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Political spectrum



In his book Eight Ways to Run the Country: A New and Revealing Look at Left and Right (ISBN 0275993582) Brian Patrick Mitchell identifies four main political traditions in Anglo-American history (republican constitutionalism, libertarian individualism, progressive democracy, and plutocratic nationalism), which have given rise to eight distinct political perspectives: communitarian, progressive, radical, individualist, paleolibertarian, paleoconservative, theoconservative, and neoconservative. A potential ninth perspective, in midst of the eight, is populism, which is vaguely defined and situation dependent, having no fixed character other than opposition to the prevailing power. These perspectives vary according to their regard for kratos (the use of force) and arche (the recognition of rank). Mitchell roots his distinction of arche and kratos in the West's historical experience of church and state, crediting the collapse of the Christian consensus on church and state with the appearance of the four main traditions. Mitchell's vertical axis is a scale of kratos/akrateia; his horizontal axis is a scale of archy/anarchy. Anarchy, for Mitchell, is not the absence of government, but the rejection of rank. Thus there can be both anti-government anarchists (left-libertarians, whom Mitchell calls libertarian individualists) and pro-government anarchists (Mitchell's progressive democrats, who use government against social hierarchies such as patriarchy). Mitchell also distinguishes between left-wing anarchists and right-wing anarchists, whom Mitchell renames akratists.

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Notes

  1. ^ Ferguson, L. W. (1941) "The stability of the primary social attitudes, religionism and humanitarianism." Journal of Psychology, 1941, 12, 283-288.
  2. ^ Kirkpatrick, C. (1949). "Religion and humanitarianism: a study of institutional implications." Psychological Monograph, 1949, 63, No. 9
  3. ^ [[1]]
  4. ^ Eysenck, H.J., 1956. Sense and nonsense in psychology, Penguin Books, London
  5. ^ Eysenck, H.J. (1981). "Left-Wing Authoritarianism: Myth or Reality?, by Hans J. Eysenck" Political Psychology
  6. ^ Eysenck, H.J., 1956. Sense and nonsense in psychology, Penguin Books, London
  7. ^ Stone, W. F. (1980). "The myth of left-wing authoritarianism." Political Psychology, 2, 13-19.
  8. ^ Ray, J.J. and Bozek, R.S. (1981) "Authoritarianism and Eysenck's P-scale." Journal of Social Psychology, 113, 231-234.
  9. ^ Rokeach, Milton & Hanley, Charles (1956). "Eysenck's Tender-Mindedness Dimension: A critique." Psychological Bulletin, Vol. S3, No. 2.
  10. ^ Eysenck, H. J. (1953) "Primary social attitudes: A comparison of attitude patterns in England, Germany, and Sweden." abnorm. soc. Psychol., 48, 563-568.
  11. ^ Eysenck, H.J., 1956. Sense and nonsense in psychology, Penguin Books, London
  12. ^ Dator, J. A. (1969). "Measuring attitudes across cultures: A factor analysis of the replies of Japanese judges to Eysenck's inventory of conservative-progressive ideology. In G. Schubert and D.J. Danielski, Comparative Judicial Behavior. New York, Oxford University Press.
  13. ^ Eysenck, H.J., 1956. Sense and nonsense in psychology, Penguin Books, London
  14. ^ Rokeach, M. (1973). The Nature of Human Values. New York: Free Press.
  15. ^ Rokeach, M. (1973). The Nature of Human Values. New York: Free Press.
  16. ^ Rous, G.L., & Lee, D.E. (1978). Freedom and Equality: Two values of political orientation. Journal of Communication, Winter, 45-51.
  17. ^ Mahoney, J., Coogle, C.L., & Banks, P.D. (1984). Values in presidential inaugural addresses: A test of Rokeach's two-factor theory of political ideology. Psychological Reports, 55, 683-686.
  18. ^ Eysenck, Hans (1976). "The structure of social attitudes." Psychological Reports, 39, pp. 463-6
  19. ^ Diamond, Stanley, In Search Of The Primitive: A Critique Of Civilization, (New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1981), p. 1.
  20. ^ Psychological Motives and Political Orientation—The Left, the Right, and the Rigid: Comment on Jost et al. (2003), Jeff Greenberg & Eva Jonas, Psychological Bulletin, 2003, Vol. 129, No. 3, 376–382
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