Main article: Inca Empire

Holding their capital at the great cougar-shaped city of Cusco, the Inca civilization dominated the Andes region from 1438 to 1533. Known as Tawantin suyu, or "the land of the four regions," in Quechua, the Inca civilization was highly distinct and developed. Inca rule extended to nearly a hundred linguistic or ethnic communities, some 9 to 14 million people connected by a 25,000 kilometer road system. Cities were built with precise, unmatched stonework, constructed over many levels of mountain terrain. Terrace farming was a useful form of agriculture. There is evidence of excellent metalwork and even successful brain surgery in Inca civilization.

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References

• Sorenson, John L. and Johannessen, Carl L. (2006) "Biological Evidence for Pre-Columbian Transoceanic Voyages." In: Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World. Ed. Victor H. Mair. University of Hawai'i Press. Pp. 238-297. ISBN-13: ISBN 978-0-8248-2884-4; ISBN-10: ISBN 0-8248-2884-4

• Wright, Ronald. (2005) "Stolen Continents: 500 Years of Conquest and Resistance in the Americas." Mariner Books. ISBN-10: 0618492402; ISBN-13: 978-0618492404

• Mann, Charles. (2006) "1491" A survey of civilization, agronomy, architecture, politics, etc in the pre-Columbian Americas.

• Fernández-Armesto, Felipe. (1987). Before Columbus: Exploration and Colonisation from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, 1229-1492. Macmillan Education Ltd. Hampshire and London. ISBN 0-333-40382-7; ISBN 0-333-40383-5 (pbk).

• T G Schurr, S W Ballinger, Y Y Gan, J A Hodge, D A Merriwether, D N Lawrence, W C Knowler, K M Weiss, and D C Wallace. "mitochondrial DNAs have rare Asian mutations at high frequencies, suggesting they derived from four primary maternal lineages.". American Journal of Human Genetics. 1990 March; 46(3): 613–623.

• M D Brown, S H Hosseini, A Torroni, H J Bandelt, J C Allen, T G Schurr, R Scozzari, F Cruciani, and D C Wallace "haplogroup X: An ancient link between Europe/Western Asia and North America?". American Journal of Human Genetics. 1998 December; 63(6): 1852–1861.

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External links

• Central Andes Prehistoric Sequence
• Pre Columbian textiles - Virtual Museum of Textile Arts

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See also

• List of pre-Columbian civilizations
• Pre-Inca cultures in Peru
• Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact
• Pre-Columbian population
• Columbian Exchange

v • d • e  Pre-Columbian Civilizations and Cultures
North America	Ancient Pueblo (Anasazi) – Fremont – Mississippian
Mesoamerica	Huastec – Izapa – Mixtec – Olmec – Pipil – Tarascan – Teotihuacán – Toltec – Totonac – Zapotec
South America	Norte Chico – Chavín – Chibcha – Chimor – Chachapoya – Huari – Moche – Nazca – Tairona – Tiwanaku – Mapuche
	The Aztec Empire	The Maya civilization	The Inca Empire (Inca civilisation)
Language	Nahuatl language	Mayan languages	Quechua
Writing	Aztec writing	Mayan writing	Quipu
Religion	Aztec religion	Maya religion	Inca religion
Mythology	Aztec mythology	Maya mythology	Inca mythology
Calendar	Aztec calendar	Maya calendar
Society	Aztec society	Maya society	Inca society
Infrastructure	Chinampas	Maya architecture	Inca architecture (road system) Incan agriculture
History	Aztec history		Inca history
People	Moctezuma I Moctezuma II Cuitlahuac Cuauhtémoc	Pacal the Great Tecun Uman	Manco Capac Pachacutec Atahualpa
Conquest	Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire (Hernán Cortés)	Spanish conquest of Yucatán (Francisco de Montejo) Spanish conquest of Guatemala (Pedro de Alvarado)	Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire (Francisco Pizarro)
See also
Indigenous peoples of the Americas – Population history of American indigenous peoples – Pre-Columbian art

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