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Saddam Hussein



Main article: Trial of Saddam Hussein
Saddam speaking at his trial.
Saddam speaking at his trial.

On June 30, 2004, Saddam Hussein, held in custody by U.S. forces at the U.S. base "Camp Cropper," along with 11 other senior Baathist leaders, were handed over legally (though not physically) to the interim Iraqi government to stand trial for alleged "crimes against humanity" and other offences.

A few weeks later, he was charged by the Iraqi Special Tribunal with crimes committed against residents of Dujail in 1982, following a failed assassination attempt against him. Specific charges included the murder of 148 people, torture of women and children and the illegal arrest of 399 others.[39] Among the many challenges of the trial were:

  • Saddam and his lawyers’ contesting the court's authority and maintaining that he was yet the President of Iraq.[40]
  • The assassinations and attempts on the lives of several of Saddam's lawyers.
  • Midway through the trial, the chief presiding judge was replaced.

On November 5, 2006, Saddam Hussein was found guilty of crimes against humanity and sentenced to death by hanging. Saddam's half brother, Barzan Ibrahim, and Awad Hamed al-Bandar, head of Iraq's Revolutionary Court in 1982, were convicted of similar charges as well. The verdict and sentencing were both appealed but subsequently affirmed by Iraq's Supreme Court of Appeals.[41] On December 30, 2006, Saddam was hanged.[8]

Execution

Main article: Execution of Saddam Hussein
The faces of Saddam, from childhood to his death.
The faces of Saddam, from childhood to his death.

Saddam was hanged on the first day of Eid ul-Adha, December 30, 2006, despite his wish to be shot (which he felt would be more dignified).[42] The execution was carried out at "Camp Justice," an Iraqi army base in Kadhimiya, a neighborhood of northeast Baghdad. The execution was videotaped on a mobile phone, showing Saddam being taunted before his hanging. The video was leaked to electronic media, becoming the subject of global controversy.[43]

Not long before the execution, Saddam's lawyers released his last letter:

“ To the great nation, to the people of our country, and humanity,

Many of you have known the writer of this letter to be faithful, honest, caring for others, wise, of sound judgment, just, decisive, careful with the wealth of the people and the state ... and that his heart is big enough to embrace all without discrimination.

You have known your brother and leader very well and he never bowed to the despots and, in accordance with the wishes of those who loved him, remained a sword and a banner.

This is how you want your brother, son or leader to be ... and those who will lead you (in the future) should have the same qualifications.

Here, I offer my soul to God as a sacrifice, and if He wants, He will send it to heaven with the martyrs, or, He will postpone that ... so let us be patient and depend on Him against the unjust nations.

Remember that God has enabled you to become an example of love, forgiveness and brotherly coexistence ... I call on you not to hate because hate does not leave a space for a person to be fair and it makes you blind and closes all doors of thinking and keeps away one from balanced thinking and making the right choice.

I also call on you not to hate the peoples of the other countries that attacked us and differentiate between the decision-makers and peoples. Anyone who repents - whether in Iraq or abroad - you must forgive him.

You should know that among the aggressors, there are people who support your struggle against the invaders, and some of them volunteered for the legal defence of prisoners, including Saddam Hussein ... some of these people wept profusely when they said goodbye to me.

Dear faithful people, I say goodbye to you, but I will be with the merciful God who helps those who take refuge in him and who will never disappoint any faithful, honest believer ... God is Great ... God is great ... Long live our nation ... Long live our great struggling people ... Long live Iraq, long live Iraq ... Long live Palestine ... Long live jihad and the mujahedeen (the insurgency).

Saddam Hussein President and Commander in Chief of the Iraqi Mujahed Armed Forces

Additional clarification note:

I have written this letter because the lawyers told me that the so-called criminal court — established and named by the invaders — will allow the so-called defendants the chance for a last word. But that court and its chief judge did not give us the chance to say a word, and issued its verdict without explanation and read out the sentence — dictated by the invaders — without presenting the evidence. I wanted the people to know this.[44]

 ”
 
— Letter by Saddam Hussein

A second unofficial video, apparently showing Saddam's body on a trolley, emerged several days later. It sparked speculation that the execution was carried out incorrectly as Saddam Hussein had a massive gaping hole in his neck.[45]

Saddam was buried at his birthplace of Al-Awja in Tikrit, Iraq, 3 km (2 mi) from his sons Uday and Qusay Hussein, on December 31, 2006.[46]

Marriage and family relationships

While Saddam Has no official Marital history he is belived to have been married to at least 4 women, two of which have been confirmed and has had 5 children.

  • Saddam's married his first wife and cousin Sajida Talfah in 1963 in an arranged marriage. Sajida is the daughter of Khairallah Talfah, Hussein's uncle and mentor. Their marriage was arranged for Hussein at age five when Sajida was seven; however, the two never met until their wedding. They were married in Egypt during his exile. The couple have had 5 Children.
  • Uday Hussein (June 28, 1964 - June 22, 2003), was Saddam's estranged son who ran the Iraqi Football Association, Fedayeen Saddam, and several media corporations in Iraq including Iraqi TV and the newspaper Babel. Uday, while being raised to succed his father, eventually fell out of favor with his father due to his erratic behavior being responsible for many car crashes and rapes around Baghdad, constant feuds with other members his family, and killing his fathers favorite valet and food taster Kemal Hana Gegeo at a party in Egypt honoring Egyptian first lady Suzanne Mubarak, wife of Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak. As punishment for the murder, Saddam briefly imprisoned his son. The original sentence was eight years; Uday probably served half of that in a private prison. In response to personal intervention from King Hussein of Jordan, Saddam released Uday, banishing him to Switzerland as the assistant to the Iraqi ambassador there. He was expelled by the Swiss government after he threatened to stab someone in a restaurant. He was briefly married to Izzat Ibrahim ad-Douri's daughter but later divorced her. The couple had no children. He was killed in a gun battle with US Forces in Mosul on June 22, 2003.
  • Qusay Hussein ( May 17, 1966 - June 22, 2003), was Saddam's second and favorite son. Qusay was belived to have been Saddam's successor as he was less erratic than his older brother and kept a low profile. He was second in command of the military (behind his father) and ran the elite Iraqi Republican Guard and the SSO. He was belived to have ordered the army to kill thousands of rebelling Marsh Arabs and frequently ordered airstrikes on Kurdish and Shitt'e settlements. He was also belived to have assisted Ali Hassan al-Majid in the 1988 Halabja and Dujail chemical attacks. He was married once and had three Children. His oldest son Mustapha Hussein was killed along with his father and uncle in Mosul.
  • Raghad Hussein (September 2, 1968) was Saddam's Oldest Daughter. After the War, Raghad fled to Amman, Jordan Where she recived sanctuary from the Royal Family. She is currently wanted by the Iraqi Government for allegedly financing and supporting the insurgency and the now Banned Iraqi Baath Party. However The Jordanese Royal Family refused to hand her over. She married Hussein Kamel and has 5 children from this marriage.
  • Rana Hussein (c. 1971), was Saddam's second Daughter. She like her sister fled to Jordan and has stood up for her fathers rights. She was married to Saddam Kamel and has had 4 children from this marriage.
  • Hala Hussein (c. Late 70s), was Saddam's third and last Daughter. Very little information is known about her. Her father arranged for her to marry General Kamal Mustafa Abdallah Sultan al-Tikriti in 1998. She Fled with her children and sisters to Jordan. The couple have two children.
  • Saddam Married his second wife Samira Shahbandar[47], in 1993. There have been no Political Issues from this marriage. After the war, Samira Fled to Beirut. She is belived to have mothered Saddam's Sixth Son Ali, but members of Saddams Family has contradicted this.
  • Saddam Married has allegedly married a Third Wife, Nidal al-Hamdani, the general manager of the Solar Energy Research Center in the Council of Scientific Research.[48] She bore him no children. Her current Whearabouts are unknown.
  • Wafa el-Mullah al-Howeish is rumoured to have married Saddam as his fourth wife in 2002. There is no firm evidence for this marriage. Wafa is the daughter of Abdul Tawab el-Mullah Howeish, a former minister of military industry in Iraq and Saddam's last deputy Prime Minister. There were no Children from this marriage. Her Current Wherabouts are unknown.

In August 1995, Rana and her husband Hussein Kamel al-Majid and Raghad and her husband, Saddam Kamel al-Majid, defected to Jordan, taking their children with them. They returned to Iraq when they received assurances that Saddam would pardon them. Within three days of their return in February 1996, both of the Majid brothers were attacked and killed in a gunfight with other clan members who considered them traitors. Saddam had made it clear that although pardoned, they would lose all status and would not receive any protection.

In August 2003, Saddam's daughters Raghad and Rana received sanctuary in Amman, Jordan, where they are currently staying with their nine children. That month, they spoke with CNN and the Arab satellite station Al-Arabiya in Amman. When asked about her father, Raghad told CNN, "He was a very good father, loving, has a big heart." Asked if she wanted to give a message to her father, she said: "I love you and I miss you." Her sister Rana also remarked, "He had so many feelings and he was very tender with all of us."[49]

List of government positions held

References

  1. ^ Saddam, pronounced [sˁɑdˈdæːm] (see Arabic phonology for details), is his personal name, means the stubborn one or he who confronts in Arabic (in Iraq also a term for a car's bumper). Hussein (Sometimes also transliterated as Hussayn or Hussain) is not a surname in the Western sense but a patronymic, his father's given personal name; Abid al-Majid his grandfather's; al-Tikriti means he was born and raised in (or near) Tikrit. He was commonly referred to as Saddam Hussein, or Saddam for short. The observation that referring to the deposed Iraqi president as only Saddam may be derogatory or inappropriate is based on the mistaken assumption that Hussein is a family name: thus, the New York Times incorrectly refers to him as "Mr. Hussein"[1], while Encyclopædia Britannica prefers simply to use Saddam [2]. A full discussion can be found here (Blair Shewchuk, CBC News Online).
  2. ^ Under his government, this date was his official date of birth. His real date of birth was never recorded, but it is believed to be a date between 1935 and 1939. From Con Coughlin, Saddam The Secret Life Pan Books, 2003 (ISBN 0-330-39310-3).
  3. ^ executed by hanging after being convicted of crimes against humanity following his trial and conviction
  4. ^ Official State Biography of Saddam Hussein
  5. ^ Online NewsHour Update: Coalition Says Iraqi Regime Has Lost Control of Baghdad - April 9, 2003
  6. ^ See PBS Frontline (2003), "The survival of Saddam: secrets of his life and leadership: interview with Saïd K. Aburish" at [3].
  7. ^ BBC News, October 16, 2000 [4]
  8. ^ a b "Saddam Hussein executed in Iraq", BBC News, 2006-12-30. 
  9. ^ Elisabeth Bumiller (2004-05-15). Was a Tyrant Prefigured by Baby Saddam?. The New York Times. Retrieved on 2007-01-02.
  10. ^ Eric Davis, Memories of State: Politics, History, and Collective Identity in Modern Iraq, University of California Press, 2005.
  11. ^ a b Batatu, Hanna (1979). The Old Social Classes & The Revolutionary Movement In Iraq. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691052417. 
  12. ^ R. Stephen Humphreys, Between Memory and Desire: The Middle East in a Troubled Age, University of California Press, 1999, p. 68.
  13. ^ Saddam Key in Early CIA Plot, NewsMax.com, April 11, 2003
  14. ^ , The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq (Princeton 1978)."
  15. ^ Morris, Roger, "Remember: Saddam was our man", New York Times, March 14, 2003
  16. ^ a b Saddam Key in Early CIA Plot
  17. ^ John Casey: If Saddam goes, bring back the king | World news | The Guardian
  18. ^ CNN, "Hussein was symbol of autocracy, cruelty in Iraq," December, 30, 2003. [5]
  19. ^ Saddam Hussein, CBC News, December 29, 2006
  20. ^ Jessica Moore, The Iraq War player profile: Saddam Hussein's Rise to Power, PBS Online Newshour
  21. ^ BBC, 1981: Israel bombs Baghdad nuclear reactor, BBC On This Day 7June 1981 referenced Jan 6, 2007
  22. ^ a b c d e Esposito, John, 'Political Islam Revolution, Radicalism, or Reform', 'Political Islam and Gulf Security', Lynne Rienner Publishers, ISBN 1-55587-262-X, Page 56-58
  23. ^ Kevin Woods, James Lacey, and Williamson Murray, "Saddam's Delusions: The View From the Inside", Foreign Affairs, May/June 2006.
  24. ^ Dr Khalil Ibrahim Al Isa, Iraqi Scientist Reports on German, Other Help for Iraq Chemical Weapons Program, Al Zaman (London), December 1, 2003.
  25. ^ a b Saddam's Chemical Weapons Campaign: Halabja, March 16, 1988 - Bureau of Public Affairs
  26. ^ Stephen C. Pelletiere, "A War Crime or an Act of War?", New York Times, January 31, 2003
  27. ^ A free-access on-line archive relating to U.S.–Iraq relations in the 1980s is offered by The National Security Archive of the George Washington University. It can be read on line at [6]. The Mount Holyoke International Relations Program also provides a free-access document briefing on U.S.–Iraq relations (1904–present); this can be accessed on line at [7].
  28. ^ For a discussion of Saddam's decision to invade Kuwait, see R. Stephen Humphreys, Between Memory and Desire: The Middle East in a Troubled Age, University of California Press, 1999, pp. 104-112.
  29. ^ Walter LaFeber, Russia, America, and the Cold War, McGraw-Hill, 2002, p. 358.
  30. ^ For a statement asserting the overriding importance of oil to U.S. national security and the U.S. economy, see, e.g., the declassified document, "Responding to Iraqi Aggression in the Gulf," The White House, National Security Directive (NSD 54), top secret, January 15, 1991. This document can be read on line in George Washington University's National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 21 at [8].
  31. ^ See Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (1979-1990), 817.
  32. ^ " Indictment: Hussein fed money to spy for U.S. officials' trip", CNN, March 26, 2008
  33. ^ Oliver Moore. "Hussein does Baghdad walkabout", globeandmail.com, 2004-04-03. Retrieved on 2007-01-02. 
  34. ^ Bush, George W.. Speech Washington, D.C. (2002-01-29). Retrieved on 2006-12-31
  35. ^ George W. Bush. "Full text: State of the Union address", BBC News, 2002-01-30. Retrieved on 2006-12-31. 
  36. ^ "Behind The Scenes With Saddam", CBS News, 2003-02-24. Retrieved on 2006-12-31. 
  37. ^ Saddam underwear photo angers US BBC May 2005
  38. ^ "Pentagon vows to probe Saddam photos", CNN, 2005-05-21. Retrieved on 2007-10-22. 
  39. ^ "Saddam Formally Charged", Softpedia, 2006-05-15. Retrieved on 2007-01-02. 
  40. ^ "Judge Closes Trial During Saddam Testimony", Fox News, 2006-03-15. Retrieved on 2006-12-31. 
  41. ^ Christopher Torcia. "Iraq court upholds Saddam death sentence", The Associated Press, 2006-12-26. Retrieved on 2006-12-30. 
  42. ^ Sky News. ""I Want a Firing Squad", Web", Sunday November 05, 2006. Retrieved on 2007-03-07. 
  43. ^ Bauder, David. "Saddam Execution Images Shown on TV, Web", International Business Times, 2007-01-02. Retrieved on 2006-01-02. 
  44. ^ "Read Saddam Hussein's letter", SBS, 2006-12-28. Retrieved on 2007-01-02. 
  45. ^ Qassum Abdul-Zahra. "New Video of Saddam's Corpse on Internet", Associated Press, 2007-01-09. Retrieved on 2006-01-09. 
  46. ^ "Tribal chief: Saddam buried in native village", Reuters, 2006-12-30. Retrieved on 2006-12-30. 
  47. ^ Martha Sherrill. "Bride of Saddam, Matched Since Childhood", The Washington Post, January 25, 1991. Retrieved on 2007-01-06. 
  48. ^ Michael Harvey. "Saddam's billions", The Herald Sun, January 2, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-01-06. 
  49. ^ "Saddam's daughters express love for dad", USA Today, 2003-08-01. Retrieved on 2006-12-31. 

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Political offices
Preceded by
Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr		 Prime Minister of Iraq
16 July 1979 — 23 March 1991		 Succeeded by
Sa'dun Hammadi
President of Iraq
July 16, 1979 — April 9, 2003		 Suspended
2003 Invasion of Iraq
Offices abolished and power transferred to CPA and IGC
Positions re-created in mid-2004
Preceded by
Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai		 Prime Minister of Iraq
29 May 1994 — 9 April 2003


Persondata
NAME Hussein, Saddam
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Saddam Hussein Abid al-Majid al-Tikriti (full name); ṣaddām ḥusayn ʿabdu-l-maǧīd al-tikrītī (strict transliteration); صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي (Arabic)
SHORT DESCRIPTION President of Iraq
DATE OF BIRTH April 28, 1937
PLACE OF BIRTH Iraq
DATE OF DEATH December 30, 2006
PLACE OF DEATH Iraq



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