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Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky



See also

References

  1. ^ Note: His names are also transliterated Piotr, Petr, or Peter; Ilitsch, Ilich, Il'ich or Illyich; and Tschaikowski, Tschaikowsky, Chajkovskij and Chaikovsky (and other versions; Russian transliteration can vary between languages)
  2. ^ Schonberg, Harold C., Lives of the Great Composers (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 3rd ed 1997), 366.
  3. ^ Maes, Francis, tr. Arnold J. Pomerans and Erica Pomerans, A History of Russian Music: From Kamarinskaya to Babi Yar (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of Ca.ilfornia Press, 2002), 73.
  4. ^ Maes, 73, 76.
  5. ^ Wiley, Tchaikovsky's Ballets, 191-192.
  6. ^ Holden, Anthony, Tchaikovsky: A Biography (New York: Random House, 1995), 6.
  7. ^ Poznansky, 5.
  8. ^ Holden, 7.
  9. ^ Holden, 7.
  10. ^ Holden, 6, 13.
  11. ^ Brown, Tchaikovsky: The Early Years, 1840-1874 (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1978, 47; Tchaikovsky: The Man and His Music (New York: Pegasus Books, 2007), 12.
  12. ^ Holden, 23.
  13. ^ Tchaikovsky, P., Polnoye sobraniye sochinery: literaturnïye proizvedeniya i perepiska [Complete edition: literary works and correspondence] In progress (Moscow, 1953-present), 5:56-57.
  14. ^ Warrack, 29.
  15. ^ Holden, 22, 26.
  16. ^ Poznansky, 32-37.
  17. ^ Warrack, 30
  18. ^ To be fair, most graduates of the School of Jurisprudence, as in their British counterparts, grew up as orthodox heterosexuals, however damaged their attitudes toward women may have become. A number of other factors in Tchaikovsky's case may have been the loss of his mother and a "reverse reaction" against his father's reputation as a ladies' man. His father's own gentle nature, much as Pyotr's would become, may have merely added another dimension of femininity to the overall mix.
  19. ^ Maes, 39.
  20. ^ Holden, 52.
  21. ^ Brown, Tchaikovsky: Man and Music, 49.
  22. ^ Maes, 44.
  23. ^ Maes, 49.
  24. ^ Holden, 64.
  25. ^ Maes, 48.
  26. ^ Rimsky-Korsakov, 308.
  27. ^ Some historians still consider this evidence scant or non-existent. Dr. Petr Beckmann claims Tchaikovsky's homosexuality has been asserted "not without bias ... too often ... done by tone setters who had a stake in the outcome." (Petr Beckmann, Musical Musings, Golem Press, August 1989.) Beckmann cites musicologist E. Yoffe's assurance that "there is nothing in Tchaikovsky's voluminous correspondence (5,000 letters) or in his eleven diaries (1873, 1884, 1886-1891) that refers directly to his alleged homosexuality." However, Modest clearly states in his unpublished autobiography that both he and his brother Pyotr were gay. Tchaikovsky biographer André Lischké saw this autobiography, writing that most papers dealing with the composer's homosexuality were censured in official publications.
  28. ^ Most biographers, including Rictor Norton and Alexander Poznansky, conclude not ony that Tchaikovsky was gay but that some of the composer's closest relationships were of the same sex. They cite his servant Aleksei Sofronov and nephew, Vladimir "Bob" Davydov, as romantic interests. E.M. Forster, in fact, mentions Tchaikovsky and Davydov in his homosexual love story Maurice, written in 1913-14 but not published until 1971. Forster writes in Chapter 32 that "...Tchaikovsky had fallen in love with his own nephew, and dedicated his masterpiece [Symphonie pathétique] to him."
  29. ^ Poznansky surmises that the composer "eventually came to see his sexual peculiarities as an insurmountable and even natural part of his personality ... without experiencing any serious psychological damage." British musicologist and scholar Henry Zajaczkowski is not convinced. He claims his research "along psychoanalytical lines" points instead to "a severe unconscious inhibition by the composer of his sexual feelings", adding, "If the composer's response to possible sexual objects was either to use and discard them or to idolize them, it shows that he was unable to form an integrated, secure relationship with another man. That, surely, was [Tchaikovsky's] tragedy. (Zajaczkowski, Henry, The Musical Times, cxxxiii, no. 1797, November 1992, 574. As quoted in Holden, 394.)
  30. ^ Poznansky, 204.
  31. ^ Poznansky, 126.
  32. ^ Poznansky, 95.
  33. ^ Tchaikovsky, M.I., Zhizn' Petra Il'icha Chaikovskoyo [Life of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky], 3 vols. (Moscow and Leipzig, 1900-1902), 1:258-259.
  34. ^ Poznansky, 204.
  35. ^ Holden, 126.
  36. ^ Holden, 145, 148, 150.
  37. ^ Poznansky, page cit. needed.
  38. ^ Brown, Tchaikovsky: The Man and His Music, 143.
  39. ^ a b c Volkov, 115.
  40. ^ Osoovskii, A.V., Muzykal'no-kritcvheskie stat'i, 1894-1912 (Musical Criticism articles, 189401912) (Lenningrad, 1971), 171. As quoted in Volkov, 116.
  41. ^ Compared to average wages of the time, 6,000 rubles a year was a small fortune. A minor government official had to support his family on 300-400 rubles a year.
  42. ^ a b Poznansky, 200.
  43. ^ Letter to von Meck, January 21, 1878. As quoted in Holden, 159.
  44. ^ Brown, Tchaikovsky: The Final Years, 1885-1893 (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1991), 287-289; Tchaikovsky: The Man and His Music, 385-386.
  45. ^ Chaikovskii, P.I., Perepiska s N.F. fon Meck (1876-1890) [Correspondence with N.F. von Meck], ed. Zhdanov, Vladimir and Zhegin, Nikolai, 3 vols. (Moscow and Lenningrad, 1980), 3:611.
  46. ^ Holden, 289.
  47. ^ Poznansky, 521, 526.
  48. ^ a b Brown, New Grove, 18:619.
  49. ^ He listed Antonina's accusations to him in detail to Modest: "I am a deceiver who married her in order to hide my true nature ... I insulted her every day, her sufferings at my hands were great ... she is appalled by my shameful vice, etc., etc." He may have lived the rest of his life in dread of Antonina's power to expose publically his sexual leanings (Holden, 155).
  50. ^ a b c d Volkov, 126.
  51. ^ a b Brown, New Grove, 18:621.
  52. ^ As quoted in Brown, Tchaikovsky: The Man and His Music, 329.
  53. ^ So identified by the New York press. According to Carnegie Hall archivist Gino Francesconi, Tchaikovsky may have actually conducted his Festival Coronation March.
  54. ^ Brown, Tchaikovsky: The Final Years, 1885-1893, 482-484 + ft. 38-39; Tchaikovsky: The Man and His Music, 433-435.
  55. ^ Holden, 379-383.
  56. ^ Orlova, Alexandra, "Tchaikovsky: The Last Chapter" in Music & Letters, Vol. 62 (1981), 133-134.
  57. ^ Since what we now consider the Fourth Orchestral Suite consisted of arrangements of other composers' music, primarily Mozart's, Tchaikovsky did not number it with the three orchestral suites of his own material. Instead, he called it a separate work under the title Mozartiana.
  58. ^ Volkov, 96.
  59. ^ Maes, 78.
  60. ^ Figis, Orlando, Natasha's Dance: A Cultural History of Russia (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2002), 274.
  61. ^ Maes, 137.
  62. ^ Maes, 78-79.
  63. ^ a b Volkov, 113.
  64. ^ Maes, 164.
  65. ^ Maes, 163-164.
  66. ^ Maes, 139-140.
  67. ^ Maes, 140.
  68. ^ a b Maes, 141.
  69. ^ Maes, 140-141.
  70. ^ Maes, 137.
  71. ^ Maes, 138.
  72. ^ Maes, 154.
  73. ^ Maes, 154.
  74. ^ a b Maes, 139.
  75. ^ Maes, 154-155.
  76. ^ a b Maes, 156.
  77. ^ Maes, 155.
  78. ^ Maes, 157.

Bibliography

  • Brown, David, ed. Stanley Sadie, The New Grove Encyclopedia of Music and Musicians (London: MacMillian, 1980), 20 vols. ISBN 0-333-23111-2.
  • Brown, David, Tchaikovsky: The Early Years, 1840-1874 (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1978). ISBN 0-393-07535-2.
  • Brown, David, Tchaikovsky: The Crisis Years, 1874-1878, (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1983). ISBN 0-393-01707-9.
  • Brown, David, Tchaikovsky: The Years of Wandering, 1878-1885, (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1986). ISBN 0-393-02311-7.
  • Brown, David, Tchaikovsky: The Final Years, 1885-1893, (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1991). ISBN 0-393-03099-7.
  • Brown, David, Tchaikovsky: The Man and His Music (New York: Pegasus Books, 2007). ISBN 0-571-23194-2.
  • Cooper, Martin, ed Abraham, Gerald, Music of Tchaikovsky (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1946). ISBN n/a.
  • Figes, Orlando, Natasha's Dance: A Cultural History of Russia (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2002). ISBN 0-8050-5783-8 (hc.).
  • Hanson, Lawrence and Hanson, Elisabeth, Tchaikovsky: The Man Behind the Music (New York: Dodd, Mead & Company). Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 66-13606.
  • Holden, Anthony, Tchaikovsky: A Biography (New York: Random House, 1995). ISBN 0-679-42006-1.
  • Maes, Francis, tr. Arnold J. Pomerans and Erica Pomerans, A History of Russian Music: From Kamarinskaya to Babi Yar (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of Ca.ilfornia Press, 2002). ISBN 0-520-21815-9.
  • Mochulsky, Konstantin, tr. Minihan, Michael A., Dostoyevsky: His Life and Work (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1967). Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 65-10833.
  • Poznansky, Alexander Tchaikovsky: The Quest for the Inner Man (New York: Schirmer Books, 1991). ISBN 0-02-871885-2.
  • Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai, Letoppis Moyey Muzykalnoy Zhizni (St. Petersburg, 1909), published in English as My Musical Life (New York: Knopf, 1925, 3rd ed. 1942). ISBN n/a.
  • Schonberg, Harold C. Lives of the Great Composers (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 3rd ed. 1997).
  • Steinberg, Michael, The Symphony (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
  • Tchaikovsky, Modest, Zhizn P.I. Chaykovskovo [Tchaikovsky's life], 3 vols. (Moscow, 1900-1902).
  • Tchaikovsky, Pyotr, Perepiska s N.F. von Meck [Correspondence with Nadzehda von Meck], 3 vols. (Moscow and Lenningrad, 1934-1936).
  • Tchaikovsky, Pyotr, Polnoye sobraniye sochinery: literaturnïye proizvedeniya i perepiska [Complete Edition: literary works and correspondence], 17 vols. (Moscow, 1953-1981).
  • Volkov, Solomon, tr. Bouis, Antonina W., St. Petersburg: A Cultural History (New York: The Free Press, a division of Simon & Schuster, Inc., 1995). ISBN 0-02-874052-1.
  • Warrack, John, Tchaikovsky Symphonies and Concertos (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1969). Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 78-105437.
  • Warrack, John, Tchaikovsky (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973). SBN 684-13558-2.
  • Wiley, Roland John, Tchaikovsky's Ballets (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1985). ISBN 0-198-16249-9.

Further reading

  • Greenberg, Robert "Great Masters: Tchaikovsky -- His Life and Music"
  • Kamien, Roger. Music : An Appreciation. Mcgraw-Hill College; 3rd edition (August 1, 1997). ISBN 0-07-036521-0.
  • ed. John Knowles Paine, Theodore Thomas, and Karl Klauser (1891). Famous Composers and Their Works, J.B. Millet Company.
  • Meck Galina Von, Tchaikovsky Ilyich Piotr, Young Percy M. Tchaikovsky Cooper Square Publishers; 1st Cooper Square Press ed edition (October, 2000) ISBN 0-8154-1087-5.
  • Meck, Nadezhda Von Tchaikovsky Peter Ilyich, To My Best Friend: Correspondence Between Tchaikovsky and Nadezhda Von Meck 1876-1878 (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993) ISBN 0-19-816158-1.
  • Poznansky, Alexander & Langston, Brett The Tchaikovsky Handbook: A guide to the man and his music. (Indiana University Press, 2002).
    Vol. 1. Thematic Catalogue of Works, Catalogue of Photographs, Autobiography. ISBN 0-253-33921-9.
    Vol. 2. Catalogue of Letters, Genealogy, Bibliography. ISBN 0-253-33947-2.
  • Poznansky, Alexander, Tchaikovsky's Last Days, (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), ISBN 0-19-816596-X.
  • Poznansky, Alexander. Tchaikovsky through others' eyes. (Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press, 1999). ISBN 0-253-33545-0.

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Persondata
NAME Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Пётр Ильич Чайкoвский
SHORT DESCRIPTION Russian composer
DATE OF BIRTH May 7, 1840
PLACE OF BIRTH Votkinsk, Imperial Russia
DATE OF DEATH November 6, 1893
PLACE OF DEATH St. Petersburg, Russia



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