Scottish people
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Anglicisation
Many Scottish surnames have become "Anglicised" (made to sound English) over the centuries. Davidson, Bruce (originally Brus), Campbell, Salmond, Marshall, Christie and Joy are just a few of many examples.[citation needed] This reflected the gradual spread of English, also known as Early Scots, from around the 13th century onwards, through Scotland beyond its traditional area in the Lothians. It also reflected some deliberate political attempts to promote the English language in the outlying regions of Scotland, including following the Union of the Crowns, and then the Act of Union of 1707 and the subsequent defeat of rebellions.
However, many Scottish surnames have remained predominantly Gaelic albeit written according to English orthographic practice (as with Irish surnames). Thus MacAoidh in Gaelic is Mackay in English, and MacGill-Eain in Gaelic is MacLean; O'Maolagan is Milligan and so on. Mac (sometimes Mc) is common as, effectively, it means "son of". MacDonald, McAuley, Balliol, Gilmore, Gilmour, MacKinley, MacKintosh, MacKenzie, MacNiell, MacRyan, MacPhearson, MacLear, McDonald, McKenzie, MacAra, MacNamara, MacManus, Lauder, Menzies, Galloway and Duncan are just a few of many examples of traditional Scottish surnames. There are, of course, also the many surnames, like Wallace and Morton, stemming from parts of Scotland which were settled by peoples other than the (Gaelic) Scots, and the most common surnames in Scotland are Smith and Brown. [11]
In 1603, the English and Scottish Crowns united under King James VI of Scotland (King James I of England).
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Etymology
The word Scotia was used by the Romans, as early as the 1st century CE, as the name of one of the tribes in what is now Scotland.[43] The Romans also used Scotia to refer to the Gaels living in Ireland.[44] The Venerable Bede (c. 672 or 673 – May 27, 735) uses the word Scottorum for the nation from Ireland who settled part of the Pictish lands: "Scottorum nationem in Pictorum parte recipit." This we can infer to mean the arrival of the people, also know as the Gaels, in the Kingdom of Dál Riata, in the western edge of Scotland. It is of note that Bede used the word natio (nation) for the Scots, where he often refers to other peoples, such as the Picts, with the word gens (race).[45] In the 10th century Anglo Saxon Chronicle, the word Scot is mentioned as a reference to the "Land of the Gaels". The word Scottorum was again used by an Irish king in 1005: Imperator Scottorum was the title given to Brian Bóruma by his notary, Mael Suthain, in the Book of Armagh.[46] This style was subsequently copied by the Scottish kings. Basileus Scottorum appears on the great seal of King Edgar (1074–1107).[47] Alexander I (c. 1078–1124) used the words Rex Scottorum on his great seal, as did many of his successors up to and including James II.[48]
In modern times the words Scot and Scottish are applied mainly to inhabitants of Scotland. The possible ancient Irish connotations are largely forgotten. The language known as Ulster Scots, spoken in parts of northeastern Ireland, is the result of 17th and 18th century immigration to Ireland from Scotland.
In the English language, the word Scotch is a term to describe a thing from Scotland, such as Scotch whisky. However, when referring to people, the preferred term is Scots. Many Scottish people find the term Scotch to be offensive when applied to people.[49] The Oxford Dictionary describes Scotch as an old-fashioned term for "Scottish".[50]
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See also
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Notes
- ^ Friends Of Scotland
- ^ The Ancestral Scotland website states the following: Scotland is a land of 5.1 million people. A proud people, passionate about their country and her rich, noble heritage. For every single Scot in their native land, there are thought to be at least five more overseas who can claim Scottish ancestry - that's many millions spread throughout the globe
- ^ History, Tradition and roots, ancestry
- ^ Visit Scotland.org
- ^ a b The US Census 2000. The [1] American Community Survey 2004 by the US Census Bureau estimates 5,752,571 people claiming Scottish ancestry and 5,323,888 people claiming Scotch-Irish ancestry.
- ^ Who are the Scots-Irish
- ^ a b 2006 Canadian Census gives a total of 4,719,850 respondents stating their ethnic origin as Scottish. Many respondents may have misunderstood the question and the numerous responses for "Canadian" does not give an accurate figure for numerous groups, particularly those of British Isles origins.
- ^ Scottish ancestry2006 Australian Census
- ^ [2]
- ^ "That I am not exaggerating in calling the Scottish people a great nation must be evident to anyone..."Bulloch (1902). Scottish Notes and Queries. D. Wyllie and son [etc.], Page 40. and also "The Scottish people are a nation" from Shore, Marlene Gay (February 1st, 2002). The Contested Past. University of Toronto Press, page 105. ISBN.
- ^ Bede used a Latin form of the word Scots as the name of the Gaels of Dál Riata. Reference: Roger Collins, Judith McClure; Beda el Venerable, Bede (1999). The Ecclesiastical History of the English People: The Greater Chronicle ; Bede's Letter to Egbert. Oxford University Press, Page 386. ISBN.
- ^ Reference: Anthony Richard (TRN) Birley, Cornelius Tacitus; Cayo Cornelio Tácito. Agricola and Germany. Oxford University Press. ISBN.
- ^ Scottish people, in general, do not like being called Scotch and will only use the term when talking about a Scotch whisky. Many non-Scottish people, particularly Americans (even some of Scots descent), use the term naturally without pejorative or archaic overtones
- ^ "Scotch is still in occasional contemporary use outwith Scotland"
- ^ John Kenneth Galbraith in his book The Scotch (Toronto: MacMillan, 1964) documents how the descendants of 19th century pioneers from Scotland who settled in Southwestern Ontario affectionately referred to themselves as Scotch. He states the book was meant to give a true picture of life in the Scotch-Canadian community in the early decades of the 20th century.
- ^ Landsman, Ned C. (1 Oct 2001). Nation and Province in the First British Empire: Scotland and the Americas,. Bucknell University Press. ISBN.
- ^ The Venerable Bede tells of the Scotti coming from Spain via Ireland and the Picts coming from Scythia.Ref: Harris, Stephen J. (1st Oct 2003). Race and Ethnicity in Anglo-Saxon Literature. Routledge (UK), Page 72. ISBN.
- ^ Jackson, "The Language of the Picts", discussed by Forsyth, Language in Pictland.
- ^ http://www.scotsplacenames.com/page5.html
- ^ Bòrd na Gàidhlig - History of Gaelic
- ^ The Story of the Gaelic-speaking people
- ^ Office of the Chief Statistician. Analysis of Ethnicity in the 2001 Census - Summary Report. One choice, only, was permitted from among the supplied responses and it should be noted that the numbers do not accurately reflect ethnic origin since "White Scottish" may mean anyone who is merely "White" and considers themselves Scottish.
- ^ United States - QT-P13. Ancestry: 2000. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 3, Matrices PCT15 and PCT18.
- ^ BBC NEWS | UK | Born Abroad | Scotland
- ^ See David Armitage, "The Scottish Diaspora", particularly pp. 272–278, in Jenny Wormald (ed.), Scotland: A History. Oxford UP, Oxford, 2005. ISBN
- ^ Scotland and Poland
- ^ BBC - History - Scottish History
- ^ Scotland on Sunday
- ^ Linguistic Archaeology: The Scottish Input to New Zealand English Phonology Trudgill et al. Journal of English Linguistics.2003; 31: 103-124
- ^ Scots in Argentina and Patagonia Austral
- ^ Archibald Cochrane
- ^ a b Crystal, David (August 25th, 2003). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge University Press. ISBN.
- ^ Barber, Charles Laurence (August 1st, 2000). The English Language: A Historical Introduction. Cambridge University Press, Page 147. ISBN.
- ^ MacMahon, April M. S.; McMahon (April 13, 2000). Lexical Phonology and the History of English. Cambridge University Press, Page 142. ISBN.
- ^ Murphy, Michael (EDT); Harry White (1st Oct 2001). Musical Constructions of Nationalism. Cork University Press, Page 216. ISBN.
- ^ The General Register Office for Scotland (1996)
- ^ Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey, 1999
- ^ Wolff, Stefan; Jorg (EDT) Neuheiser (January 1st, 2002). Peace at Last?: The Impact of the Good Friday Agreement on Northern Ireland. Berghahn Books. ISBN.
- ^ Pagoeta, Mikel Morris (2001). Europe Phrasebook. Lonely Planet, Page 416. ISBN-X.
- ^ a b Caswall, Henry (1853). Scotland and the Scottish Church. J. H. Parker, Page 10.
- ^ Marshall, John (1859). A history of Scottish ecclesiastical and civil affairs, from the introduction of Christianity. Unknown, Page 49 to 51.
- ^ Low, The Rev. Alexander (1826). The history of Scotland ... to the middle of the ninth century. Bell and Bradfute, Edinburgh, Page 59.
- ^ Low, Alexander (1826). The history of Scotland ... to the middle of the ninth century, Page 28.
- ^ Lehane, Brendan (January 26th, 2000). The Quest of Three Abbots: the golden age of Celtic Christianity. SteinerBooks, Page 121. ISBN.
- ^ Harris, Stephen J. (October 1, 2003). Race and Ethnicity in Anglo-Saxon Literature. Routledge (UK), Page 72. ISBN.
- ^ Martin, F. X. (Francis Xavier); Theodore William Moody, F. J. (Francis John) Byrne (August 1, 1976). New History of Ireland. Oxford University Press, Page 862. ISBN.
- ^ Freer, Allan (1871). The North British Review. Edmonston & Douglas, Page 119. and Robertson, Eben William (1862). Scotland Under Her Early Kings: a history of the kingdom to the close of the thirteenth century. Edmonston and Douglas, Page 286.
- ^ Greenway, D. E. (EDT); E. B. (Edmund Boleslaw) Fryde (June 1, 1996). Handbook of British Chronology. Cambridge University Press, Page 55. ISBN-X.
- ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language Scotch usage note, Encarta Dictionary usage note.
- ^ Oxford Dictionary Definition of Scotch
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References
- Ritchie, A. & Breeze, D.J. Invaders of Scotland HMSO. (?1991) ISBN-X
- David Armitage, "The Scottish Diaspora" in Jenny Wormald (ed.), Scotland: A History. Oxford UP, Oxford, 2005. ISBN
- Scotchirish.net: "Pioneers". http://www.scotchirish.net/The%20Pioneers.php4
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External links
- The Scots In New Zealand Exhibition Minisite from the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
- "We're nearly all Celts under the skin" by Ian Johnston for The Scotsman Online
- "Discover your Scottish family history" at the official government resource for Scottish Genealogy
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