212. ISBN 0-8419-0910-5. 
  184. ^ Vrba, Rudolf (2002). I Escaped From Auschwitz. New York: Barricade Books. ISBN 1-56980-232-7. 
  185. ^ a b Linn, Ruth. "Rudolf Vrba", The Guardian, April 13, 2006.
  186. ^ The BBC first broadcast information from the report on June 18, not June 15, according to Ruth Linn in Escaping Auschwitz: A Culture of Forgetting, p. 28.
  187. ^ "Captured German sound recordings", The National Archives.
  188. ^ Czech, Danuta (1989). Kalendarium der Ereignisse im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz- Birkenau 1939 - 1945.. Rowohlt, Reinbek, , pp.920, 933. ISBN 3-498-00884-6.  using information from a series called Hefte von Auschwitz, and cited in Kárný, Miroslav. "The Vrba and Wetzler report," in Berenbaum, Michael & Gutman, Yisrael (eds). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp, p. 564, Indiana University Press and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 1994. The original German is: "25. November Im KL Auschwitz II kommen 24 weibliche Häftlinge ums Leben, von denen 13 unmittelbar getötet werden."
  189. ^ Maps of the main death marches, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
  190. ^ Dear, Ian and M. R. Foot, I. C. (Eds.) (2001). The Oxford companion to World War II. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860446-7. 
  191. ^ Wiesel, Elie. Night, p. 81.
  192. ^ Stone, Dan G.; Wood, Angela (2007). Holocaust: The events and their impact on real people. DK CHILDREN, in conjunction with the USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education, p.144. ISBN 0-7566-2535-1. 
  193. ^ Holocaust: The events and their impact on real people, DK Publishing in conjunction with the USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education, p. 146.
  194. ^ A film with scenes from the liberation of Dachau, Buchenwald, Belsen and other Nazi concentration camps, supervised by the British Ministry of Information and the American Office of War Information, was begun but never finished or shown. It lay in archives until first aired on PBS's Frontline on May 7, 1985. The film, partly edited by Alfred Hitchcock, can be seen online at Memory of the Camps.
  195. ^ Wiesel, Elie. After the Darkness: Reflections on the Holocaust, Schocken Books, p. 39.
  196. ^ Holocaust: The events and their impact on real people, DK Publishing in conjunction with the USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education, p. 145.
  197. ^ "The 11th Armoured Division (Great Britain)", United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
  198. ^ "Bergen-Belsen", United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
  199. ^ Wiesel, Elie. After the Darkness: Reflections on the Holocaust, Schocken Books, p. 41.
  200. ^ "Liberation of Belsen", BBC News, April 15, 1945.

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