Finance          Automotive          Computers          Health          Shopping          Sports         News          Reference           Print Facts in English - BCUZ.COMlos hechos en Español

Schizophrenia



The book and film A Beautiful Mind chronicled the life of John Forbes Nash, a Nobel-Prize-winning mathematician who was diagnosed with schizophrenia. The Marathi film Devrai (Featuring Atul Kulkarni) is a presentation of a patient with schizophrenia. The film, set in the Konkan region of Maharashtra in Western India, shows the behavior, mentality, and struggle of the patient as well as his loved-ones. It also portrays the treatment of this mental illness using medication, dedication and plenty of patience by the close relatives of the patient. Other factual books have been written by relatives on family members; Australian journalist Anne Deveson told the story of her son's battle with schizophrenia in Tell me I'm Here,[191] later made into a movie.

In Bulgakov's Master and Margarita the poet Ivan Bezdomnyj is institutionalized and diagnosed with schizophrenia after witnessing the devil (Woland) predict Berlioz's death. The book The Eden Express by Mark Vonnegut recounts his struggle with schizophrenia and his recovering journey.

References

  1. ^ a b Castle E; Wessely S, Der G, Murray RM (1991). "The incidence of operationally defined schizophrenia in Camberwell 1965–84". British Journal of Psychiatry 159: 790–794. PMID 1790446. 
  2. ^ Bhugra, D (2006). "The global prevalence of schizophrenia". PLoS Medicine 2 (5): 372–373. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020151. PMID 15916460. 
  3. ^ a b Goldner EM; Hsu L, Waraich P, Somers JM (2002). "Prevalence and incidence studies of schizophrenic disorders: a systematic review of the literature". Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 47 (9): 833–43. PMID 12500753. 
  4. ^ a b c d e f American Psychiatric Association (2004) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-IV-TR (Text Revision). American Psychiatric Association. ISBN 0890420246. DSM-IV & DSM-IV-TR Schizophrenia criteria
  5. ^ a b Becker T; Kilian R (2006). "Psychiatric services for people with severe mental illness across western Europe: what can be generalized from current knowledge about differences in provision, costs and outcomes of mental health care?". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Supplement 429: 9–16. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00711.x. PMID 16445476. 
  6. ^ Sim K, Chua TH, Chan YH, Mahendran R, Chong SA. (2006) Psychiatric comorbidity in first episode schizophrenia: a 2 year, longitudinal outcome study. J Psychiatr Res, 40 (7), 656-63. PMID 16904688
  7. ^ a b Brown S; Inskip H, Barraclough B (2000). "Causes of the excess mortality of schizophrenia". Br J Psychiatry 177: 212–7. doi:10.1192/bjp.177.3.212. PMID 11040880. 
  8. ^ Freeman D; Garety PA, Kuipers E, Fowler D, Bebbington PE, Dunn G (2007). "Acting on persecutory delusions: the importance of safety seeking". Behaviour Research and Therapy 45 (1): 89–99. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.01.014. PMID 16530161. 
  9. ^ Addington J; Cadenhead KS, Cannon TD, Cornblatt B, McGlashan TH, Perkins DO, Seidman LJ, Tsuang M, Walker EF, Woods SW, Heinssen R (2007). "North American prodrome longitudinal study: a collaborative multisite approach to prodromal schizophrenia research". Schizophrenia Bulletin 33 (3): 665–72. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbl075. PMID 17255119. 
  10. ^ Parnas J; Jorgensen A (1989). "Pre-morbid psychopathology in schizophrenia spectrum". British Journal of Psychiatry 115: 623–7. PMID 2611591. 
  11. ^ Amminger GP; Leicester S, Yung AR, Phillips LJ, Berger GE, Francey SM, Yuen HP, McGorry PD (2006). "Early-onset of symptoms predicts conversion to non-affective psychosis in ultra-high risk individuals". Schizophrenia Research 84 (1): 67–76. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.02.018. PMID 16677803. 
  12. ^ Schneider, K. (1959) Clinical Psychopathology. New York: Grune and Stratton.
  13. ^ Bertelsen, A (2002). "Schizophrenia and Related Disorders: Experience with Current Diagnostic Systems". Psychopathology 35: 89–93. doi:10.1159/000065125. PMID 12145490. 
  14. ^ Sims A (2002) Symptoms in the Mind: An Introduction to Descriptive Psychopathology (3rd edition). Edinburgh: Elsevier Science Ltd. ISBN 0-7020-2627-1
  15. ^ Cohen & Docherty (2004). "Affective reactivity of speech and emotional experience in patients with schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Research 69 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1016/S0920-9964(03)00069-0. PMID 15145465. 
  16. ^ Peralta V; Cuesta MJ (2001). "How many and which are the psychopathological dimensions in schizophrenia? Issues influencing their ascertainment". Schizophrenia Research 49 (3): 269–85. doi:10.1016/S0920-9964(00)00071-2. PMID 11356588. 
  17. ^ Pope HG (1983). "Distinguishing bipolar disorder from schizophrenia in clinical practice: guidelines and case reports". Hospital and Community Psychiatry 34: 322–328. 
  18. ^ McGlashan TH (1987) Testing DSM-III symptom criteria for schizotypal and borderline personality disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44: 15–22.
  19. ^ Jakobsen KD; Frederiksen JN, Hansen T, Jansson LB, Parnas J, Werge T (2005). "Reliability of clinical ICD-10 schizophrenia diagnoses". Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 59 (3): 209–12. doi:10.1080/08039480510027698. PMID 16195122. 
  20. ^ Bentall RP (1992) Reconstructing Schizophrenia. London: Routledge. ISBN 0415075246
  21. ^ Boyle M (2002) Schizophrenia: A Scientific Delusion?. London: Routledge. ISBN 0415227186
  22. ^ Verdoux H; van Os J (2002). "Psychotic symptoms in non-clinical populations and the continuum of psychosis". Schizophrenia Research 54 (1-2): 59–65. doi:10.1016/S0920-9964(01)00352-8. PMID 11853979. 
  23. ^ a b Johns LC; van Os J (2001). "The continuity of psychotic experiences in the general population". Clinical Psychology Review 21 (8): 1125–41. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(01)00103-9. PMID 11702510. 
  24. ^ Peters ER; Day S, McKenna J, Orbach G (2005). "Measuring delusional ideation: the 21-item Peters et al. Delusions Inventory (PDI)". Schizophrenia Bulletin 30: 1005–22. PMID 15954204. 
  25. ^ David AS (1999). "On the impossibility of defining delusions". Philosophy, Psychiatry and Psychology 6 (1): 17–20. 
  26. ^ Tsuang MT; Stone WS, Faraone SV (2000). "Toward reformulating the diagnosis of schizophrenia". American Journal of Psychiatry 157 (7): 1041–1050. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.7.1041. PMID 10873908. 
  27. ^ Rosenhan D (1973). "On being sane in insane places". Science 179: 250–8. doi:10.1126/science.179.4070.250. PMID 4683124. 
  28. ^ McGorry PD; Mihalopoulos C, Henry L, Dakis J, Jackson HJ, Flaum M, Harrigan S, McKenzie D, Kulkarni J, Karoly R (1995). "Spurious precision: procedural validity of diagnostic assessment in psychotic disorders". American Journal of Psychiatry 152 (2): 220–3. PMID 7840355. 
  29. ^ Read J (2004) Does 'schizophrenia' exist? Reliability and validity. In Read J, Mosher LR, Bentall RP (eds) Models of Madness: Psychological, Social and Biological Approaches to Schizophrenia. ISBN 1-58391-906-6
  30. ^ Sato M (2004). "Renaming schizophrenia: a Japanese perspective". World Psychiatry 5 (1): 53–5. PMID 16757998. 
  31. ^ Schizophrenia term use 'invalid'. BBC News Online, (9 October 2006). Retrieved on 2007-05-16.
  32. ^ Green MF (2001) Schizophrenia Revealed: From Neurons to Social Interactions. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0393703347
  33. ^ Wilkinson G (1986). "Political dissent and "sluggish" schizophrenia in the Soviet Union". Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 293 (6548): 641–2. PMID 3092963. 
  34. ^ Lyons D (2001). "Soviet-style psychiatry is alive and well in the People's Republic". British Journal of Psychiatry 178: 380–381. doi:10.1192/bjp.178.4.380-b. PMID 11282823. 
  35. ^ Kumra S; Shaw M, Merka P, Nakayama E, Augustin R (2001). "Childhood-onset schizophrenia: research update". Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 46 (10): 923–30. PMID 11816313. 
  36. ^ Hassett A, Ames D, Chiu E (eds) (2005) Psychosis in the Elderly. London: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 18418439446
  37. ^ Jablensky A; Sartorius N, Ernberg G, Anker M, Korten A, Cooper JE, Day R, Bertelsen A (1992). "Schizophrenia: manifestations, incidence and course in different cultures. A World Health Organization ten-country study". Psychological Medicine Monograph Supplement 20: 1–97. PMID 1565705. 
  38. ^ Kirkbride JB; Fearon P, Morgan C, Dazzan P, Morgan K, Tarrant J, Lloyd T, Holloway J, Hutchinson G, Leff JP, Mallett RM, Harrison GL, Murray RM, Jones PB (2006). "Heterogeneity in incidence rates of schizophrenia and other psychotic syndromes: findings From the 3-center ÆSOP study". Archives of General Psychiatry 63 (3): 250–258. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.3.250. PMID 16520429. 
  39. ^ Kirkbride JB; Fearon P, Morgan C, Dazzan P, Morgan K, Murray RM, Jones PB (2007). "Neighbourhood variation in the incidence of psychotic disorders in Southeast London". Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 42 (6): 438–45. doi:10.1007/s00127-007-0193-0. PMID 17473901. 
  40. ^ a b Van Os J (2004). "Does the urban environment cause psychosis?". British Journal of Psychiatry 184 (4): 287–288. doi:10.1192/bjp.184.4.287. PMID 15056569. 
  41. ^ Ustun TB; Rehm J, Chatterji S, Saxena S, Trotter R, Room R, Bickenbach J, and the WHO/NIH Joint Project CAR Study Group (1999). "Multiple-informant ranking of the disabling effects of different health conditions in 14 countries". The Lancet 354 (9173): 111–115. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07507-2. PMID 10408486. 
  42. ^ Meyer-Lindenberg A; Miletich RS, Kohn PD, Esposito G, Carson RE, Quarantelli M, Weinberger DR, Berman KF (2002). "Reduced prefrontal activity predicts exaggerated striatal dopaminergic function in schizophrenia". Nature Neuroscience 5: 267–71. doi:10.1038/nn804. PMID 11865311. 
  43. ^ Harrison PJ; Owen MJ (2003). "Genes for schizophrenia? Recent findings and their pathophysiological implications". The Lancet 361 (9355): 417–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12379-3. PMID 12573388. 
  44. ^ Day R; Nielsen JA, Korten A, Ernberg G, Dube KC, Gebhart J, Jablensky A, Leon C, Marsella A, Olatawura M, et al. (1987). "Stressful life events preceding the acute onset of schizophrenia: a cross-national study from the World Health Organization". Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 11 (2): 123–205. doi:10.1007/BF00122563. PMID 3595169. 
  45. ^ Corcoran C; Walker E, Huot R, Mittal V, Tessner K, Kestler L, Malaspina D (2003). "The stress cascade and schizophrenia: etiology and onset". Schizophrenia Bulletin 29 (4): 671–92. PMID 14989406. 
  46. ^ O'Donovan MC; Williams NM, Owen MJ (2003). "Recent advances in the genetics of schizophrenia". Human Molecular Genetics 12 Spec No 2: R125–33. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddg302. PMID 12952866. 
  47. ^ Owen MJ; Craddock N, O'Donovan MC (2005). "Schizophrenia: genes at last?". Trends in Genetics 21 (9): 518–25. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2005.06.011. PMID 16009449. 
  48. ^ Craddock N; O'Donovan MC, Owen MJ (2006). "Genes for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder? Implications for psychiatric nosology". Schizophrenia Bulletin 32 (1): 9–16. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbj033. PMID 16319375. 
  49. ^ Dalby JT; Morgan D, Lee M (1986). "Schizophrenia and mania in identical twin brothers". Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 174: 304–308. PMID 3701318. 
  50. ^ Walsh T; McClellan JM, McCarthy SE, Addington AM, Pierce SB, Cooper GM, Nord AS, Kusenda M, Malhotra D, Bhandari A, Stray SM, Rippey CF, Roccanova P, Makarov V, Lakshmi B, Findling RL, Sikich L, Stromberg T, Merriman B, Gogtay N, Butler P, Eckstrand K, Noory L, Gochman P, Long R, Chen Z, Davis S, Baker C, Eichler EE, Meltzer PS, Nelson SF, Singleton AB, Lee MK, Rapoport JL, King MC, Sebat J (2008). "Rare Structural Variants Disrupt Multiple Genes in Neurodevelopmental Pathways in Schizophrenia". Science [Epub ahead of print]. PMID 18369103. 
  51. ^ Davies G; Welham J, Chant D, Torrey EF, McGrath J (2003). "A systematic review and meta-analysis of Northern Hemisphere season of birth studies in schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Bulletin 29 (3): 587–93. PMID 14609251. 
  52. ^ Brown AS (2006). "Prenatal infection as a risk factor for schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Bulletin 32 (2): 200–2. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbj052. PMID 16469941. 
  53. ^ van Os J; Krabbendam L, Myin-Germeys I, Delespaul P (2005). "The schizophrenia envirome". Current Opinion in Psychiatry 18 (2): 141–5. PMID 16639166. 
  54. ^ Mueser KT & McGurk SR (2004). "Schizophrenia". The Lancet 363 (9426): 2063–72. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16458-1. PMID 15207959. 
  55. ^ "Migration and schizophrenia" (2007). Current Opinion in Psychiatry 20 (2): 111–5. PMID 17278906. 
  56. ^ Schenkel LS; Spaulding WD, Dilillo D, Silverstein SM (2005). "Histories of childhood maltreatment in schizophrenia: Relationships with premorbid functioning, symptomatology, and cognitive deficits". Schizophrenia Research 76 (2-3): 273–286. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.03.003. PMID 15949659. 
  57. ^ Janssen; Krabbendam L, Bak M, Hanssen M, Vollebergh W, de Graaf R, van Os J (2004). "Childhood abuse as a risk factor for psychotic experiences". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 109: 38–45. doi:10.1046/j.0001-690X.2003.00217.x. PMID 14674957. 
  58. ^ a b Bentall RP; Fernyhough C, Morrison AP, Lewis S, Corcoran R (2007). "Prospects for a cognitive-developmental account of psychotic experiences". Br J Clin Psychol 46 (Pt 2): 155–73. doi:10.1348/014466506X123011. PMID 17524210. 
  59. ^ Subotnik, KL; Goldstein, MJ, Nuechterlein, KH, Woo, SM and Mintz, J (2002). "Are Communication Deviance and Expressed Emotion Related to Family History of Psychiatric Disorders in Schizophrenia?". Schizophrenia Bulletin 28 (4): 719–29. PMID 12795501. 
  60. ^ Gregg L; Barrowclough C, Haddock G (2007). "Reasons for increased substance use in psychosis". Clinical Psychology Review 27 (4): 494–510. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.09.004. PMID 17240501. 
  61. ^ Laruelle M; Abi-Dargham A, van Dyck CH, Gil R, D'Souza CD, Erdos J, McCance E, Rosenblatt W, Fingado C, Zoghbi SS, Baldwin RM, Seibyl JP, Krystal JH, Charney DS, Innis RB (1996). "Single photon emission computerized tomography imaging of amphetamine-induced dopamine release in drug-free schizophrenic subjects". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 93: 9235–40. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.17.9235. PMID 8799184. 
  62. ^ Mueser KT; Yarnold PR, Levinson DF, Singh H, Bellack AS, Kee K, Morrison RL, Yadalam KG (1990). "Prevalence of substance abuse in schizophrenia: demographic and clinical correlates". Schizophrenic Bulletin 16 (1): 31–56. PMID 2333480. 
  63. ^ Arseneault L; Cannon M, Witton J, Murray RM (2004). "Causal association between cannabis and psychosis: examination of the evidence". British Journal of Psychiatry 184: 110–7. doi:10.1192/bjp.184.2.110. PMID 14754822. 
  64. ^ Broome MR; Woolley JB, Tabraham P, Johns LC, Bramon E, Murray GK, Pariante C, McGuire PK, Murray RM (2005). "What causes the onset of psychosis?". Schizophrenia Research 79 (1): 23–34. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.02.007. PMID 16198238. 
  65. ^ Lewis R (2004). "Should cognitive deficit be a diagnostic criterion for schizophrenia?". Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience 29 (2): 102–113. PMID 15069464. 
  66. ^ Brune M; Abdel-Hamid M, Lehmkamper C, Sonntag C (2007). "Mental state attribution, neurocognitive functioning, and psychopathology: What predicts poor social competence in schizophrenia best?". Schizophrenia Research 92 (1-2): 151–9. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.01.006. PMID 17346931. 
  67. ^ Sitskoorn MM; Aleman A, Ebisch SJH, Appels MCM, Khan RS (2004). "Cognitive deficits in relatives of patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis". Schizophrenia Research 71 (2): 285–295. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2004.03.007. PMID 15474899. 
  68. ^ Kurtz MM (2005). "Neurocognitive impairment across the lifespan in schizophrenia: an update". Schizophrenia Research 74 (1): 15–26. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2004.07.005. PMID 15694750. 
  69. ^ Cohen & Docherty (2004). "Affective reactivity of speech and emotional experience in patients with schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Research 69 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1016/S0920-9964(03)00069-0. PMID 15145465. 
  70. ^ Horan WP; Blanchard JJ (2003). "Emotional responses to psychosocial stress in schizophrenia: the role of individual differences in affective traits and coping". Schizophrenia Research 60 (2-3): 271–83. doi:10.1016/S0920-9964(02)00227-X. PMID 12591589. 
  71. ^ Barrowclough C; Tarrier N, Humphreys L, Ward J, Gregg L, Andrews B (2003). "Self-esteem in schizophrenia: relationships between self-evaluation, family attitudes, and symptomatology". J Abnorm Psychol 112 (1): 92–9. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.112.1.92. PMID 12653417. 
  72. ^ Birchwood M; Meaden A, Trower P, Gilbert P, Plaistow J (2000). "The power and omnipotence of voices: subordination and entrapment by voices and significant others". Psychol Med 30 (2): 337–44. doi:10.1017/S0033291799001828. PMID 10824654. 
  73. ^ Smith B; Fowler DG, Freeman D, Bebbington P, Bashforth H, Garety P, Dunn G, Kuipers E (2006). "Emotion and psychosis: links between depression, self-esteem, negative schematic beliefs and delusions and hallucinations". Schizophrenia Research 86 (1-3): 181–8. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.06.018. PMID 16857346. 
  74. ^ Beck, AT (2004). "A Cognitive Model of Schizophrenia". Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 18 (3): 281–88. doi:10.1891/jcop.18.3.281.65649. 
  75. ^ Bell V; Halligan PW, Ellis HD (2006). "Explaining delusions: a cognitive perspective". Trends in Cognitive Science 10 (5): 219–26. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.03.004. PMID 16600666. 
  76. ^ Kuipers E; Garety P, Fowler D, Freeman D, Dunn G, Bebbington P (2006). "Cognitive, emotional, and social processes in psychosis: refining cognitive behavioral therapy for persistent positive symptoms". Schizophrenia Bulletin 32 (Suppl 1): S24–31. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbl014. PMID 16885206. 
  77. ^ Green MF (2001) Schizophrenia Revealed: From Neurons to Social Interactions. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-70334-7
  78. ^ Green MF (2006). "Cognitive impairment and functional outcome in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder". Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 67 (Suppl 9): 3–8. PMID 16965182. 
  79. ^ Dean CE (2006). "Typical neuroleptics and increased subcortical volumes". American Journal of Psychiatry 156 (11): 1843–4. PMID 10553769. 
  80. ^ Jones HM; Pilowsky LS (2002). "Dopamine and antipsychotic drug action revisited". British Journal of Psychiatry 181: 271–275. doi:10.1192/bjp.181.4.271. PMID 12356650. 
  81. ^ Konradi C; Heckers S (2003). "Molecular aspects of glutamate dysregulation: implications for schizophrenia and its treatment". Pharmacology and Therapeutics 97 (2): 153–79. doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(02)00328-5. PMID 12559388. 
  82. ^ Lahti AC; Weiler MA, Tamara Michaelidis BA, Parwani A, Tamminga CA (2001). "Effects of ketamine in normal and schizophrenic volunteers". Neuropsychopharmacology 25 (4): 455–67. doi:10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00243-3. PMID 11557159. 
  83. ^ Coyle JT; Tsai G, Goff D (2003). "Converging evidence of NMDA receptor hypofunction in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1003: 318–27. doi:10.1196/annals.1300.020. PMID 14684455. 
  84. ^ Tuominen HJ; Tiihonen J, Wahlbeck K (2005). "Glutamatergic drugs for schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Schizophrenia Research 72: 225–34. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2004.05.005. PMID 15560967. 
  85. ^ Johnstone EC; Crow TJ, Frith CD, Husband J, Kreel L (1976). "Cerebral ventricular size and cognitive impairment in chronic schizophrenia". The Lancet 2 (7992): 924–6. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(76)90890-4. PMID 62160. 
  86. ^ Flashman LA; Green MF (2004). "Review of cognition and brain structure in schizophrenia: profiles, longitudinal course, and effects of treatment". Psychiatric Clinics of North America 27 (1): 1–18, vii. doi:10.1016/S0193-953X(03)00105-9. PMID 15062627. 
  87. ^ Cahn W, Hulshoff Pol HE, Bongers M, Schnack HG, Mandl RC, Van Haren NE, Durston S, Koning H, Van Der Linden JA, Kahn RS. (2002) Brain morphology in antipsychotic-naïve schizophrenia: a study of multiple brain structures. Br J Psychiatry Suppl, 43, s66-72. PMID 12271803
  88. ^ Molina V, Reig S, Sanz J, Palomo T, Benito C, Sánchez J, Sarramea F, Pascau J, Desco M. (2005) Increase in gray matter and decrease in white matter volumes in the cortex during treatment with atypical neuroleptics in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res, 80(1), 61-71. 16150576
  89. ^ a b van Os J, Burns T, Cavallaro R, et al (2006). Standardized remission criteria in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 113(2), 91–5. PMID 16423159
  90. ^ Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA (1987). The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 13(2), 261–76. PMID 3616518
  91. ^ Turner T. (2007). "Unlocking psychosis". Brit J Med 334 (suppl): s7. doi:10.1136/bmj.39034.609074.94. 
  92. ^ a b Bellack AS. (2006) Scientific and consumer models of recovery in schizophrenia: concordance, contrasts, and implications. Schizophrenia Bulletin. Jul;32(3):432-42. PMID 16461575
  93. ^ McGurk, SR, Mueser KT, Feldman K, Wolfe R, Pascaris A (2007). Cognitive training for supported employment: 2–3 year outcomes of a randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. Mar;164(3):437–41. PMID 17329468
  94. ^ Kulhara P (1994). Outcome of schizophrenia: some transcultural observations with particular reference to developing countries. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 244(5), 227–35. PMID 7893767
  95. ^ The Royal College of Psychiatrists & The British Psychological Society (2003). Schizophrenia. Full national clinical guideline on core interventions in primary and secondary care (PDF). London: Gaskell and the British Psychological Society. Retrieved on 2007-05-17.
  96. ^ Lieberman JA, Stroup TS, McEvoy JP, Swartz MS, Rosenheck RA, Perkins DO, Keefe RS, Davis SM, Davis CE, Lebowitz BD, Severe J, Hsiao JK, Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) Investigators. (2005). Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia. The New England Journal of Medicine, 353 (12), 1209–23. PMID 16172203
  97. ^ Dickson RA, Dalby JT, Williams R, Edwards AL. (1995) Risperidone induced prolactin elevations in premenopausal women with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry,152,1102-1103. PMID 7540803
  98. ^ Ananth J, Parameswaran S, Gunatilake S, Burgoyne K, Sidhom T. (2004) Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and atypical antipsychotic drugs. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65 (4), 464-70. PMID 15119907
  99. ^ Leucht S, Wahlbeck K, Hamann J, Kissling W (2003). New generation antipsychotics versus low-potency conventional antipsychotics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet, 361(9369), 1581–9. PMID 12747876
  100. ^ Meltzer HY (1997). "Treatment-resistant schizophrenia--the role of clozapine". Current Medical Research and Opinion 14 (1): 1–20. PMID 9524789. 
  101. ^ Wahlbeck K, Cheine MV, Essali A (2007). "Clozapine versus typical neuroleptic medication for schizophrenia". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2). John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000059. PMID 10796289. ISSN 1464-780X. 
  102. ^ Haas SJ, Hill R, Krum H (2007). "Clozapine-associated myocarditis: a review of 116 cases of suspected myocarditis associated with the use of clozapine in Australia during 1993–2003". Drug Safety 30: 47–57. PMID 17194170. 
  103. ^ Lee M, Dickson RA, Campbell M, Oliphant J, Gretton H, Dalby JT. (1998). "Clozapine and substance abuse in patients with schizophrenia". Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 43: 855–856. 
  104. ^ Harrow M, Jobe TH. (2007) Factors involved in outcome and recovery in schizophrenia patients not on antipsychotic medications: a 15-year multifollow-up study. J Nerv Ment Dis. May;195(5):406-14. PMID 17502806
  105. ^ Peet M, Brind J, Ramchand CN, Shah S, Vankar GK (2001). "Two double-blind placebo-controlled pilot studies of eicosapentaenoic acid in the treatment of schizophrenia". Schizophr. Res. 49 (3): 243–51. doi:10.1016/S0920-9964(00)00083-9. PMID 11356585. 
  106. ^ Freeman MP, Hibbeln JR, Wisner KL, Davis JM, Mischoulon D, Peet M, Keck PE, Marangell LB, Richardson AJ, Lake J, Stoll AL (2006). "Omega-3 fatty acids: evidence basis for treatment and future research in psychiatry". The Journal of clinical psychiatry 67 (12): 1954–67. PMID 17194275. 
  107. ^ Moran, M (2005). Psychosocial Treatment Often Missing From Schizophrenia Regimens. Psychiatr News November 18, 2005, Volume 40, Number 22, page 24. Retrieved on 2007-05-17.
  108. ^ Cormac I, Jones C, Campbell C (2002). Cognitive behaviour therapy for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of systematic reviews, (1), CD000524. PMID 11869579
  109. ^ Zimmermann G, Favrod J, Trieu VH, Pomini V (2005). The effect of cognitive behavioral treatment on the positive symptoms of schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research, 77, 1–9. PMID 16005380
  110. ^ Wykes T, Brammer M, Mellers J, et al (2002). Effects on the brain of a psychological treatment: cognitive remediation therapy: functional magnetic resonance imaging in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 181, 144–52. PMID 12151286
  111. ^ Hogarty GE, Flesher S, Ulrich R, Carter M, et al (2004). Cognitive enhancement therapy for schizophrenia: effects of a 2-year randomized trial on cognition and behavior. Arch Gen Psychiatry. Sep;61(9):866–76.PMID 15351765
  112. ^ McFarlane WR, Dixon L, Lukens E, Lucksted A (2003). Family psychoeducation and schizophrenia: a review of the literature. J Marital Fam Ther. Apr;29(2):223–45. PMID 12728780
  113. ^ Glynn SM, Cohen AN, Niv N (2007). New challenges in family interventions for schizophrenia. Expert Rev Neurother. Jan;7(1):33–43. PMID 17187495
  114. ^ Pharoah F, Mari J, Rathbone J, Wong W. (2006) Family intervention for schizophrenia Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 4
  115. ^ Jones, S., Hayward, P. (2004). Coping with Schizophrenia: A Guide for Patients, Families and Caregivers. Oxford, England: Oneworld Pub.. ISBN 1-85168-344-5. 
  116. ^ Torrey, EF (2006). Surviving Schizophrenia: A Manual for Families, Consumers, and Providers (5th Edition). HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-084259-8. 
  117. ^ Kopelowicz A, Liberman RP, Zarate R (2006). Recent advances in social skills training for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2006 Oct;32 Suppl 1:S12–23. PMID 16885207
  118. ^ American Psychiatric Association (2004) Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Schizophrenia. Second Edition.
  119. ^ Talwar N, Crawford MJ, Maratos A, Nur U, McDermott O, Procter S (2006). Music therapy for in-patients with schizophrenia: Exploratory randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry. Nov;189:405–9. PMID 17077429 Full text available.
  120. ^ Ruddy R, Milnes D. (2005) Art therapy for schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like illnesses. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 4
  121. ^ Ruddy RA, Dent-Brown K. (2007) Drama therapy for schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like illnesses. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 1.
  122. ^ Mosher LR (1999) Soteria and Other Alternatives to Acute Psychiatric Hospitalization: A Personal and Professional Review. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 187, 142–149. PMID 10086470
  123. ^ Calton T, Ferriter M, Huband N, Spandler H. A systematic review of the Soteria paradigm for the treatment of people diagnosed with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34 (1), 181-92. PMID 17573357
  124. ^ Greenhalgh J, Knight C, Hind D, Beverley C, Walters S (March 2005). "(abstract) Clinical and cost-effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy for depressive illness, schizophrenia, catatonia and mania: systematic reviews and economic modelling studies.". Health Technol Assess. 9 (9): 1–156. 
  125. ^ National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (April 2003). The clinical effectiveness and cost effectiveness of electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) for depressive illness, schizophrenia, catatonia and mania. (English). National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Retrieved on 2007-06-17.
  126. ^ Mashour GA, Walker EE, Martuza RL. (2005) Psychosurgery: past, present, and future. Brain Research: Brain Research Reviews, 48 (3), 409-19. PMID 15914249
  127. ^ Goering P, Durbin J, Sheldon CT, Ochocka J, Nelson G, Krupa T. Who uses consumer-run self-help organizations? American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76 (3), 367-73. PMID 16981815
  128. ^ Harrison G, Hopper K, Craig T, Laska E, Siegel C, Wanderling J, Dube KC, Ganev K, Giel R, an der Heiden W, Holmberg SK, Janca A, Lee PW, León CA, Malhotra S, Marsella AJ, Nakane Y, Sartorius N, Shen Y, Skoda C, Thara R, Tsirkin SJ, Varma VK, Walsh D, Wiersma D. (2001) Recovery from psychotic illness: a 15- and 25-year international follow-up study. Br J Psychiatry. Jun;178:506-17. PMID 11388966
  129. ^ Harding CM, Brooks GW, Ashikaga T, Strauss JS, Breier A (1987). The Vermont longitudinal study of persons with severe mental illness, II: Long-term outcome of subjects who retrospectively met DSM-III criteria for schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144(6), 727–35. PMID 3591992
  130. ^ Robinson DG, Woerner MG, McMeniman M, Mendelowitz A, Bilder RM (2004). Symptomatic and functional recovery from a first episode of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 473–479. PMID 14992973
  131. ^ Harvey, C.A., Jeffreys, S.E., McNaught, A.S., Blizard, R.A., King, M.B.(2007) The Camden Schizophrenia Surveys III: Five-Year Outcome of a Sample of Individuals From a Prevalence Survey and the Importance of Social Relationships. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, Vol. 53, No. 4, 340-356
  132. ^ Hopper K, Wanderling J (2000). Revisiting the developed versus developing country distinction in course and outcome in schizophrenia: results from ISoS, the WHO collaborative followup project. International Study of Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 26 (4), 835–46. PMID 11087016
  133. ^ Davidson L, McGlashan TH. (1997) The varied outcomes of schizophrenia. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 42 (1), 34–43. PMID 9040921
  134. ^ Lieberman JA, Koreen AR, Chakos M, Sheitman B, Woerner M, Alvir JM, Bilder R. (1996) Factors influencing treatment response and outcome of first-episode schizophrenia: implications for understanding the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 57 Suppl 9, 5–9. PMID 8823344
  135. ^ Bebbington PE, Kuipers E (1994). The predictive utility of expressed emotion in schizophrenia: an aggregate analysis. Psychological Medicine, 24, 707–718. PMID 7991753
  136. ^ Hannerz H, Borga P, Borritz M (2001). Life expectancies for individuals with psychiatric diagnoses. Public Health, 115 (5), 328–37. PMID 11593442
  137. ^ Radomsky ED, Haas GL, Mann JJ, Sweeney JA (1999). Suicidal behavior in patients with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(10), 1590–5. PMID 10518171
  138. ^ Williams R, Dalby JT. Eds. (1989). Depression in Schizophrenics. New York: Plenum Publishing.
  139. ^ Caldwell CB, Gottesman II. (1990). Schizophrenics kill themselves too: a review of risk factors for suicide. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 16(4), 571–89. PMID 2077636
  140. ^ Walsh E, Buchanan A, Fahy T (2002). Violence and schizophrenia: examining the evidence. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 Jun;180:490–5. PMID 12042226
  141. ^ Stuart, H (2003). Violence and mental illness: an overview. World Psychiatry. June; 2(2): 121–124. PMID 16946914 Full text, Retrieved on 2007-05-17.
  142. ^ Steadman HJ, Mulvey EP, Monahan J, et al (1998). Violence by people discharged from acute psychiatric inpatient facilities and by others in the same neighborhoods. Archives of General Psychiatry. May;55(5):393–401. PMID 9596041
  143. ^ Swanson JW, Swartz MS, Van Dorn RA, Elbogen EB, et al (2006). A national study of violent behavior in persons with schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry. May;63(5):490–9. PMID 16651506
  144. ^ Swanson JW, Holzer CE, Ganju VK, Jono RT. (1990) Violence and Psychiatric Disorder in the Community: Evidence From the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Surveys Hosp Community Psychiatry 41:761-770, July 1990 PMID 2142118
  145. ^ a b Mullen PE (2006). Schizophrenia and violence: from correlations to preventive strategies. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 12: 239–248. Full text available, Retrieved on 2007-05-17.
  146. ^ Simpson AI, McKenna B, Moskowitz A, Skipworth J, Barry-Walsh J (2004). Homicide and mental illness in New Zealand, 1970–2000. British Journal of Psychiatry, 185, 394–8. PMID 15516547
  147. ^ Fazel S, Grann M (2004). Psychiatric morbidity among homicide offenders: a Swedish population study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(11), 2129–31. PMID 15514419
  148. ^ Brekke JS, Prindle C, Bae SW, Long JD (2001). Risks for individuals with schizophrenia who are living in the community. Psychiatric Services. Oct;52(10):1358–66. PMID 11585953
  149. ^ Fitzgerald PB, de Castella AR, Filia KM, Filia SL, Benitez J, Kulkarni J (2005). Victimization of patients with schizophrenia and related disorders. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 39(3), 169-74. (1), 187–9. PMID 15701066
  150. ^ Walsh E, Gilvarry C, Samele C, et al (2004). Predicting violence in schizophrenia: a prospective study. Schizophrenia Research, 67(2–3), 247-52. PMID 14984884
  151. ^ Solomon PL, Cavanaugh MM, Gelles RJ (2005). Family Violence among Adults with Severe Mental Illness. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, Vol. 6, No. 1, 40–54. PMID 15574672Full text available.
  152. ^ Chou KR, Lu RB, Chang M (2001). Assaultive behavior by psychiatric in-patients and its related factors. Journal of Nursing Research. Dec;9(5):139–51. PMID 11779087
  153. ^ Logdberg B, Nilsson LL, Levander MT, Levander S (2004). Schizophrenia, neighbourhood, and crime. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 110(2) Page 92. PMID 15233709 Full text available, Retrieved on 2007-05-16
  154. ^ Cannon TD, Cornblatt B, McGorry P. (2007) Editor's Introduction: The Empirical Status of the Ultra High-Risk (Prodromal) Research Paradigm. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33 (3), 661–4. PMID 17470445
  155. ^ Drake RJ, Lewis SW. (2005) Early detection of schizophrenia. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 18 (2), 147–50. PMID 16639167
  156. ^ Van Os J, Delespaul P. (2005) Toward a world consensus on prevention of schizophrenia. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 7 (1), 53–67.
  157. ^ Haroun N, Dunn L, Haroun A, Cadenhead KS. (2006) Risk and protection in prodromal schizophrenia: ethical implications for clinical practice and future research. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32 (1), 166–78. PMID 16207892. Full text
  158. ^ Hafner H, Maurer K, Ruhrmann S, et al. (2004) "Early detection and secondary prevention of psychosis: facts and visions". European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 254 (2), 117–28. PMID 15146341
  159. ^ Cooper D (1969) The Dialectics of Liberation. London: Penguin Books Ltd. ISBN 0140210296
  160. ^ Szasz T (1984) The Myth of Mental Illness: Foundations of a Theory of Personal Contact (revised edition. New York: Harper and Row. ISBN 0060911514
  161. ^ Colin, Ross (2004). Schizophrenia: Innovations in Diagnosis and Treatment. Haworth Press. ISBN 0789022699. 
  162. ^ R.D. Laing's and Aaron Esterson. Sanity, Madness and the Family (1964)
  163. ^ Bateson, G., Jackson, D. D., Haley, J. & Weakland, J., 1956, Toward a theory of schizophrenia. (in: 'Behavioral Science', vol.1, 251-264)
  164. ^ Jaynes J (1976) The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0395207290
  165. ^ Polimeni J, Reiss JP (2002). How shamanism and group selection may reveal the origins of schizophrenia. Medical Hypothesis, 58(3), 244–8. PMID 12018978
  166. ^ DeMause, Lloyd, "The seven stages of historical personality" in The Emotional Life of Nations (Karnac, 2002). Available at primal-page.com, Retrieved on 2007-05-17.
  167. ^ Kurtz, Paul (1986). The Transcendental Temptation: A Critique of Religion and the Paranormal (Prometheus Books) ISBN 0-87975-645-4
  168. ^ Crow TJ (1997). Schizophrenia as failure of hemispheric dominance for language. Trends in Neurosciences, 20(8), 339–343. PMID 9246721
  169. ^ Pfeiffer, Carl C.. Nutrition and Mental Illness: An Orthomolecular Approach to Balancing Body Chemistry. Healing Art Press. ISBN 0-89281-226-5. 
  170. ^ Hoffer and Walker, Orthomolecular Nutrition. Keats Publishing, 1978
  171. ^ Dohan FC (1970). Coeliac disease and schizophrenia. Lancet, 1970 April 25;1(7652):897–8. PMID 4191543
    *Dohan FC (1973). Coeliac disease and schizophrenia. British Medical Journal, 3(5870): 51–52. PMID 4740433
    * Dohan FC (1979). Celiac-type diets in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry, 1979 May;136(5):732–3. PMID 434265
  172. ^ Kalaydjian AE, Eaton W, Cascella N, Fasano A (2006). The gluten connection: the association between schizophrenia and celiac disease. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2006 Feb;113(2):82–90. PMID 16423158
  173. ^ Peleg R, Ben-Zion ZI, Peleg A, Gheber L, Kotler M, Weizman Z, Shiber A, Fich A, Horowitz Y, Shvartzman P. "Bread madness" revisited: screening for specific celiac antibodies among schizophrenia patients. Eur. Psychiatry. 2004 19:311-4. PMID: 15276666
  174. ^ Lakhan SE, Vieira KF (2008). "Nutritional therapies for mental disorders". Nutr J 7: 2. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-7-2. PMID 18208598. 
  175. ^ Evans K, McGrath J, Milns R. (2003). Searching for schizophrenia in ancient Greek and Roman literature: a systematic review. Acta Psychiatrica Scandanavica, 107(5), 323–330. PMID 12752027
  176. ^ Hanafy A. Youssef, Fatma A. Youssef and T. R. Dening (1996), "Evidence for the existence of schizophrenia in medieval Islamic society", History of Psychiatry 7: 55-62 [57].
  177. ^ Kraepelin E. (1907) Text book of psychiatry (7th ed) (trans. A.R. Diefendorf). London: Macmillan.
  178. ^ "Conditions in Occupational Therapy: effect on occupational performance." ed. Ruth A. Hansen and Ben Atchison (Baltimore: Lippincott, Williams & Williams, 2000), 54–74. ISBN 0-683-30417-8
  179. ^ Kuhn R; tr. Cahn CH (2004). "Eugen Bleuler's concepts of psychopathology". Hist Psychiatry 15 (3): 361–6. doi:10.1177/0957154X04044603. PMID 15386868. 
  180. ^ Stotz-Ingenlath G. (2000). Epistemological aspects of Eugen Bleuler's conception of schizophrenia in 1911. Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy, 3(2), 153–9. PMID 11079343
  181. ^ Turner T. (1999) 'Schizophrenia'. In G. E. Berrios and R. Porter (eds) A History of Clinical Psychiatry. London: Athlone Press. ISBN 0-485-24211-7
  182. ^ Allen GE. (1997). The social and economic origins of genetic determinism: a case history of the American Eugenics Movement, 1900–1940 and its lessons for today. Genetica, 99, 77–88. PMID 9463076
  183. ^ Read J, Masson J. (2004) Genetics, eugenics and mass murder. In J. Read, L.R. Mosher, R.P. Bentall (eds) Models of Madness: Psychological, Social and Biological Approaches to Schizophrenia. ISBN 1-58391-906-6
  184. ^ Lifton RJ. (2000) The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide. Basic Books. ISBN 0465049052
  185. ^ Wing JK (1971) International comparisons in the study of the functional psychoses. British Medical Bulletin, 27 (1), 77–81. PMID 4926366
  186. ^ Wilson M. (1993) DSM-III and the transformation of American psychiatry: a history. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150 (3), 399–410. PMID 8434655
  187. ^ McGorry, Patrick (2003). "The Influence of Stigma on Preventive Efforts in Psychotic Disorders," in Schizophrenia (WPA Series in Evidence & Experience in Psychiatry), p. 292.
  188. ^ Pescosolido BA, Monahan J, Link BG, Stueve A, Kikuzawa S (1999). "The public's view of the competence, dangerousness, and need for legal coercion of persons with mental health problems," American Journal of Public Health, 89(9):1339–45. PMID 10474550
  189. ^ Phelan, Jo C., Link, Bruce G., Stueve, Ann, Pescosolido, Bernice A. (1997). "Public Conceptions of Mental Illness in 1950 and 1996: What Is Mental Illness and Is It to be Feared?," Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 41(2):188-207
  190. ^ American Psychiatric Association. Americans Still Cling to Myths About Mental Illness, Survey Finds. Psychiatric News. December 7, 2001 Volume 36 Number 23 Full text
  191. ^ Deveson, Anne (1991). Tell Me I'm Here. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-027257-7. 

Further reading

External links

News, information and further description
Critical approaches to schizophrenia




BCUZ.com FACTS Encyclopedia content is licensed under the GFDL as approved by Wikipedia.
For more information review our copyright contact and privacy policy.
© 1996 - BCUZ.COM - We have all the FACTS you need about Small Business Financing, Behavior Disorder, Having Too Many Bills, Needing Cash Fast, Structured Settlements, Frequent Flier Programs, Top Steak Houses, The Mayan Indians, Norfolk and Suffolk England, Growing Longer Hair and a full reference English Encyclopedia and Spanish Encyclopedia.Privacy Policy