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Ornithology



Summer distribution and abundance of Canada Goose using data from the North American Breeding Bird Surveys 1994-2003
Summer distribution and abundance of Canada Goose using data from the North American Breeding Bird Surveys 1994-2003

With the widespread interest in birds, it has been possible to use a large number of people to work on collaborative ornithological projects that cover large geographic scales.[61][62] These citizen science projects include nation-wide projects such as the Christmas Bird Count,[63] Backyard Bird Count,[64] the North American Breeding Bird Survey, the Canadian EPOQ[65] or regional projects such as the Asian Waterfowl Census. These projects help to identify distributions of birds, their population densities and changes over time, arrival and departure dates of migration, breeding seasonality and even population genetics.[66] The results of many of these projects are published as bird atlases. Studies of migration using bird ringing or colour marking often involve the cooperation of people and organizations in different countries.[67]

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Applications

Wild birds impact many human activities while domesticated birds are important sources of eggs, meat, feathers and other products. Applied and economic ornithology aim to reduce the ill effects of problem birds and enhance gains from beneficial species.

Red-billed Quelea are a major agricultural pest in parts of Africa.
Red-billed Quelea are a major agricultural pest in parts of Africa.

The role of some species of birds as pests has been well known, particularly in agriculture. Granivorous birds such as the Queleas in Africa have been among the most numerous birds in the world and foraging flocks can cause devastation.[68][69] Many insectivorous birds are also noted as beneficial in agriculture. Many early studies on the benefits or damages caused by birds in fields were made by analysis of stomach contents and observation of feeding behaviour.[70] Modern studies aimed to manage birds in agriculture make use of a wide range of principles from ecology.[71] Intensive aquaculture has brought humans in conflict with fish-eating birds such as cormorants.[72]

Large flocks of pigeons and starlings in cities are often considered as a nuisance and techniques to reduce their populations or their impacts are constantly innovated.[73][74] Birds are also of medical importance and their role as carriers of human diseases such as Japanese Encephalitis, West Nile Virus and H5N1 have been widely recognised.[75][76] Bird strikes and the damage they cause in aviation are of particularly great importance, due to the fatal consequences and the level of economic losses caused. It has been estimated that the airline industry incurs worldwide damages of US $ 1.2 billion each year.[77]

Many species of birds have been driven to extinction by human activities. Bird conservation requires specialized knowledge in aspects of biology, ecology and may require the use of very location specific approaches. Ornithologists contribute to conservation biology by studying the ecology of birds in the wild and identifying the key threats and ways of enhancing the survival of species.[78] Critically endangered species such as the California Condor have had to be captured and bred in captivity. Such ex-situ conservation measures may be followed by re-introduction of the species into the wild.[79]

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See also

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References

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  61. ^ Cooper, C. B., J. Dickinson, T. Phillips & R. Bonney (2007). "Citizen science as a tool for conservation in residential ecosystems". Ecology and Society 12 (2): 11. 
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  63. ^ Wing, L. (1947). Christmas census summary 1900-1939. State College of Washington, Pullman. Mimeograph.. 
  64. ^ Great Backyard Bird Count.
  65. ^ EPOQ.
  66. ^ Project PigeonWatch.
  67. ^ EURING Coordinated bird-ringing in Europe
  68. ^ Clive C.H. Elliott (2006). "Bird population explosions in agroecosystems — the quelea, Quelea quelea, case history" ([dead link] – Scholar search). Acta Zoologica Sinica 52: 554–560. 
  69. ^ Jaegar, Michael & William A. Erickson (1980). "Levels of bird damage to Sorghum in the Awash basin of Ethiopia and the effects of the control of Quelea nesting colonies". Proceedings of the 9th Vertebrate Pest conference. 
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  71. ^ Ormerod, S. J. & A. R. Watkinson (2000). "Editors' Introduction: Birds and Agriculture". The Journal of Applied Ecology 37 (5): 699–705. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2664.2000.00576.x. 
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  74. ^ Belant, Jerrold L., Paul P. Woronecki, Richard A. Dolbeer & Thomas W. Seamans (1998). "Ineffectiveness of Five Commercial Deterrents for Nesting Starlings". Wildlife Society Bulletin 26 (2): 264–268. 
  75. ^ Factsheet on Avian Influenza. CDC.
  76. ^ Reed, K. D., Jennifer K. Meece, James S. Henkel & Sanjay K. Shukla (2003). "Birds, Migration and Emerging Zoonoses: West Nile Virus, Lyme Disease, Influenza A and Enteropathogens". Clin. Med. Res. 1 (1): 5–12. PMID 15931279. 
  77. ^ Allan, J., Orosz, A. (2001). "The Costs of Birdstrikes to Commercial Aviation". Proceedings of Birdstrike 2001, Joint Meeting of Birdstrike Committee USA/Canada. Calgary, Alberta. 
  78. ^ BirdLife International (2000). "Threatened Birds of the World: The official source for birds on the IUCN Red List". Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, and BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK. 
  79. ^ Whitfort, Harriet L. & Robert J. Young (2004). "Trends in the captive breeding of threatened and endangered birds in British zoos, 1988-1997". Zoo Biology 23 (1): 85–89. doi:10.1002/zoo.10122. 

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