Scopes Trial
The play Inherit the Wind (1955), by Jerome Lawrence and Robert Edwin Lee was loosely based on this trial. The play turned Darrow and Bryan into characters named Henry Drummond and Matthew Harrison Brady.[39] The play was made into a 1960 film directed by Stanley Kramer, with Spencer Tracy and Fredric March as Drummond and Brady. There have also been a trio of television versions, with Melvyn Douglas and Ed Begley in 1965, Jason Robards and Kirk Douglas in 1988, and Jack Lemmon and George C. Scott in 1999. The Scopes trial did not appear in the Encyclopædia Britannica until 1957, when its inclusion was spurred by the successful run of Inherit the Wind on Broadway, which was mentioned in the citation. It was not until the 1960s that the Scopes trial began to be mentioned in the history textbooks of American high schools and colleges, usually as an example of the conflict between fundamentalists and modernists, and often in sections that also talked about the rise of the Ku Klux Klan in the South.[40]
Since 1987, the city of Dayton has staged a reenactment of the trial using the original transcripts, performing it in the very same courtroom in which the trial took place. The annual event occurs during Dayton's Scopes Trial festival with several performances showing over the weekend. In 2007, Bryan College, the institute founded in memory of Bryan, purchased the rights to the production and made a filmed version for DVD release using the same performers entitled "Inherit the Truth" in an attempt to clear up any misunderstandings regarding the trial due to Inherit the Wind. [41]
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See also
- Darwinism
- Evolution
- Creationism
- The Origin of Species
- Huxley-Wilberforce debate (1860)
- Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District
[
Notes
- ^ Hakim, Joy (1995). War, Peace, and All That Jazz. New York, New York: Oxford University Press, 44-45. ISBN 0-19-509514-6.
- ^ Tennessee Anti-evolution Statute UMKC Law School. Retrieved 15 April 2007.
- ^ Palo E. Coletta, William Jennings Bryan: Political Puritan, 1915-1925; Vol. III (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1969): 199-200.
- ^ New York Times July 18, 1925: 2.
- ^ a b c An introduction to the John Scopes (Monkey) Trial by Douglas Linder. UMKC Law. Retrieved 15 April 2007.
- ^ Larson 1997, p. 108 "Scopes had urged the students to testify against him, and coached them in their answers."
- ^ Larson 1997, p. 89,107
- ^ Larson 1997, p. 108
- ^ New York Times 26 May 1925: 1, 16; de Camp, Great Monkey Trial 81-86.
- ^ de Camp, Great Monkey Trial 72-74, 79; Scopes and Presley, Center of the Storm 66-67.
- ^ de Camp 335.
- ^ Scopes and Presley, Center of the Storm, 154-56.
- ^ Arthur Garfield Hays, Let Freedom Ring (New York: Liveright, 1937), 71-72; Charles Francis Potter, The Preacher and I (New York: Crown, 1951), 275-76.
- ^ de Camp, The Great Monkey Trial, 364-65; Kirtley F. Mather, "Creation and Evolution," in Science Ponders Religion, ed. Harlow Shapley (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1960), 32-45.
- ^ Moran, Jeffrey P. (2002). The Scopes trial: a brief history with documents. New York: Palgrave, 150. ISBN 0-312-29426-3.
- ^ Moran, Jeffrey P. (2002). The Scopes trial: a brief history with documents. New York: Palgrave, 157. ISBN 0-312-29426-3.
- ^ New York Times, July 22, 1925: 2.
- ^ New York Times 16 Jan. 1927: 1, 28.
- ^ Larson 2004, p. 211
- ^ a b Larson 2004, p. 212-213
- ^ a b c d Larson 2004, p. 213
- ^ Larson 2004, p. 217
- ^ R. Halliburton, Jr., "The Adoption of Arkansas' Anti-Evolution Law," Arkansas Historical Quarterly 23 (Autumn 1964): 280; Ginger, Six Days or Forever?, 212.
- ^ Scopes Trial Museum - Tennessee History for Kids
- ^ National Park Service (April 2007). "National Historic Landmarks Survey: List of National Historic Landmarks by State".
- ^ National Park Service. ?. National Register Information System. Retrieved on 2007-05-15.
- ^ E.S. Martin, Life 86 (16 July 1925): 16..
- ^ "Life Lines," Life 85 (18 June 1925): 10; 85 (25 June 1925): 6, 86 (2 July 1925): 8; 86 (9 July 1925): 6; 86 (30 July 1925): 6; "Life's Encyclopedia," Life 85 (25 July 1925): 23; Kile Croak, "My School in Tennessee," Life 86 (2 July 1925); 4; Arthur Guiterman, "Notes for a Tennessee Primer," Life 86 (16 July 1925): 5; "Topics in Brief," Literary Digest, for 86 (4 July 1925): 18; 86 (11 July 1925): 15; 86 (18 July 1925): 15; 86 (25 July 1925): 15, 86 (1 August 1925): 17; 86 (8 August 1925): 13.
- ^ "Tennessee Goes Fundamentalist," New Republic 42 (29 April 1925): 258-60; Howard K. Hollister, "In Dayton, Tennessee," Nation 121 (8 July 1925): 61-62; Dixon Merritt, "Smoldering Fires," Outlook 140 (22 July 1925): 421-22.
- ^ Martin, Life 86 (16 July 1925: 16.
- ^ "The Great Trial," Time 6 (20 July 1926): 17.
- ^ Life 86 (9 July 1925): 7.
- ^ Edgar Kemler, The Irreverent Mr. Mencken (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1948), 175-90. For excerpts from Mencken's reports see William Manchester, Sage of Baltimore: The Life and Riotous Times of H.L. Mencken (New York: Andrew-Melrose, 1952) 143-45, and D-Days at Dayton: Reflections on the Scopes Trial, ed. Jerry R. Tompkins (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ. Press, 1965) 35-51.
- ^ H.L. Mencken, Heathen Days, 1890-1936 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1943) 231-34; Michael Williams, "Sunday in Dayton," Commonweal 2 (29 July 1925): 285-88.
- ^ "In Memoriam: W.J.B." was first printed in the Baltimore Evening Sun, 27 July 1925; rpt. by Mencken in the American Mercury 5 (October 1925);: 158-60 and in his Prejudices (Fifth Series), 64-74.
- ^ Mencken, Heathen Days, 280-87.
- ^ "Mencken Epithets Rouse Dayton's Ire," New York Times, 17 July 1925, 3.
- ^ "Battle Now Over, Mencken Sees; Genesis Triumphant and Ready for New Jousts," H.L. Mencken, The Baltimore Evening Sun, July 18, 1925, http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/menck04.htm#SCOPES9, URL accessed April 27, 2008.
- ^ Notes on Inherit the Wind UMKC Law School. Retrieved 15 April 2007.
- ^ Lawrance Bernabo and Celeste Michelle Condit (1990). "Two Stories of the Scopes Trial: Legal and Journalistic Articulations of the Legitimacy of Science and Religion" in Popular Trials: Rhetoric, Mass Media, and the Law, edited by Robert Hariman. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press, 82-83.
- ^ Bryan offers DVD of 'Inherit the Truth'. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
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References
- de Camp, L. Sprague (1968), The Great Monkey Trial, Doubleday, ISBN 0-385-04625-1
- Larson, Edward J. (1997), Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America's Continuing Debate Over Science and Religion, BasicBooks, ISBN 0-465-07509-6
- Larson, Edward J. (2004), Evolution, Modern Library, ISBN 0-679-64288-9
- Menefee, Samuel Pyeatt (2001), "Reaping the Whirlwind: A Scopes Trial Bibliography", Regent University Law Review 13 (2): 571-595
- Scopes, John T. & James Presley (June, 1967), Center of the Storm: Memoirs of John T. Scopes, Henry Holt & Company
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Further reading
- Six Days or Forever? by Ray Ginger (ISBN 0-19-519784-4).
- The World's Most Famous Court Trial, State of Tennessee vs. John Thomas Scopes: Complete Stenographic Report of the Court, by John Scopes (ISBN 0-306-71975-4).
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External links
- Scopes Trial Home Page by Douglas Linder. University of Missouri at Kansas City Law School
- Mencken's columns on the Scopes Trial
- Scopes Trial & Inherit the Wind Q&A Answers in Genesis (Creationist organization)
- American Experience - Monkey Trial PBS
- Scopes Monkey Trial About.com
- Marquis James's 1925 New Yorker Report on the Scopes Trial
- 20 Questions About the Scopes Trial AmericanHeritage.com
- Transcript of Bryan's cross-examination Jonathan Marks. University of North Carolina at Charlotte.
- The Scopes Trial - The facts behind the Myths
- Text of the Closing Statement of William Jennings Bryan at the trial of John Scopes, Dayton, Tennessee, 1925
- Unpublished Photographs from 1925 Tennessee vs. John Scopes "Monkey Trial" Found in Smithsonian Archives
- "Monkey Music", a series of songs in reaction to the trial from PBS's American Experience.
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