Soviet war crimes
The Treuenbrietzen massacre took place during the last days of April and the first days of May 1945, after a tough battle in which the Red Army took and lost control of the village on more than one occasion; the Red Army rounded up around 1000 (mostly male) civilians and executed them in the nearby forest. These executions were allegedly made as retaliation for the death of a high-ranking Soviet officer during the battle for control of the village.[50]
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The Hungarian Revolution (1956)
According to the United Nations Report of the Special Committee on the problem of Hungary (1957):[51] Soviet tanks fired indiscriminately at every building from which they believed themselves to be under fire. The UN commission received numerous reports of Soviet mortar and artillery fire into inhabited quarters in the Buda section of the city despite no return fire. The UN commission received reports of "haphazard shooting at defenseless passers-by." According to many witnesses Soviet troops fired upon people queuing outside stores. Most of the victims were said to be women and children. Many cases of Soviet fire upon ambulances and red cross vehicles were reported.
- Further information: Hungarian Revolution of 1956
- Further information: Prague Spring of 1968
- Further information: Soviet war in Afghanistan
- Further information: April 9 tragedy Tbilisi 1989
- Further information: January Events in Vilnius, 1990
[
Discussion by historians
For decades, Western scholars have generally explained these atrocities in Germany and Hungary as revenge for German atrocities in the territory of the Soviet Union and for the mass killing of Soviet POWs (3,6 million dead of total a 5,2 million POWs) by the German army. This explanation is now disputed by military historians such as Antony Beevor, at least in regard to the mass rapes. Beevor claims that Red Army soldiers also raped Russian and Polish women liberated from concentration camps, and contends that this undermines the revenge explanation.[52] Beevor's claims have encountered vast criticism from historians in Russia and the Russian government.[53] The Russian ambassador to the UK said "It is a disgrace to have anything to do with this clear case of slander against the people who saved the world from Nazism."[54] O.A. Rzheshevsky, a professor and President of the Russian Association of World War II Historians, has charged that Beevor is merely resurrecting the discredited and racist views of Neo-Nazi historians, who depicted Soviet troops as subhuman "Asiatic hordes". [55] Other prominent historians such as Richard Overy have criticised Russian "outrage" at the book and defended Beevor. Overy accused the Russians of refusing to acknowledge Soviet war crimes, "Partly this is because they felt that much of it was justified vengeance against an enemy who committed much worse, and partly it was because they were writing the victors' history"[56] Polish sources claim that there are cases of mass rapes in Polish cities taken by Red Army, that in Kraków Soviet entry brought mass rapes on Polish women and girls, as well as plunder of all private property by Soviet soldiers. According to them, this behaviour reached such scale that even communists installed by Soviets were preparing a letter of protest to Joseph Stalin himself, while masses in churches were held in expectation of Soviet withdrawal.[57].
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See also
- German war crimes
- War crimes of the Wehrmacht
- Einsatzgruppen
- War crimes and atrocities of the Waffen-SS
- Japanese war crimes
- Japanese POWs in the Soviet Union
- List of Soviet Union perpetrated war crimes
- Nemmersdorf massacre
- Demmin
- Evacuation of East Prussia
- A Terrible Revenge
- Red Scare
- Soviet Occupation Zone
- Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union
- Operation Frühlingserwachen
- Soviet occupation
[
External links
- The forgotten victims of WWII: Masculinities and rape in Berlin, 1945, James W. Messerschmidt, University of Southern Maine
- Book Review: A Woman in Berlin: Eight Weeks in the Conquered City, ISBN 0-8050-7540-2
- Laws of War: Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague IV); October 18, 1907
- Swiss legation report of the Russian invasion of Hungary in the spring of 1945
- German rape victims find a voice at last, Kate Connolly, The Observer, June 23, 2002
- "They raped every German female from eight to 80", Anthony Beevor, The Guardian, May 1, 2002
- Remembering Rape: Divided Social Memory and the Red Army in Hungary 1944–1945, James Mark, Past & Present (2005) (The crimes during the Battle of Budapest)
- Excerpt, Chapter one The Struggle for Europe: The Turbulent History of a Divided Continent 1945-2002 - William I. Hitchcock - 2003 - ISBN 0-385-49798-9 ( The occupation of East Prussia)
- Description of the atrocities of the Red Army in East Prussia, quotations from Ilya Ehrenburg, poems by anti-cruelty Red Army officers and details of suicides and rapings of German women and children in East Prussia.
- Book Review: The Siege of Budapest: 100 Days in World War II
- HNet review of The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945-1949.
- Mark Ealey: As World War II entered its final stages the belligerent powers committed one heinous act after another History News Network (Focus on the Asian front)
[
References
- ^ The Military Writings of Leon Trotsky Volume 1, 1918
- ^ Documentary on BBC
- ^ The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union: 1913-1945, ed. R.W. Davies, Mark Harrison, S.G. Wheatcroft.
- ^ List of Losses in Russian Civil War
- ^ [1] List of the Signatory and Contracting Powers of The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 and Dates on Which the Convention(s) Took Effect for Each of Them
- ^ Order No 270 in Russian language at internet-school.ru
- ^ Russians angry at war rape claims Telegraph.co.uk 01/25/2002
- ^ See also The Progress Report of Latvia's History Commission
- ^ see also: Mark Ealey, article on History News Network
- ^ a b c Catherine Merridale, Ivan's War, the Red Army 1939-1945, London: Faber and Faber, 2005, ISBN 0-5712-1808-3
- ^ a b Not-So-Friendly Fire, Queen’s University, Canada
- ^ CSI Report No. 11: Soviet Defensive Tactics at Kursk
- ^ David Glantz, Barbarossa: Hitler's Invasion of Russia 1941 (2001) ISBN 0-7524-1979-X
- ^ David Glantz, Stumbling Colossus: The Red Army on the Eve of World War (1998) ISBN 0-7006-0879-6
- ^ Review of "Stumbling Colossus"
- ^ Order No 270 in Russian language on hrono.ru
- ^ Interview with Tomasz Strzembosz: Die verschwiegene Kollaboration Transodra, 23. Dezember 2001, P. 2
- ^ a b Thomas Urban Der Verlust, P. 145, Verlag C. H. Beck 2004, ISBN 3406541569
- ^ Poland's Holocaust, Tadeusz Piotrowski, 1998 ISBN 0-7864-0371-3, P.14
- ^ Carroll Quigley, Tragedy & Hope: A History of the World in Our Time, G. S. G. & Associates, Incorporated; New Ed edition, June 1975, ISBN 094500110X
- ^ articel by Bogdan Musial: Ostpolen beim Einmarsch der Wehrmacht nach dem 22. Juni 1941 on website of „Historisches Centrum Hagen“
- ^ Bogdan Musial: Konterrevolutionäre Elemente sind zu erschießen, Propyläen 2000, ISBN 3549071264 (German)
- ^ Norman M. Naimark Cambridge: Belknap, 1995 ISBN 0-674-78405-7
- ^ original text „Day of the Account“ (Russian language)
- ^ a b c d e f Antony Beevor, Berlin: The Downfall 1945, Penguin Books, 2002, ISBN 0-670-88695-5
- ^ a b Documentary on German public TV (ARD) of 2005
- ^ Thomas Darnstädt, Klaus Wiegrefe "Vater, erschieß mich!" in Die Flucht, S. 28/29 (Herausgeber Stefan Aust und Stephan Burgdorff), dtv und SPIEGEL-Buchverlag, ISBN 3423341815
- ^ Regina Scheer: "Der Umgang mit den Denkmälern." Brandenburgische Landeszentrale für politische Bildung/Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kultur des Landes Brandenburg.(Documentation of State headquarters for political education / ministry for science, research and culture of the State of Brandenburg, p. 89/90 [2]
- ^ article in Berliner Zeitung of 1998
- ^ Grzegorz Baziur Armia Czerwona na Pomorzu Gdańskim 1945-1947 „Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej” 2002, nr 7
- ^ Janusz Wróbel "Wyzwoliciele czy Okupanci Żołnierze Sowieccy w Łódzkim 1945-1946"„Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej” 2002, nr 7
- ^ Łukasz Kamiński "Obdarci,głodni,żli, Sowieci w oczach Polaków 1944-1948" Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej” 2002, nr 7
- ^ Mariusz Lesław Krogulski "Okupacja w imię sojuszu" Poland 2001
- ^ Hanna Schissler The Miracle Years: A Cultural History of West Germany, 1949-1968 [3]
- ^ Norman M. Naimark. The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945-1949. Cambridge: Belknap, 1995 p. 92 ISBN 0-674-78405-7
- ^ Naimark. The Russians in Germany, p. 79
- ^ Norman M. Naimark. The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945-1949. Harvard University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-674-78405-7 pp. 132, 133.
- ^ Mark, James "Remembering Rape: Divided Social Memory and the Red Army in Hungary 1944-1945" Past & Present - Number 188, August 2005, pp. 133
- ^ "The worst suffering of the Hungarian population is due to the rape of women. Rapes - affecting all age groups from ten to seventy are so common that very few women in Hungary have been spared." Swiss embassy report cited in Ungváry 2005, p.350. (Krisztian Ungvary The Siege of Budapest 2005)
- ^ a b c d e f g h Norman M. Naimark. The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945-1949. Cambridge: Belknap, 1995, ISBN 0-674-78405-7, pp. 70-71
- ^ Report of the Swiss legation in Budapest of 1945
- ^ Hubertus Knabe: Tag der Befreiung? Das Kriegsende in Ostdeutschland (A day of liberation? The end of war in Eastern Germany), Propyläen 2005, ISBN 3549072457 German).
- ^ a b Wolfgang Leonhard, Child of the Revolution ,Pathfinder Press, 1979, ISBN 0-906133-26-2
- ^ Norman M. Naimark. The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945-1949. Harvard University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-674-78405-7
- ^ [4] List of the Signatory and Contracting Powers of The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 and Dates on Which the Convention(s) Took Effect for Each of Them
- ^ Bergström 2007, p. 18.
- ^ Hall and Quinlan 2000, p. 53.
- ^ Hubertus Knabe Tag der Befreiung? Das Kriegsende in Ostdeutschland, Propyläen 2005, ISBN 3549072457
- ^ Overy, Richard (2004). The Dictators. W. W. Norton & Company, 523. ISBN ISBN 0393020304.
- ^ Claus-Dieter Steyer, "Stadt ohne Männer" (City without men) , Der Tagesspiegel at [5]
- ^ (1957) United Nations Report of the Special Committee on the problem of Hungary.
- ^ Red Army troops raped even Russian women as they freed them from camps
- ^ telegraph.co.uk
- ^ telegraph.co.uk
- ^ Review of Berlin: 1945 (Russian)
- ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1939174.stm Red Army rapists exposed
- ^ "Alma Mater 64(2004) – "OKUPOWANY KRAKÓW- z prorektorem Andrzejem Chwalbą rozmawia Rita Pagacz-Moczarska"
[
References
- Marta Hillers, A Woman in Berlin: Six Weeks in the Conquered City Translated by Anthes Bell, ISBN 0-8050-7540-2
- Antony Beevor, Berlin: The Downfall 1945, Penguin Books, 2002, ISBN 0-670-88695-5
- Bergstrom, Christer (2007). Barbarossa - The Air Battle: July-December 1941. London: Chervron/Ian Allen. ISBN 978-1-85780-270-2.
- Hall and Quinlan (2000). KG55. Red Kite. ISBN 0-9538061-0-3
- Max Hastings, Armageddon: The Battle for Germany, 1944-1945, Chapter 10: Blood and Ice: East Prussia ISBN 0-375-41433-9
- Fisch, Bernhard, Nemmersdorf, Oktober 1944. Was in Ostpreußen tatsächlich geschah. Berlin: 1997. ISBN 3-932180-26-7. (about most of the Nemmersdorf atrocity having been set up by Goebbels)
- John Toland, The Last 100 Days, Chapter Two: Five Minutes before Midnight ISBN 0-8129-6859-X
- Norman M. Naimark, The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945-1949. Harvard University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-674-78405-7
- Catherine Merridale, Ivan's War, the Red Army 1939-1945, London: Faber and Faber, 2005, ISBN 0-5712-1808-3
- Alfred-Maurice de Zayas, The Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau, 1939-1945. Preface by Professor Howard Levie. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1989. ISBN 0-8032-9908-7. New revised edition with Picton Press, Rockland, Maine, ISBN 0-89725-421-X
- Alfred-Maurice de Zayas, A Terrible Revenge. The Ethnic Cleansing of the East European Germans, 1944-1950 , St. Martin's Press, New York, 1994, ISBN 0-3121-2159-8
- * Elizabeth B. Walter, Barefoot in the Rubble 1997, ISBN 0-9657793-0-0
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