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Solar System



Manned exploration of the Solar System is currently confined to Earth's immediate environs. The first human being to reach space (defined as an altitude of over 100 km) and to orbit the Earth was Yuri Gagarin, a Soviet cosmonaut who was launched in Vostok 1 on April 12, 1961. The first man to walk on the surface of another Solar System body was Neil Armstrong, who stepped onto the Moon on July 21, 1969 during the Apollo 11 mission; five more Moon landings occurred through 1972. The United States' Space Shuttle, which debuted in 1981, is the only reusable spacecraft to successfully make multiple orbital flights. The five shuttles that have been built have flown a total of 121 missions, with two of the craft destroyed in accidents. The first orbital space station to host more than one crew was NASA's Skylab, which successfully held three crews from 1973 to 1974. The first true human settlement in space was the Soviet space station Mir, which was continuously occupied for close to ten years, from 1989 to 1999. It was decommissioned in 2001, and its successor, the International Space Station, has maintained a continuous human presence in space since then. In 2004, SpaceShipOne became the first privately funded vehicle to reach space on a suborbital flight. That same year, U.S. President George W. Bush announced the Vision for Space Exploration, which called for a replacement for the aging Shuttle, a return to the Moon and, ultimately, a manned mission to Mars.

See also

Solar System Portal

Notes

  1. ^ Capitalization of the name varies. The IAU, the authoritative body regarding astronomical nomenclature, specifies capitalizing the names of all individual astronomical objects (Solar System). However, the name is commonly rendered in lower case (solar system) including in the Oxford English Dictionary, Merriam-Webster's 11th Collegiate Dictionary, and Encyclopædia Britannica.
  2. ^ The mass of the Solar System excluding the Sun, Jupiter and Saturn can be determined by adding together all the calculated masses for its largest objects and using rough calculations for the masses of the Oort cloud (estimated at roughly 3 Earth masses),[111] the Kuiper Belt (estimated at roughly 0.1 Earth mass)[46] and the asteroid belt (estimated to be 0.0005 Earth mass)[30] for a total, rounded upwards, of ~37 Earth masses, or 8.1 percent the mass in orbit around the Sun.

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The Solar System
v • d • e
The Sun Mercury Venus The Moon Earth Phobos and Deimos Mars Ceres The asteroid belt Jupiter Moons of Jupiter Saturn Moons of Saturn Uranus Moons of Uranus Moons of Neptune Neptune Charon, Nix, and Hydra Pluto The Kuiper belt Dysnomia Eris The scattered disc The Oort cloud
Sun
•
Heliosphere
 Planets
☾ = moon(s) ∅ = rings		 Mercury Venus Earth ☾ Mars ☾
Jupiter ☾ ∅ Saturn ☾ ∅ Uranus ☾ ∅ Neptune ☾ ∅
Dwarf planets Ceres Pluto ☾ Eris ☾
Small
Solar
System
bodies		 Asteroids
(minor planets)		 Groups and families: Vulcanoids · Near-Earth asteroids · Asteroid belt
Jupiter Trojans · Centaurs · Neptune Trojans · Asteroid moons · Meteoroids
See also the list of asteroids, and the meaning and pronunciation of asteroid names.
Trans-
Neptunians		 Kuiper belt – Plutinos: Orcus · Ixion – Cubewanos: 2002 UX25 · Varuna ·
1992 QB1 · 2002 TX300 · 2003 EL61 · Quaoar · 2005 FY9 · 2002 AW197
Scattered disc: 2002 TC302 · 2004 XR190 · Sedna
Comets Lists of periodic and non-periodic comets · Damocloids · Oort cloud
See also Geology of solar terrestrial planets, astronomical objects, the solar system's list of objects, sorted by radius or mass, and the Solar System Portal
v • d • e
Earth's location in space
Each arrow should be read as "within" or "part of".
v • d • e
Systems and systems science
Systems categories
Systems
Theoretical fields
Systems scientists




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