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Pakistan



Main articles: Literature of Pakistan and Books and publishing in Pakistan
Iqbal, the national poet of Pakistan
Iqbal, the national poet of Pakistan

The literature of Pakistan covers the literatures of languages spread throughout the country, namely Urdu, Sindhi, Punjabi, Pushto, Baluchi as well as English[86] in recent times and in the past often Persian as well. Prior to the 19th century, the literature mainly consisted of lyric poetry and religious, mystical and popular materials. During the colonial age the native seal under the influence of the western literature of realism took up increasingly different topics and telling forms. Today short stories enjoy a special popularity.[87] The national poet of Pakistan, Muhammad Iqbal, wrote mainly in the Persian language, and additionally in Urdu. His works are concerned mostly with Islamic philosophy. Iqbal's most well-known work is the Persian poem volume Asrar-i-Khudi ("the secrets of the even"). The most famous works of Urdu literature originated in the 14th century.[88] The most well-known representative of the contemporary Urdu literature of Pakistan is Faiz Ahmed Faiz. Sufi Shah Abdul Latif is considered one of the most outstanding mystical poets.[89] Mirza Kalich Beg has been termed the father of modern Sindhi prose.[90] In Punjabi, naats and qawaalis are delivered. The Pushto literature tradition is a cultural link between Pakistan and neighbouring Afghanistan. Extensive lyric poetry and epic poems have been published in Pushto. In Baluchi language songs and ballads are popular.

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Pakistan
The Lahore Fort, was rebuilt by the Mughal emperor Akbar in 1566.
The Lahore Fort, was rebuilt by the Mughal emperor Akbar in 1566.

Tourism is a growing industry in Pakistan, based on its diverse cultures, peoples and landscapes.[91] The variety of attractions range from the ruins of ancient civilisations such as Mohenjo-daro, Harappa and Taxila, to the Himalayan hill stations, which attract those interested in field and winter sports. Pakistan is home to several mountain peaks over 7,000 metres (22,970 ft), which attracts adventurers and mountaineers from around the world, especially K2.[92] The people of northern areas depend on tourism also. From April to September tourist of domestic and international type visited these areas which became the earn of living for local people. The northern parts of Pakistan have many old fortresses, towers and other architecture as well as the Hunza and Chitral valleys, the latter being home to the Kalash, a small pre-Islamic Animist community, who claim descent from the army of Alexander the Great. In the Punjab is the site of Alexander's battle on the Jhelum River and the historic city Lahore, Pakistan's cultural capital with many examples of Mughal architecture such as the Badshahi Masjid, Shalimar Gardens, Tomb of Jahangir and the Lahore Fort. To promote Pakistan's unique and various cultural heritage, the prime minister launched "Visit Pakistan 2007".[93][94]

Transportation

Main article: Transport in Pakistan

The transport system of Pakistan is extensive and varied, with considerable investment in the transportation infrastructure in recent years. Since the 1990’s onward, the National Highway Authority has been developing a network of modern motorways that connects nearly every major city in Pakistan. These improvements have contributed to an acceleration of economic growth. Pakistan Railways has extensive network in Pakistan facilitating transport of freight and people. The ports have also been developing to deal with the growing demand for imports and exports. Pakistan has five international and many local airports connecting with the rest of the world.

See also



References

  1. ^ Government of Pakistan. Information of Pakistan: Basic Facts. Retrieved on 2007-10-23.
  2. ^ Population by Mother Tongue. Population Census Organization, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved on 2007-12-11.
  3. ^ a b Population Reference Bureau: Population Clock. Population Reference Bureau. Retrieved on 2008-04-03.
  4. ^ Area, Population, Density and Urban/Rural Proportion by Administrative Units. Population Census Organization, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved on 2008-02-13.
  5. ^ Report for Selected Countries and Subjects. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved on 2007-12-15.
  6. ^ Encarta Encyclopedia - Pakistan
  7. ^ Middle East Institute: Pakistan
  8. ^ a b c d The Kashmir region is claimed by both India and Pakistan. Both countries and China separately administer parts of the region with the Indian and Pakistani-held areas defined by the Line of Control. India refers to Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas as Pakistan Occupied Kashmir(POK), while Pakistan refers to Jammu and Kashmir as Indian Occupied Kashmir.
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  11. ^ Wolpert, Stanley A. (1984). Jinnah of Pakistan. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195034120. 
  12. ^ Minnesota State University page on Mohenjo-Daro
  13. ^ Wright, John W. (1997). Universal Almanac. New York: Andrews & McMeel Publishing. ISBN 0836221877. 
  14. ^ Livius.org on the extent of the Achaemenid Empire
  15. ^ Plutarch's Life of Alexander
  16. ^ Infinity Foundation's translation of the Chach-Nama
  17. ^ History in Chronological Order. Government of Pakistan.
  18. ^ Library of Congress study of Pakistan
  19. ^ Sir Muhammad Iqbal's 1930 Presidential Address. Speeches, Writings, and Statements of Iqbal. Retrieved on 2006-12-19.
  20. ^ 1971 war summary by BBC website
  21. ^ http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/17.htm US Country Studies article on the Bangladesh War]
  22. ^ The 1991 Gulf war
  23. ^ Kargil conflict timeline on the BBC website
  24. ^ Daily Telegraph (UK) article on the 1999 coup
  25. ^ New Pakistan PM Gillani sworn in - Accessed 25 March 2008
  26. ^ Pakistan: The Most Allied Ally in Asia
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  29. ^ "Pakistani prime minister frees judges", AP, 2008-03-24. Retrieved on 2008-04-02. 
  30. ^ The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan: Part I. National Reconstruction Bureau, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved on 2008-02-14.
  31. ^ What is Decentralization Support Program. Decentralization Support Program, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved on 2008-02-08.
  32. ^ The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan: Part XII. National Reconstruction Bureau, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved on 2008-02-14.
  33. ^ Ian Talbot (1999). The Armed Forces of Pakistan. Macmillan, p99. ISBN 0312216068. 
  34. ^ Monthly Summary of Contributors to UN Peacekeeping Operations (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved on 2007-04-20.
  35. ^ [1] Pakistan Army
  36. ^ The area of Pakistan proper excludes the regions administered in Kashmir URL accessed on November 03, 2006
  37. ^ a b Pakistan. World Factbook. CIA. Retrieved on 2008-02-13.
  38. ^ Goddard Space Flight Center (2002-05-24). Science Question of the Week. NASA. Retrieved on 2007-12-31.
  39. ^ Leo the snow leopard is US-bound
  40. ^ Wildlife Sanctuaries of Pakistan
  41. ^ GCC investments in Pakistan and future trends. Gulf Research Center (2007-01-3). Retrieved on 2008-02-12.
  42. ^ Quid Pro Quo 45 – Tales of Success (PDF). Muslim Commercial Bank of Pakistan (2007-09-19). Retrieved on 2008-02-12.
  43. ^ Pakistan steels itself for sell-offs. BBC News (2006-06-01). Retrieved on 2008-02-12.
  44. ^ MSCI Regional Equity Indices. MSCI Barra. Retrieved on 2008-02-12.
  45. ^ 7% growth achieved in FY 05–06. Daily Times of Pakistan (2006-12-01). Retrieved on 2008-02-12.
  46. ^ Pakistan Economy Registers 7% Growth Rate for 4th Consecutive Year. Pakistan Times (2007-06-02). Retrieved on 2008-02-12.
  47. ^ Pakistan Studies; Economy. American Institute of Pakistan Studies. Retrieved on 2006-11-20.
  48. ^ a b Report for Selected Countries and Subjects (PPP). International Monetary Fund (October 2007).
  49. ^ WB, UNDP question poverty estimates. Dawn Group of Newspapers (2006-06-20). Retrieved on 2008-02-12.
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  51. ^ John Wall. Concluding Remarks at the Pakistan Development Forum 2006. World Bank. Retrieved on 2008-02-12.
  52. ^ Country-by-Country Growth and Forecasts. Asian Development Bank. Retrieved on 2008-02-12.
  53. ^ View: Is GDP growth sustainable?. Daily Times Newspaper (2006-05-01). Retrieved on 2006-02-12.
  54. ^ FDI to touch $7 billion by year-end: SBP governor. Daily Times of Pakistan (2007-04-01). Retrieved on 2008-02-12.
  55. ^ Foreign investment to reach $7 billion during current fiscal: Governor SBP. Pak Tribune (2007-04-01). Retrieved on 2008-02-12.
  56. ^ Technical Arguments for KBD-2 (PDF). The President of Pakistan. Retrieved on 2008-02-12.
  57. ^ Experts: Enhance economic links. People's Daily Online (2006-11-27). Retrieved on 2008-02-12.
  58. ^ Pakistan: Economy. The World Factbook. CIA. Retrieved on 2008-02-12.
  59. ^ Feeney and Alam, 2003
  60. ^ Population Reference Bureau's 2005 World Data Sheet
  61. ^ International Data Base U.S. Census Bureau. URL accessed on 17 October 2006.
  62. ^ Government of Pakistan - National Database & Registration Authority (NADRA), NADRA Has Registered 2.15 Million Afghan Refugees, February 15, 2007.
  63. ^ Ethnologue Western Punjabi
  64. ^ In Pakistan, a Big Push to Teach English; Local Versions Flourish VOA News. URL accessed on May 18, 2008.
  65. ^ Population by religion. Population Census Organization, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved on 2008-02-13.
  66. ^ Robert Ayres, Turning Point: The End of the Growth Paradigm, James & James/Earthscan, 1998, pp. 63. ISBN 1853834394
  67. ^ How Many Shia Are In The World? islamicweb.com. URL accessed on May 18, 2008.
  68. ^ Diagnostic Report (PDF). Ministry of Education, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved on 2008-02-13.
  69. ^ GCE O and A level exams in Pakistan. The British Council. Retrieved on 2008-02-13.
  70. ^ Medium Term Development framework 2005-10. Ministry of Education, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved on 2008-02-13.
  71. ^ Structure of Pakistani Education. World Education Services. Retrieved on February 10, 2008
  72. ^ Ministry of Education. Ministry of Education, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved on 2008-02-13.
  73. ^ National Plan of Action. Ministry of Education, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved on 2008-02-13.
  74. ^ Beinart, Peter. "Understate". The New Republic Online. July 01, 2002.
  75. ^ Kearney Foreign Policy Globalization Index
  76. ^ Aslam, S.M., Expatriates to Build Better Pakistan, Pakistan & Gulf Economist, 11–17 December 2000, URL accessed March 17, 2006
  77. ^ Ahmed, Faish. "U.S. Rules Give Pakistan a Windfall". Wall Street Journal. New York, New York. October 22, 2003. Page A18.
  78. ^ Hussain, Shaiq. Musharraf to focus on Palestine in Saudia visit from today. The Nation. June 25, 2005. URL accessed March 17, 2006
  79. ^ Howells, Kim. Kim Howells arrives in Pakistan. Foreign and Commonwealth Office (National). September 6, 2006. URL accessed October 22, 2006
  80. ^ Tohid, Owais Music soothes extremism along troubled Afghan border. Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved on February 18, 2008
  81. ^ Pakistan to show Bollywood film. BBC News. Retrieved on 2008-02-13.
  82. ^ Bharatiya Hockey
  83. ^ Dehejia, Vidja South Asian Art and Culture. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved on February 10, 2008
  84. ^ The Indus Valley And The Genesis Of South Asian Civilization [2] Retrieved on February 6, 2008
  85. ^ Architecture in Pakistan: A Historical Overview. All Things Pakistan. Retrieved on February 10, 2008
  86. ^ Shamsie, Muneeza Pakistani Writers in English: A Question of Identity. Sepia Mutiny. Retrieved on February 9, 2008
  87. ^ Kamran, Gilani Pakistani Literature- Evolution & trends. The South Asian. Retrieved on February 9, 2008
  88. ^ Urdu Literature. Culturopedia. Retrieved February 9, 2008
  89. ^ Shah Abdul Latif. Story of Pakistan. Retrieved on February 9, 2008
  90. ^ Rahman, Mahmudur Renowned scholar of Sindh. DAWN newspaper. Retrieved on February 9, 2008
  91. ^ Tourism in Pakistan (2005-10-20). Retrieved on 2008-04-05.
  92. ^ PTDC page on mountaineering
  93. ^ Visit Pakistan Year 2007. Ministry of Tourism, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved on 2008-02-12.
  94. ^ 2007 to be ‘Visit Pakistan Year’. Dawn Group of Newspapers (2006-12-10). Retrieved on 2008-02-12.

Further reading

  • Cohen, Stephen P. The Idea of Pakistan. The Brookings Institution. November 2004. ISBN 0-8157-1502-1.
  • Banuazizi, Ali and Weiner, Myron. The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan. Syracuse University Press. August 1988. ISBN 0-8156-2448-4.
  • Halliday, Fred. State and Ideology in the Middle East and Pakistan. Monthly Review Pr. February 1998. ISBN 0-85345-734-4.
  • Hammond Incorporated. Hammond Greater Middle East Region: Including Afghanistan, Pakistan, Libya, and Turkey. American Map Corporation. August 2002. ISBN 0-8437-1827-7.
  • Hilton, Isabel. Letter from Pakistan: The Pashtun Code. The New Yorker. December 03, 2001. [3]
  • Insight Guides, Halliday, Tony and Ikram, Tahir. Insight Guide Pakistan. Apa Productions. January 1998. ISBN 0-88729-736-6.
  • Malik, Hafeez. Pakistan: Founders' Aspirations and Today's Realities. Oxford University Press, USA. May 2001. ISBN 0-19-579333-1.
  • Malik, Iftikhar H. Religious Minorities in Pakistan. Minority Rights Group International. September 2002. ISBN 1-897693-69-9. [4]
  • Malik, Iftikhar H. Culture and customs of Pakistan. Greenwood Press. December 2005. ISBN 031333126X
  • Najim, Adil. Pakistan and Democracy. The News International Pakistan. May 06, 2004. [5]
  • Rooney, John. Shadows in the dark: A history of Christianity in Pakistan up to the 10th century. Christian Study Centre. January 1984. OCLC 12177250.
  • Rahman, Tariq.1996. Language and Politics in Pakistan Karachi: Oxford University Press. Reprinted several times, latest repr. 2006.
  • Rahman, Tariq .2002. Language, Ideology and Power: Language-learning Among the Muslims of Pakistan and North India Karachi: OUP.
  • Rahman, Tariq .2004. Denizens of Alien Worlds: A Study of Education, Inequality and Polarization in Pakistan Karachi: OUP, 2006 repr.
  • Sharif, Shuja. Musharraf's Administration And Pakistan's Economy. Contemporary Review. March 31, 2005. 129–134.
  • Wolpert, Stanley. Jinnah of Pakistan. Oxford University Press, USA. May 1984. ISBN 0-19-503412-0.
  • Zakaria, Rafiq. The Man Who Divided India: An Insight into Jinnah's Leadership and its Aftermath. Popular Prakashan. 2001. ISBN 81-7154-892-X
  • Statehood in South Asia
  • Strategic Insights, Volume III, Issue 10 (October 2004)

External links

Pakistan Portal
Find more about Pakistan on Wikipedia's sister projects:
Dictionary definitions
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Geographic locale
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Countries of Asia

Afghanistan · Armenia · Azerbaijan1 · Bahrain · Bangladesh · Bhutan · Brunei · Burma · Cambodia · China, People's Republic of · China, Republic of (Taiwan)2 · Cyprus · Egypt3 · Georgia1 · India · Indonesia4 · Iran · Iraq · Israel · Japan · Jordan · Kazakhstan1 · Korea, Democratic People's Republic of · Korea, Republic of · Kuwait · Kyrgyzstan · Laos · Lebanon · Malaysia · Maldives · Mongolia · Nepal · Oman · Pakistan · Philippines · Qatar · Russia1 · Saudi Arabia · Singapore · Sri Lanka · Syria · Tajikistan · Thailand · Timor-Leste (East Timor)4 · Turkey1 · Turkmenistan · United Arab Emirates · Uzbekistan · Vietnam · Yemen3

For dependent and other territories, see Dependent territory.

1 Partly or significantly in Europe.  2 The Republic of China (Taiwan) is not officially recognized by the United Nations; see Political status of Taiwan.
3 Partly or significantly in Africa.  4 Partly or wholly reckoned in Oceania.
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Countries and territories of South Asia

Bangladesh  · Bhutan  · British Indian Ocean Territory  · India  · Maldives  · Nepal  · Pakistan  · Sri Lanka

Sometimes included:  Afghanistan • Iran • Myanmar • Tibet
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Countries and territories of the Middle East

Bahrain · Egypt · Gaza Strip · Iraq · Iran · Israel · Jordan · Kuwait · Lebanon · Oman · Qatar · Saudi Arabia · Syria · United Arab Emirates · West Bank · Yemen

Greater Middle East: Afghanistan · Cyprus · Pakistan · Turkey · Sudan · Somalia · Eritrea · Djibouti · Libya · Algeria · Tunisia · Morocco · Northern Cyprus, Turkish Republic of,1

1 The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is not officially recognized by the United Nations, recognized only by Turkey; see Cyprus dispute.
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Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean
Africa Map of the Indian Ocean
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Oceania
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International Membership
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Economic Cooperation Organization
Members Flag of the Economic Cooperation Organization
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Islamic republics
   

Flag of Iran Iran

Flag of Pakistan Pakistan
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Commonwealth of Nations
Sovereign states
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Dependencies
Australia
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United Kingdom
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Members of the World Trade Organization (WTO)

Albania · Angola · Antigua and Barbuda · Argentina · Armenia · Australia · Bahrain · Bangladesh · Barbados · Belize · Benin · Bolivia · Botswana · Brazil · Brunei (Brunei Darussalam) · Burkina Faso · Burma · Burundi · Cambodia · Cameroon · Canada · Central African Republic · Chad · Chile · China (PRC) · Colombia · Democratic Republic of the Congo · Republic of the Congo · Costa Rica · Côte d'Ivoire · Croatia · Cuba · Djibouti · Dominica · Dominican Republic · Ecuador · Egypt · El Salvador · European Union¹ · Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) · Fiji · Gabon · The Gambia · Georgia · Ghana · Grenada · Guatemala · Guinea · Guinea-Bissau · Guyana · Haiti · Honduras · Hong Kong² · Iceland · India · Indonesia · Israel · Jamaica · Japan · Jordan · Kenya · South Korea · Kuwait · Kyrgyzstan · Lesotho · Liechtenstein · Macau² · Madagascar · Malawi · Malaysia · Maldives · Mali · Mauritania · Mauritius · Mexico · Moldova · Mongolia · Morocco · Mozambique · Namibia · Nepal · New Zealand · Nicaragua · Niger · Nigeria · Norway · Oman · Pakistan · Panama · Papua New Guinea · Paraguay · Peru · Philippines · Qatar · Rwanda · St. Kitts and Nevis · St. Lucia · St. Vincent and the Grenadines · Saudi Arabia · Senegal · Sierra Leone · Singapore · Solomon Islands · South Africa · Sri Lanka · Suriname · Swaziland · Switzerland · Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu³ · Tanzania · Thailand · Togo · Tonga · Trinidad and Tobago · Tunisia · Turkey · Uganda · Ukraine · United Arab Emirates · United States · Uruguay · Venezuela · Vietnam · Zambia · Zimbabwe

  1. All twenty-seven member states of the European Union are also members of the WTO in their own right: Austria • Belgium • Bulgaria • Cyprus • Czech Republic • Denmark • Estonia • Finland • France • Germany • Greece • Hungary • Ireland • Italy • Latvia • Lithuania • Luxembourg • Malta • Netherlands and Netherlands Antilles • Poland • Portugal • Romania • Slovakia • Slovenia • Spain • Sweden • United Kingdom.
  2. Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China.
  3. Designated name for the Republic of China (Chinese Taipei)
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Developing 8 Countries (D8)

Flag of Bangladesh Bangladesh  ·   Flag of Egypt Egypt  ·   Flag of Indonesia Indonesia  ·   Flag of Iran Iran  ·   Flag of Malaysia Malaysia  ·   Flag of Nigeria Nigeria  ·   Flag of Pakistan Pakistan  ·   Flag of Turkey Turkey
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Iranian-speaking nations and autonomous entities

Flag of Afghanistan Afghanistan • Flag of the People's Republic of China China (Taxkorgan)1 • Flag of Georgia (country) Georgia (South Ossetia Flag South Ossetia2) • Flag of Iran Iran • Flag of Iraq Iraq (Kurdistan Flag Kurdistan) • Flag of Russia Russia ( North Ossetia-Alania) • Flag of Pakistan Pakistan (North-West Frontier Province and Balochistan) • Flag of Tajikistan Tajikistan • Flag of Uzbekistan Uzbekistan (1.3 million[1] to 11 million[2] Tajiks)

(1) Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County, officially recognised minority in the People's Republic of China.
(2) South Ossetia is a self-proclaimed republic within the internationally recognized borders of Georgia. It is presently not recognized by any country.




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