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Scotland



Main article: National symbols of Scotland
The Saltire
The Saltire

The Flag of Scotland, known as the Saltire or St. Andrew's Cross, dates (at least in legend) from the 9th century, and is thus the oldest national flag still in use. The Saltire now also forms part of the design of the Union Flag. There are numerous other symbols and symbolic artefacts, both official and unofficial, including the thistle, the nation's floral emblem, the 6 April, 1320 statement of political independence the Declaration of Arbroath, the textile pattern tartan that often signifies a particular Scottish clan, and the Lion Rampant flag.[125][126][127]

Flower of Scotland is popularly held to be the National Anthem of Scotland, and is played at events such as football or rugby matches involving the Scotland national team. Scotland the Brave is used for the Scottish team at the Commonwealth Games. However, since devolution, more serious discussion of the issue has led to the use of Flower of Scotland being disputed. Other candidates include Highland Cathedral, Scots Wha Hae and A Man's A Man for A' That.[128]

St Andrew's Day, 30 November, is the national day, although Burns' Night tends to be more widely observed. Tartan Day is a recent innovation from Canada. In 2006, the Scottish Parliament passed the St. Andrew's Day Bank Holiday (Scotland) Act 2007, designating the day to be an official bank holiday.[129]

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References

  1. ^ a b Brown, Dauvit (2001). "Kenneth mac Alpin", in M. Lynch: The Oxford Companion to Scottish History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 359. ISBN 978-0192116963. 
  2. ^ St Andrew—Quick Facts. Scotland.org—The Official Online Gateway. Retrieved on 2007-12-02.
  3. ^ "European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages" Scottish Government. Retrieved 27 September 2007.
  4. ^ Macleod, Angus "Gaelic given official status" (22 April 2005) The Times. London. Retrieved 2 August 2007.
  5. ^ a b Countries within a country. 10 Downing Street. Retrieved on 2007-09-10. “The United Kingdom is made up of four countries: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland”
  6. ^ ISO 3166-2 Newsletter Date: 2007-11-28 No I-9. "Changes in the list of subdivision names and code elements" (Page 11). International Organization for Standardization codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions -- Part 2: Country subdivision codes. Retrieved on 2008-05-31. “SCT Scotland country”
  7. ^ Scottish Executive Resources. Scotland in Short. Scottish Executive (17 February 2007). Retrieved on September 14, 2006.
  8. ^ Information for Journalists. Edinburgh, Inspiring Capital. Edinburghbrand.com. Retrieved on 2007-09-20. "Edinburgh is Europe's sixth largest fund management centre".
  9. ^ The Scottish Adjacent Waters Boundaries Order. The Stationery Office Limited (1999). Retrieved on 2007-09-20.
  10. ^ Devine, T.M (1999). The Scottish Nation 1700–2000. Penguin Books, 9. ISBN 0140230041. “From that point on anti-union demonstrations were common in the capital. In November rioting spread to the south west, that stranglehold of strict Calvinism and covenanting tradition. The Glasgow mob rose against union sympathisers in disturbances which lasted intermittently for over a month” 
  11. ^ Act of Union 1707 Mob unrest and disorder. The House of Lords (2007). Retrieved on 2007-12-23.
  12. ^ a b c d Keay, J. & Keay, J. (1994) Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland. London. HarperCollins.
  13. ^ a b c d Mackie, J.D. (1969) A History of Scotland. London. Penguin.
  14. ^ Collier, J.G. (2001) Conflict of Laws (Third edition)(pdf) Cambridge University Press. "For the purposes of the English conflict of laws, every country in the world which is not part of England and Wales is a foreign country and its foreign laws. This means that not only totally foreign independent countries such as France or Russia... are foreign countries but also British Colonies such as the Falkland Islands. Moreover, the other parts of the United Kingdom – Scotland and Northern Ireland – are foreign countries for present purposes, as are the other British Islands, the Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey."
  15. ^ Devine, T.M (1999), The Scottish Nation 1700–2000, P.288–289, ISBN 0-14-023004-1 "created a new and powerful local state run by the Scottish bourgeoisie and reflecting their political and religious values. It was this local state, rather than a distant and usually indifferent Westminster authority, that in effect routinely governed Scotland"
  16. ^ Ayto, John; Ian Crofton. Brewer's Britain & Ireland : The History, Culture, Folklore and Etymology of 7500 Places in These Islands. WN. ISBN 030435385X. 
  17. ^ The earliest known evidence is a flint arrowhead from Islay. See Moffat, Alistair (2005) Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History. London. Thames & Hudson. Page 42.
  18. ^ Sites at Cramond dated to 8500 BC and near Kinloch, Rùm from 7700 BC provide the earliest known evidence of human occupation in Scotland. See "The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map: Rubbish dump reveals time-capsule of Scotland's earliest settlements" megalithic.co.uk. Retrieved 10 February 2008 and Edwards, Kevin J. and Whittington, Graeme "Vegetation Change" in Edwards, Kevin J. & Ralston, Ian B.M. (Eds) (2003) Scotland After the Ice Age: Environment, Archaeology and History, 8000 BC–AD 1000. Edinburgh. Edinburgh University Press. Page 70.
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  22. ^ Robertson, Anne S. (1960) The Antonine Wall. Glasgow Archaeological Society.
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  28. ^ a b Barrow, Geoffrey, W.S. [1965] (2005). Robert Bruce & the Community of the Realm of Scotland, 4th Edition, Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0748620222. 
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  33. ^ TM Devine (1999) op cit "…Stated that the Scots Parliament had the right to decide on Queen Anne's successor, and that England and Scotland could not have the same sovereign in the future unless the London Parliament granted Scots 'Free Communication of trade'…"
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  35. ^ See Stewart, Heather, "Celtic Tiger Burns Brighter at Holyrood, The Guardian Unlimited, 6 May 2007 for an account of Scotland's economic challenges, especially after the dotcom downturn, as it competes with the emerging Eastern European economies.
  36. ^ "National Planning Framework for Scotland" Scottish Government publication, (web-page last updated 6 April 2006), which states "Since the 1970s, the development of North Sea oil and gas fields has made an important contribution to the Scottish economy, and underpinned prosperity in the North-East." Retrieved on 07 November 2007.
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  39. ^ BBC Scotland News Online "Scotland begins pub smoking ban", BBC Scotland News, 2006-03-26. Retrieved on 2006-07-17.
  40. ^ "About Scottish Ministers" Scottish Government. Retrieved 26 September 2007.
  41. ^ Kerevan, George. "Somewhere over the Rainbow Coalition...", The Scotsman, 2005-05-12. Retrieved on 2007-05-07. 
  42. ^ Scotland Office Charter. Scotland Office website (2004-08-09). Retrieved on 2007-12-22.
  43. ^ "Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994" Office of Public Sector Information. Retrieved on 26 September 2007.
  44. ^ "City status" Department for Constitutional Affairs. Retrieved on 26 September 2007.
  45. ^ "UK Cities" Department for Constitutional Affairs. Retrieved on 26 September 2007.
  46. ^ Cavanagh, Michael (2001) The Campaigns for a Scottish Parliament. University of Strathclyde. Retrieved 12 April 2008.
  47. ^ Party people confront new realities. BBC News. Retrieved on January 18, 2008.
  48. ^ "Tradition and Environment in a time of change", J. A. Lillie (1970). "The law of Scotland has many roots in and affinities with the law of the Romans, the 'Civil Law' ":History of the Faculty of Law.. The University of Edinburgh School of Law. Retrieved on 2007-10-22.
  49. ^ The Articles: legal and miscellaneous, UK Parliament House of Lords (2007). "Article 19: The Scottish legal system and its courts was to remain unchanged":Act of Union 1707. House of Lords. Retrieved on 2007-10-22.
  50. ^ "Law and institutions, Gaelic" & "Law and lawyers" in M. Lynch (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Scottish History, (Oxford, 2001), pp. 381–382 & 382–386. Udal Law remains relevant to land law in Orkney and Shetland: A General History of Scots Law (20th century). Law Society of Scotland. Retrieved on 2007-09-20.
  51. ^ "Court Information" www.scotcourts.gov.uk. Retrieved on 26 September 207.
  52. ^ Jury Service in Victoria, Chapter 6. This three verdict system is unique to Scotland and has existed there for around 300 years. Parliament of Victoria. Retrieved on 2006-09-13.
  53. ^ England may adopt "Not Proven" Verdict. The Journal online. Law Society of Scotland. Retrieved on 2006-09-13.
  54. ^ a b Whitaker's Almanack (1991) London. J. Whitaker and Sons.
  55. ^ Munro, D (1999). Scotland Atlas and Gazetteer. Harper Collins, pp1-2. 
  56. ^ "Uniting the Kingdoms?" National Archives. Retrieved 2006-11-21
  57. ^ See "The 'Where Are We' page" highlandhostel.co.uk. Retrieved 22 September 2007.
  58. ^ Keay, J. & Keay, J. (1994) Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland. London. HarperCollins. Pages 734 and 930.
  59. ^ "Tay" Encarta. Retrieved 21 March 2008.
  60. ^ "Regional Geology, Southern Uplands - Map" Scottishgeology.com. Retrieved 21 March 2008.
  61. ^ Murray, W.H. (1973) The Islands of Western Scotland. London. Eyre Methuen ISBN 978-0413303806
  62. ^ Murray, W.H. (1968) The Companion Guide to the West Highlands of Scotland. London. Collins. ISBN 0002111357
  63. ^ Johnstone, Scott et al (1990) The Corbetts and Other Scottish Hills. Edinburgh. Scottish Mountaineering Trust. Page 9.
  64. ^ BBC Weather: UK Records BBC.co.uk. Retrieved on 21 September 2007. The same temperature was also recorded In Braemar on 10 January 1982 and at Altnaharra, Highland, on 30 December 1995.
  65. ^ a b c d Climate: Scotland. Met Office. Retrieved on 2006-09-14.
  66. ^ Scottish Weather Part One BBC.co.uk Retrieved on 21 September 2007
  67. ^ Fraser Darling, F. & Boyd, J.M. (1969) Natural History in the Highlands and Islands. London. Bloomsbury.
  68. ^ "State of the Park Report. Chapter 2: Natural Resources"(pdf) (2006) Cairngorms National Park Authority. Retrieved 14 October 2007.
  69. ^ Preston, C.D., Pearman, D.A., & Dines, T.D. (2002) New Atlas of the British and Irish Flora. Oxford University Press.
  70. ^ Gooders, J. (1994) Field Guide to the Birds of Britain and Ireland. London. Kingfisher.
  71. ^ Matthews, L.H. (1968) British Mammals. London. Bloomsbury.
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  73. ^ "The Fortingall Yew" Forestry Commission. Retrieved 24 June 2007.
  74. ^ Milner M. and Treanor J.. "Devolution may broaden financial sector's view", The Guardian, 1999-06-02. Retrieved on 2006-08-08. 
  75. ^ a b Global Connections Survey. Scottish Executive. Retrieved on 2006-12-03.
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  77. ^ Office of National Statistics (2006-12-15). Regional, sub-regional and local gross value added 2005. Office of National Statistics. Retrieved on 2007-04-12.
  78. ^ The Economics of Tourism. SPICe (2002). Retrieved on 2007-10-22.
  79. ^ November Labour Market statistics for Scotland. Scotland Office. Retrieved on 2007-11-14.
  80. ^ Banknote History. Scottish Clearing Banks. Retrieved on 2007-10-26.
  81. ^ The Scotsman 27 March 2007. "Special Report—Business Class"
  82. ^ "Highlands and Islands Airports - Airport Information" Highlands and Islands Airports Limited. Retrieved on 26 September 2007.
  83. ^ "Rail" Transport Scotland. Retrieved on 26 September 2007.
  84. ^ Keay, J. & Keay, J. (1994) Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland. London. HarperCollins.ISBN 0-00-255082-2
  85. ^ "Disaggregating Network Rail's expenditure and revenue allowance and future price control framework: a consultation (June 2005)" Office of Rail Regulation. Retrieved on 02 November 2007.
  86. ^ Scotland's mid year population estimates. General Register Office for Scotland (2007-04-26). Retrieved on 2007-04-26.
  87. ^ "Great Britain and Northern Ireland: Scotland. All settlements (urban areas) in Scotland of more than 20,000 inhabitants." citypopulation.de. Retrieved 26 September 2007.
  88. ^ "Did You Know?—Scotland's Cities" rampantscotland.com Retrieved 26 September 2007.
  89. ^ Clapperton, C.M. (ed) (1983) Scotland: A New Study. London. David & Charles.
  90. ^ Miller, J. (2004) Inverness. Edinburgh. Birlinn. ISBN 9781841582962
  91. ^ "New Towns" BBC Scotland. Retrieved 24 July 2007.
  92. ^ "Scotland speaks Urdu" (2004)Urdustan.net. Retrieved 26 September 2007.
  93. ^ The Pole Position (6 August 2005). Glasgow. Sunday Herald newspaper.
  94. ^ Statistics Analysis of Ethnicity in the 2001 Census - Summary Report Scottish Government. Retrieved 27 September 2007.
  95. ^ Scotland's Census 2001, Part 1: Census User Needs and Legislation. General Register Office for Scotland. Retrieved on 2007-09-26.
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  97. ^ A Guide to Education and Training in Scotland - "the broad education long regarded as characteristic of Scotland". Scottish Government. Retrieved on 2007-10-18.
  98. ^ Intro to Scottish Education. The Scottish Education Act of 1696 heralded the first National system of education in the World since ancient Sparta. www.siliconglen.com. Retrieved on 2007-03-07.
  99. ^ "Schools and schooling" in M. Lynch (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Scottish History, (Oxford, 2001), pp. 561–563.
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  103. ^ Welcome to the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland. Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland. Retrieved on 2007-10-18.
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  108. ^ "In the Scottish Lowlands, Europe's first Buddhist monastery turns 40" The Buddhist Channel. Retrieved 24 June 2007.
  109. ^ The large number of military bases in Scotland has led some to use the euphemism "Fortress Scotland". See Spaven, Malcolm (1983) Fortress Scotland. London. Pluto Press in association with Scottish CND.
  110. ^ "Pensioner, 94, in nuclear protest" BBC.co.uk. Retrieved 29 July 2007.
  111. ^ "Reprieve for RAF Lossiemouth base" BBC.co.uk. Retrieved 29 July 2007.
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  114. ^ Depleted Uranium (Shelling) Parliament of the United Kingdom: Science and Technology Committee—Debates 7 February 2001. Hansard. Retrieved on 26 September 2007
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  120. ^ Soccer in South Asia: Empire, Nation, Diaspora. By James Mills, Paul Dimeo: Page 18 - Oldest Football Association is England's FA, then Scotland and third oldest is the Indian FA.
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  124. ^ Cochrane, Alistair (ed) Science and Golf IV: proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf. Page 849. Routledge.
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  129. ^ "Explanatory Notes to St. Andrew's Day Bank Holiday (Scotland) Act 2007" Office of Public Sector Information. Retrieved 22 September 2007

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Further reading

Brown, Dauvit, (1999) "Anglo-French acculturation and the Irish element in Scottish Identity", in Smith, Brendan (ed.), Insular Responses to Medieval European Change, Cambridge University Press, pp. 135–53

Brown, Michael (2004) The Wars of Scotland, 1214–1371, Edinburgh University Press., pp. 157–254

Devine, T.M [1999] (2000). The Scottish Nation 1700–2000 (New Ed. edition). London:Penguin. ISBN 0-14-023004-1

Dumville, David N. (2001). "St Cathróe of Metz and the Hagiography of Exoticism", Irish Hagiography: Saints and Scholars. Dublin: Four Courts Press, pp. 172–176. ISBN 978-1851824861. 

Herbert, Maire (2000). "Rí Érenn, Rí Alban, kingship and identity in the ninth and tenth centuries", in Simon Taylor (ed.): Kings, Clerics and Chronicles in Scotland, 500–1297. Dublin: Four Courts Press, pp. 63–72. ISBN 1851825169. 

MacLeod, Wilson (2004) Divided Gaels: Gaelic Cultural Identities in Scotland and Ireland: c.1200–1650. Oxford University Press. Sharp, L. W. The Expansion of the English Language in Scotland, (Cambridge University Ph.D. thesis, 1927), pp. 102–325;

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