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Soviet partisans



Operating thousands of kilometres from the front lines, with little central authority allowed some of the fighters to develop their own ideas that in many cases challenged the Soviet system. The Soviet Union viewed these actions with extreme hostility, and after the liberation of the territory, all partisan fighters had to pass through NKVD interrogation. Although the local population rarely came under any political pressure, some, particularly officers, were arrested on various grounds, with a number ending in labor camps.

Some historians attribute that the Soviet reactions to returning partisans were not better than that to Soviet POWs. In 1955 a pardon was given to all POWs and Nazi collaborators.[citation needed][dubious – discuss]

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Assessment

The partisans' activities included disrupting the railroad communications, intelligence gathering and, typically, small hit and run operations. With the German supply lines already over extended, the partisan operations in the rear of the front lines were able to severely disrupt the flow of supplies to the army that acted deep into the Soviet territory.

In the second half of the war, major partisan operations were coordinated with Soviet offensives. Upon liberation of parts of the Soviet territory the corresponding partisan detachments usually joined the regular Army.

The partisans were an important and numerous force of the war. According to Soviet sources, from 90,000 partisans (including underground) by the end of 1941 it grew to 220,000 in 1942, and to more than 550,000 in 1943.[8] Soviet partisans inflicted thousands of casualties on Axis forces and contributed significantly to the Soviet victory in the WWII. In Belarus alone the partisans "liquidated," injured and took prisoner some 500,000 German soldiers,[9].

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List of famous Soviet partisans

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Gallery

Elderly village priest being awarded a partisan medal.

A teenage boy leaving to join the partisans' movement.

Young women of the Sydir Kovpak's partisan formation in Ukraine.

Female partisan milking a cow for the wounded.

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See also

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References

  1. ^ Central Committee of the USSR Communist Party (Bolshevik).
  2. ^ Jerzy Turonek. Białoruś pod okupacją niemiecką. Warszawa—Wrocław: WERS, 1989. 186 p., ill. P.75.
  3. ^ (HistBel-5) Гісторыя Беларусі: У 6 т. Т. 5. Беларусь у 1917—1945. — Мн.: Экаперспектыва, 2006. — 613 с.; іл. ISBN 985-469-149-7. p.492.
  4. ^ (Russian) Nik (2002). ПИНСК В ГОДЫ ВЕЛИКОЙ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОЙ... (Pinsk during the Great Patriotic...). Istoria Pinska (History of Pinsk). Retrieved on 2006-08-24.
  5. ^ Літвіноўскі І. А. (Litvinowski) Партызанскі рух у Вялікую Айчынную вайну 1941—1945 // Беларуская энцыклапедыя: У 18 т. Т. 12. — Мінск: БелЭн, 2001. — 560 с. p. 134. ISBN 985-11-0198-2 (т.12).
  6. ^ NB: usually the Soviet and post-Soviet writings on the Soviet partisan movement borrow data directly or indirectly from the Ponomarenko (Пономаренко П.К. Партизанское движение в Великой Отечественной войне. М., 1943.) and Volin (Волин Б.М. Всенародная партизанская война. М., 1942.) books, which could be intentionally exaggerating.
  7. ^ pp.528-541,Velikaya Otechestvennaya Voina
  8. ^ (All-people struggle in Belarus against the German-fascist invaders) Всенародная борьба в Белоруссии против немецко-фашистских захватчиков. Т. 1. С. 84, 112., as cited in (HistB5) Гісторыя Беларусі: У 6 т. Т. 5. Беларусь у 1917—1945. — Мн.: Экаперспектыва, 2006. — 613 с.; іл. ISBN 985-469-149-7. p.491.
  9. ^ Turonek, P.76.
  10. ^ Turonek, P.76.
  11. ^ (All-people struggle...) V.1. p.107., as cited in (HistB5) p.493.
  12. ^ (HistB5) p.493.
  13. ^ At the end of 1941, only in the Minsk area were there were more than 50 partisan groups operational, including more than 2,000 troops.
  14. ^ Turonek, P.78.
  15. ^ Turonek, p.78.
  16. ^ By the German sources. Turonek, p.79. Also noted is that this result, while in itself impressive, was less relevant than expected, as the German offensive in 1942 came further south.
  17. ^ Mentioned as primary in the report of the HQ of partisan movement on 1942-11-09. Turonek, p.79.
  18. ^ Turonek, p.78.
  19. ^ Turonek, pp.83,86.
  20. ^ Turonek, p.83.
  21. ^ Turonek, p.84.
  22. ^ To German surprise! Turonek, p.84.
  23. ^ Turonek, pp.84,85.
  24. ^ Partisan Resistance in Belarus during World War II
  25. ^ Guy Sajer, The Forgotten Soldier p. 332
  26. ^ a b (Lithuanian) Audronė Janavičienė. Soviet saboteurs in Lithuania (1941-1944). Lietuvos gyventojų genocido ir rezistencijos tyrimo centras (Centre for investigation of genocide and resistance of population of Lithuania), Last accessed on 3 August, 2006.
  27. ^ a b "The occupiers set in Karelia the network of concentration, transfer and labor camps where over 20 thousand of locals were placed. Thousands of them died"
    "Равнение на Победу" (Eyes toward Victory), the Republic of Karelia (Russian). the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, National Delphi Council of Russia. Retrieved on August 10, 2006.
  28. ^ a b Laine, Antti: Suur-Suomen kahdet kasvot, 1982, ISBN 951-1-06947-0, Otava
  29. ^ a b Stepakov, Victor and Frolov, Dmitry: Komandos, 2004, Moscow
  30. ^ a b Eino Viheriävaara, (1982). Partisaanien jäljet 1941-1944, Oulun Kirjateollisuus Oy. ISBN 951-99396-6-0
  31. ^ Veikko Erkkilä, (1999). Vaiettu sota, Arator Oy. ISBN 952-9619-18-9.
  32. ^ Lauri Hannikainen, (1992). Implementing Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts: The Case of Finland, Martinuss Nijoff Publishers, Dordrecht. ISBN 0-7923-1611-8.
  33. ^ Tyyne Martikainen, (2002). Partisaanisodan siviiliuhrit, PS-Paino Värisuora Oy. ISBN 952-91-4327-3.
  34. ^ (Russian) various authors; P.L. Bobylev (1985). "Великая Отечественная война." Вопросы и ответы. ("Great Patriotic War"; questions and answers. Moscow: Politizdat. ISBN. 
  35. ^ (English) Yohanan Cohen (1989). "The "London Government"", Small Nations in Times of Crisis and Confrontation. New York: SUNY Press, 127. ISBN 0-7914-0018-2. 
  36. ^ a b c d Tadeusz Piotrowski, Poland's Holocaust, McFarland & Company, 1997, ISBN 0-7864-0371-3. Google Print, p.88, p.89, p.90
  37. ^ Piotrowski, Poland's Holocaust, p.98
  38. ^ [http://www.ruf.rice.edu/%7Esarmatia/406/262choda.html Review of Sowjetische Partisanen in Weißrußland by Bogdan Musial, by Marek Jan Chodakiewicz, in Sarmatian Review, April 2006
  39. ^ According to Piotrowski: "Pressed by the Soviet partisans, the Germans in the Nowogrodek and Wilno areas offered the AK units a deal that some of them simply could not refuse: arms and provisions in exchange for antipartisan warfare against the Soviets. [...] Those were [...] purely tactical, short term arrangements [...]." According to the report of the local Nazi official cited by Piotrowski "three sizable Polish detachments came over to our side and initially also fought well.",
  40. ^ Guy Sajer, The Forgotten Soldier, p.337
  41. ^ a b c d Sowjetische Partisanen in Weißrußland
  42. ^ Orest Subtelny, Ukraine: a history, p. 476, University of Toronto Press (2000), ISBN 0802083900
  43. ^ (Lithuanian) Rimantas Zizas. Bakaloriškių sunaikinimas (Destruction of Bakaloriškės). Lietuvos gyventojų genocido ir rezistencijos tyrimo centras (Centre for investigation of genocide and resistance of population of Lithuania), 2004. Last accessed on 3 August, 2006.
  1. Dear I.C.B. The Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford University Press, 1995.
  2. (Russian) Partisan Movement during the Great Patriotic War - V.N. Andrianov Soviet Encyclopaedia entry.
  3. (English) Partisan Resistance in Belarus during World War II - Virtual Guide to Belarus.
Governmental
  1. (Russian) Partisan Movement in Belarus - Republic of Belarus Defense Ministry.
  2. (Russian) Partisan Movement in Bryansk region 1941-1943 - Bryansk regional government.

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Bibliography

  • Slepyan, Kenneth. Stalin's guerrillas : Soviet partisans in World War II. University Press of Kansas, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 070061480X ).
  • Hill, Alexander, The war behind the Eastern Front : the Soviet partisan movement in North-West Russia, 1941-1944. Frank Cass, 2005 (ISBN 0714657115)
  • Grenkevich, Leonid D., The Soviet partisan movement, 1941-1944 : a critical historiographical analysis, Frank Cass Publishers, 1999 (hardcover ISBN 0714648744 , paperback ISBN 0714644285).
  • Jack Kagan, Dov Cohen: Surviving the Holocaust With the Russian Jewish Partisans, 1998, ISBN 0853033366
  • Smilovitskii, Leonid: Antisemitism in the Soviet Partisan Movement, 1941-1944: The Case of Belorussia in: Holocaust and Genocide Studies 20, 2006

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External links

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Pro-partisans

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Anti-partisans

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Analysis




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