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Social aspects of television



Despite this research, many media scholars today dismiss such studies as flawed. See David Gauntlett's article "Ten Things Wrong With the Media 'Effects' Model." Dimitri Christakis cites studies in which those who watched "Sesame Street" and other educational programs as preschoolers had higher grades, were reading more books, placed more value on achievement and were more creative. Similar, while those exposed to negative role models suffered, those exposed to positive models behaved better.[11] Modern children can be exposed to much more history, news and science than previous generations when information was only available from newspapers and books.

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Technology trends

In its infancy, television was a time-dependent, fleeting medium; it acted on the schedule of the institutions that broadcast the television signal or operated the cable. Fans of regular shows planned their schedules so that they could be available to watch their shows at their time of broadcast. The term appointment television was coined by marketers to describe this kind of attachment.

The viewership's dependence on schedule lessened with the invention of programmable video recorders, such as the Videocassette recorder and the Digital video recorder. Consumers could watch programs on their own schedule once they were broadcast and recorded. Television service providers also offer video on demand, a set of programs which could be watched at any time.

Both mobile phone networks and the Internet are capable of carrying video streams. There is already a fair amount of Internet TV available, either live or as downloadable programs, and video sharing websites have become greatly popular.

The Japanese manufacturer Scalar has developed a very small TV-system attached to the eyeglasses, called "Teleglass T3-F".[12]

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Gender and television

While women, who were “traditionally more isolated than men” were given equal opportunity to consume shows about more “manly” endeavors, men’s feminine sides are tapped by the emotionally invocative nature of many television programs.[13]

Television played a significant role in the feminist movement. Although most of the women portrayed on television conformed to stereotypes, television also showed the lives of men as well as news and current affairs. These "other lives" portrayed on television left many women unsatisfied with their current socialisation. This opened up a lot of discussions and arguments about the roles of women in a society that they now knew about in greater depth.[citation needed]

The representation of males and females on the television screen has been a subject of much discussion since the television became commercially available in the late 1930s. In 1964 Betty Friedan claimed that “television has represented the American Woman as a “stupid, unattractive, insecure little household drudge who spends her martyred mindless, boring days dreaming of love—and plotting nasty revenge against her husband.” As women started to revolt and protest to become equals in society in the 1960s and 1970s, their portrayal on the television was an issue that they addressed. Journalist Susan Faludi suggested, “The practices and programming of network television in the 1980s were an attempt to get back to those earlier stereotypes of women.” Through television, even the most homebound women can experience parts of our culture once considered primarily male- sports, war, business, medicine, law and politics.

The inherent intimacy of television makes it one of the few public arenas in our society where men routinely wear makeup and are judged as much on their personal appearance and their "style" as on their "accomplishments."

From 1930 to 2007 daytime television hasn’t changed much. Soap operas and talk shows still dominate the daytime time slot. Prime time television since the 1950s has been aimed at and catered towards males. In 1952, 68% of characters in primetime dramas were male; in 1973, 74% of characters in these shows were male. In 1970 the National Organization for Women (NOW) took action. They formed a task force to study and change the “derogatory stereotypes of women on television.” In 1972 they challenged the licences of two network-owned stations on the basis of their sexist programming. In the 1960s the shows I Dream of Jeannie and Bewitched insinuated that the only way that a women could escape her duties was to use magic. Industry analysis Shari Anne Brill of Carat USA states, “For years, when men were behind the camera, women were really ditsy. Now you have female leads playing superheroes, or super business women” Current network broadcasting features a range of female portrayals.

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Socialising children

Children were once controlled by adults through means of literacy. The literacy level of books would often correspond with the "appropriate" topics for children. Topics unsuitable for children would be written for a higher level of literacy and when most children would try to read these books they would be beyond their literary capabilities. [14]

With television, the literacy level required to understand is substantially lower as well as it being difficult to monitor a child's use of the device and anticipate the content that will be delivered through it. However, much research and development is being dedicated to regain control, monitor and restrict children's consumption of television.[15]

Often, television can show children what adults may not want them to know. A key example of this is in the television show Father Knows Best where children are let in on perhaps the biggest secret: that adults keep secrets from them.[16]

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Suitability for audience

Almost since the medium's inception there have been charges that some programming is, in one way or another, inappropriate, offensive or indecent. Critics such as Jean Kilborne have claimed that television, as well as other mass media images, harm the self image of young girls. Other commentators such as Sut Jhally make the case that television advertisers in the U.S. deliberately try to equate happiness with the purchasing of products, despite studies which show that happiness for most people comes from non-material realms, such as warm friendships and feelings of connection to one's community.[17] George Gerbner has presented evidence that the frequent portrayals of crime, especially minority crime, has led to the Mean World Syndrome, the view among frequent viewers of television that crime rates are much higher than the actual data would indicate. In addition, a lot of television has been charged with presenting propaganda, political or otherwise, and being pitched at a low intellectual level.

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Footnotes

  1. ^ McFedries, Paul (2001). The Complete Idiot's Guide to a Smart Vocabulary. Alpha Books, p. 88. ISBN 0028639979. p. 88
  2. ^ Shulman, Milton (1973) The Ravenous Eye, Cassell and Company, p. 277.
  3. ^ Van Zandt, Clint (MSNBC analyst & former FBI profiler), 4:21 p.m. ET 3 Aug, 2005, "The Real World vs. the CSI Syndrome," msnbc.msn.com, viewed 27 October 2007, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8802371/
  4. ^ ADHD - ADD Videos Games and TV
  5. ^ Klesges, PhD, Robert C.; Mary L. Shelton, MS; Lisa M. Klesges, MS (1993). "Effects of Television on Metabolic Rate: Potential Implications for Childhood Obesity". Pediatrics 91: 281–286. 
  6. ^ Kubey, Robert & Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly (February 23, 2002), “Television Addiction Is No Mere Metaphor”, Scientific American, <http://www.sciam.com/print_version.cfm?articleID=0005339B-A694-1CC5-B4A8809EC588EEDF> 
  7. ^ Hancox, MD, Robert J.; Barry J. Milne, MSc; Richie Poulton, PhD (2005). "Association of Television Viewing During Childhood With Poor Educational Achievement". Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 159 (7): 614–618. 
  8. ^ Schooler, Deborah; Janna L. Kim, and Lynn Sorsoli (December 2006). "Setting Rules or Sitting Down: Parental Mediation of Television Consumption and Adolescent Self-Esteem, Body Image, and Sexuality". Sexuality Research and Social Policy: Journal of NSRC 3 (4): 49–62. University of California Press. doi:10.1525. 
  9. ^ Hershberger, Angela. "The ``Evils" of Television: The Amount of Television Viewing and School Performance Levels". . Indiana University South Bend Retrieved on 2007-06-18.
  10. ^ "Psychological Operations Field Manual No.33-1" published in August 1979 by Department of the Army Headquarters in Washington DC; and "Psychological Operations (PSYOP) Media Subcourse PO-0816" by The Army Institute for Professional Development, published in 1983
  11. ^ Dimitri Christakis. "Smarter kids through television: debunking myths old and new", Seattle Times Newspaper, February 22, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-08-31. 
  12. ^ "Watch TV anywhere on tiny set that fits on glasses", Reuters, May 22, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-08-31. 
  13. ^ Meyrowitz, Joshua (1995) "Mediating Communication: What Happens?" in John Downing, Ali Mohammadi and Annabelle Sreberny-Mohamadi (eds) Questioning the Media, Sage, Thousand Oaks, pp. 39-53.
  14. ^ Media Form : From the Alphabet to Internet, Department of Media, Macquarie University, semester 2 2007 ,page 208.
  15. ^ Federal Communications Commission, Consumer and Governmental Affairs Bureau, "The V-Chip: Putting Restrictions on what your Children Watch," viewed 27 October 2007, http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/vchip.html
  16. ^ Lemish Dafna,Children and Television : A Global Perspective, Blackwell Publishing, Australia, 2007
  17. ^ Jhally, Sut (2000). "Advertising at the Edge of the Apocalypse". Critical Studies in Media Commercialism: 27–39. ISBN 0-19-874277-0. 

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References

  • Bushman, B., & Anderson, C. (2001). Media violence and the American public. American Psychologist, 56, 477-489.
  • Freedman, J. (2002). Media violence and its effect on aggression.: Assessing the scientific evidence. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Olson, C. (2004). Media Violence Research and Youth Violence Data: Why Do They Conflict? Academic Psychiatry, 28, 144-150.
  • Savage, J. (2008). The role of exposure to media violence in the etiology of violent behavior: A criminologist weighs in. American Behavioral Scientist, 51, 1123-1136.

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External links

  1. Mary Desjardins, Gender and Television, The Museum of Broadcast Communications (2007), http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/G/htmlG/genderandte/genderandte.htm,
  2. Meyrowitz, Joshua (1995) "Mediating Communication: What Happens?" in John Downing, Ali Mohammadi and Annabelle Sreberny-Mohammadi (eds) Questioning the Media, Sage, Thousand Oaks, pp. 39-53.



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