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Romania



Main article: Foreign relations of Romania

Since December 1989, Romania has pursued a policy of strengthening relations with the West in general, more specifically with the United States and the European Union. It joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) on March 29, 2004, the European Union (EU) on January 1, 2007, and the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in 1972, and is a member of the World Trade Organization.

The current government has stated its goal of strengthening ties with and helping other Eastern European countries (in particular Moldova, Ukraine and Georgia) with the process of integration with the West.[citation needed] Romania has also made clear over the past 10 years that it supports NATO and EU membership for the democratic former Soviet republics in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus.[citation needed] Romania also declared its public support for Turkey, Croatia and Moldova joining the European Union.[citation needed] With Turkey, Romania shares a privileged economic relation.[175] Because it has a large Hungarian minority, Romania has also developed strong relations with Hungary - the latter supported Romania's bid to join the EU.[citation needed]

In December 2005, President Traian Băsescu and U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice signed an agreement that would allow a U.S. military presence at several Romanian facilities primarily in the eastern part of the country.[176]

Relations with Moldova are rather special, considering that the two countries practically share the same language, and a fairly common historical background. Signs in the early 1990s that Romania and Moldova might unite after both countries achieved emancipation from communist rule,[citation needed] quickly faded away when a pro-Russian government was formed in Moldova.[citation needed] Romania remains interested in Moldovan affairs,[citation needed] but the two countries have been unable even to reach agreement on a basic bilateral treaty; Romania is insistent (against determined Moldovan resistance) that such a treaty would have to refer to Romania and Moldova's 'special relationship'.[citation needed] For more information see Movement for unification of Romania and Moldova.

Sports

Main article: Sport in Romania

Football (soccer) is by far the most popular sport in Romania.[177] The governing body is the Romanian Football Federation, which belongs to UEFA. The top division of the Romanian Professional Football League attracted an average of 5417 spectators per game in the 2006-07 season.[178] At international level, the Romanian National Football Team has taken part 7 times in the Football World Cup, and it had the most successful period throughout the 1990s, when during the 1994 World Cup in USA, Romania reached the quarter-finals and was ranked by FIFA on the 6th place. The core player of this "Golden Generation"[179] and perhaps the best known Romanian player internationally is Gheorghe Hagi (nicknamed the Maradona of the Carpathians[180]). Famous currently active players are Adrian Mutu and Cristian Chivu. The most famous football club is Steaua Bucureşti, who in 1986 became the first Eastern European club ever to win the prestigious European Champions Cup title, and who played the final again in 1989. Another successful Romanian team Dinamo Bucureşti played a semifinal in the European Champions Cup in 1984 and a Cup Winners Cup semifinal in the 1990. Other important Romanian football clubs are Rapid Bucureşti, FC Universitatea Craiova and CFR 1907 Cluj-Napoca.

Tennis is the second most popular sport in terms of registered sportsmen.[177] Romania reached the Davis Cup finals three times (1969, 1971, 1972). The tennisman Ilie Năstase won several Grand Slam titles and dozens of other tournaments, and was the first player to be ranked as number 1 by ATP from 1973 to 1974. The Romanian Open is held every fall in Bucharest since 1993.

Popular team sports are rugby union (national rugby team has so far competed at every Rugby World Cup), basketball and handball.[177] Some popular individual sports are: athletism, chess, sport dance, and martial arts and other fighting sports.[177]

Although gymnastics is not very popular within Romania, Romanian gymnasts have had a large number of successes - for which the country became known worldwide.[181] In the 1976 Summer Olympics, the gymnast Nadia Comăneci became the first gymnast ever to score a perfect "ten". She also won three gold medals, one silver and one bronze, all at the age of fifteen.[182] Her success continued in the 1980 Summer Olympics, where she was awarded two gold medals and two silver medals.

Romania participated in for the first time in the Olympic Games in 1900 and has taken part in 18 of the 24 summer games. Romania has been one of the more successful countries Summer Olympic Games (15th overall) with a total of 283 medals won throughout the years, 82 of which are gold medals.[183] Winter sports have received little investments and thus only a single bronze medal was won by Romanian sportsmen in the Winter Olympic Games.

References

Flag and coat of arms of Romania
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  • Much of the material in these articles comes from the CIA World Factbook 2006 and the 2005 U.S. Department of State website.
  1. ^ GDP per capita based on purchasing power parity. IMF World Economic Outlook Database (April 2008).
  2. ^ North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Official Raport
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  6. ^ Wolff, Robert Lee (January 1948). "Romania: The Latin Empire of Constantinople". Speculum (A Journal of Mediaeval Studies) 23 (1): 1–34. 
  7. ^ "nunc se Romanos vocant" A. Verres, Acta et Epistolae, I, p. 243
  8. ^ "...si dimandano in lingua loro Romei...se alcuno dimanda se sano parlare in la lingua valacca, dicono a questo in questo modo: Sti Rominest ? Che vol dire: Sai tu Romano,..." Cl. Isopescu, Notizie intorno ai romeni nella letteratura geografica italiana del Cinquecento, in Bulletin de la Section Historique, XVI, 1929, p. 1- 90
  9. ^ “Anzi essi si chiamano romanesci, e vogliono molti che erano mandati quì quei che erano dannati a cavar metalli...” in Maria Holban, Călători străini despre Ţările Române, vol. II, p. 158–161
  10. ^ "Tout ce pays la Wallachie et Moldavie et la plus part de la Transivanie a esté peuplé des colonie romaines du temps de Traian l’empereur…Ceux du pays se disent vrais successeurs des Romains et nomment leur parler romanechte, c'est-à-dire romain … " Voyage fait par moy, Pierre Lescalopier l’an 1574 de Venise a Constantinople, fol 48 in Paul Cernovodeanu, Studii si materiale de istorie medievala, IV, 1960, p. 444
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  12. ^ "am scris aceste sfente cǎrţi de învăţături, sǎ fie popilor rumânesti... sǎ înţeleagǎ toţi oamenii cine-s rumâni creştini" "Întrebare creştineascǎ" (1559), Bibliografia româneascǎ veche, IV, 1944, p. 6.
    "...că văzum cum toate limbile au şi înfluresc întru cuvintele slǎvite a lui Dumnezeu numai noi românii pre limbă nu avem. Pentru aceia cu mare muncǎ scoasem de limba jidoveascǎ si greceascǎ si srâbeascǎ pre limba româneascǎ 5 cărţi ale lui Moisi prorocul si patru cărţi şi le dăruim voo fraţi rumâni şi le-au scris în cheltuială multǎ... şi le-au dăruit voo fraţilor români,... şi le-au scris voo fraţilor români" Palia de la Orǎştie (1581–1582), Bucureşti, 1968.
    În Ţara Ardealului nu lăcuiesc numai unguri, ce şi saşi peste seamă de mulţi şi români peste tot locul..., Grigore Ureche, Letopiseţul Ţării Moldovei, p. 133-134.
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    In the "Istoria faptelor lui Mavroghene-Vodă şi a răzmeriţei din timpul lui pe la 1790" a Pitar Hristache writes: "Încep după-a mea ideie/Cu vreo câteva condeie/Povestea mavroghenească/Dela Ţara Românească.
  15. ^ The first known mention of the term "Romania" in its modern denotation dates from 1816, as the Greek scholar Dimitrie Daniel Philippide published in Leipzig his work "The History of Romania", followed by "The Geography of Romania".
    On the tombstone of Gheorghe Lazăr in Avrig (built in 1823) there is the inscription: "Precum Hristos pe Lazăr din morţi a înviat/Aşa tu România din somn ai deşteptat."
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  70. ^ Raul Hilberg; Yad Vashem (2004). Executive Summary: Historical Findings and Recommendations. International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania. Retrieved on 2007-11-01. ““no country, besides Germany, was involved in massacres of Jews on such a scale.””
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  116. ^ (Romanian)"Official site of Metropolitan Zone of Bucharest Project"
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  118. ^ (Romanian) "Map of Romanian municipalities that can have metorpolitan areas in maroon"
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  120. ^ UNESCO report on Romania: The Romanian Educational Policy in Transition
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  127. ^ IMF World Economic Outlook April 2008 - Central and Eastern Europe
  128. ^ World Bank Country Classification Groups, 2005
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  130. ^ World Bank: In 2008 Romania will have an economic growth of 5.9% (Romanian). Retrieved on 2008-01-13.
  131. ^ [http://www.insse.ro/cms/files%5Cstatistici%5Ccomunicate%5Cpib%5Cpib_trimIe08.pdf Gross Domestic Product estimated for the first quarter of 2008 was lei 86745.0 million, increasing by 8.2% as against the first quarter of 2007] (June 2008). Retrieved on 2008-06-02.
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  135. ^ Index of Economic Freedom: Romania
  136. ^ Taxation trends in the EU, Eurostat, 26 June 2007
  137. ^ Romania: FDI reached over EUR 8.3 bn
  138. ^ Economy Ranking, Doing Business 2007 Report, World Bank
  139. ^ Doing Business 2007 Report, World Bank
  140. ^ (Romanian) Average wage in September 2007, National Institute of Statistics, Romania
  141. ^ Implied PPP conversion rate for Romania, IMF, 2006
  142. ^ Romanian Railways Purchases More Than $1 Million in RAD’s MAP and Last Mile Products
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  144. ^ Metrorex ridership (ro). Financial Week newspaper (April 23, 2007). Retrieved on 2007-12-07.
  145. ^ Country/Economy Profiles: Romania, Travel&Tourism. World Economic Forum. Retrieved on 2008-01-11.
  146. ^ WTTC spells out policy recommendations for Romania to tap travel and tourism potential. WTTC. Retrieved on 2008-01-11.
  147. ^ 20 million overnight stays by international tourists. Retrieved on 2008-01-11.
  148. ^ a b Report from Romanian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved on 2008-01-11. “for the first 9 months of 2007 an increase from the previous year of 8.7% to 16.5 million tourists; of these 94.0% came from European countries and 61.7% from EU”
  149. ^ Tourism attracted in 2005 investments worth 400 million euros (ro). Gandul Newspaper. Retrieved on 2008-01-11.
  150. ^ Tan and fun at the Black Sea. UnseenRomania. Retrieved on 2008-01-10.
  151. ^ Romania - Culture
  152. ^ Lucian, Boia (2001). Romania: Borderland of Europe. Reaktion Books, 36-40. ISBN 1861891032. Retrieved on 2007-12-08. 
  153. ^ Mihai Eminescu (Romanian). ici.ro. Retrieved on 2008-01-20.
  154. ^ Constantin Brâncuşi's bio. Retrieved on 2008-01-20.
  155. ^ Brancusi's 'Bird in Space' soars to new auction record. cbc.ca. Retrieved on 2008-01-20.
  156. ^ Brancusi's 'Bird in Space' Sets World Auction Record for Sculpture at $27,456,000. Antiques and the Arts Online. Retrieved on 2008-01-20.
  157. ^ November 9, The price record for a Brancusi masterpiece was set up in 2005 when “Bird in Space” was sold for USD 27.5 M. Romanian Information Center in Brussels. Retrieved on 2008-01-20.
  158. ^ George Enescu, the composer. International Enescu Society. Retrieved on 2008-01-20.
  159. ^ George Enescu (1881 - 1955). Retrieved on 2008-01-20.
  160. ^ Ştefănescu, Alex. (1999). "Nichita Stănescu, Îngerul cu o carte în mâini" (Nichita Stănescu, The Angel With A Book In His Hands" (in Romanian). Maşina de scris, 8. 
  161. ^ Sounds Like Canada feat. Gheorghe Zamfir (2006-01-17). Retrieved on 2008-01-20.
  162. ^ Gheorghe Zamfir, master of the pan pipe. Retrieved on 2008-01-20.
  163. ^ Cannes 2007 Winners. Alternative Film Guide. Retrieved on 2007-12-07.
  164. ^ Jay Weissberg (2007-05-17). 4 Months, 3 Weeks & 2 Days. Variety. Retrieved on 2007-05-17.
  165. ^ Official list of WHS within Romania. UNESCO. Retrieved on 2008-01-31.
  166. ^ World Heritage List from Romania. UNESCO. Retrieved on 2008-01-31.
  167. ^ World Heritage Site - Romania. Retrieved on 2008-01-31.
  168. ^ The Palace of the Parliament
  169. ^ The building of Parliament Bucharest International Conference Center - Description
  170. ^ High Court of Cassation and Justice - Presentation. Retrieved on 2008-01-11.
  171. ^ Romanian Legal system. CIA Factbook (2000). Retrieved on 2008-01-11.
  172. ^ Romania will be EU's most corrupt new member. Retrieved on 2008-01-11.
  173. ^ Administrative Organisation of Romanian Territory, on December 31, 2005 (ro). Romanian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved on 2007-12-07.
  174. ^ a b Hierarchical list of the Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics - NUTS and the Statistical regions of Europe. Retrieved on 2007-12-09.
  175. ^ Turkey & Romania hand in hand for a better tomorrow.. The New Anatolian, February 1, 2006.
  176. ^ U.S. Department of State - Background Note: Romania - U.S.-Romanian Relactions
  177. ^ a b c d "Romania". The Europa World Year Book 2. (2007). Routledge. 
  178. ^ european-football-statistics.co.uk EFS Attendances. European Football Statistics. Retrieved on 2007-04-21.
  179. ^ "Hagi leaves Romania post", BBC Sport, 2001-11-26. Retrieved on 2008-01-10. "Hagi enjoyed legendary status in Romania where he spearheaded the 'Golden Generation' of players..." 
  180. ^ "Hagi snubs Maradona", BBC Sport Online, 2001-04-06. Retrieved on 2008-01-10. 
  181. ^ This was so much the case that Romanians became stereotipyzed as gymnasts, as in the South Park episode Quintuplets 2000
  182. ^ Robin Herman. "Gymnast Posts Perfect Mark", New York Times, 1976-03-28. 
  183. ^ Medal Standings, 1896-2004

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