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Occupation of the Baltic states



Treaties in effect between the USSR and the Baltic countries prior to 1940

After the Baltic states proclaimed independence following the signing of the Armistice, Bolshevist Russia invaded at the end of 1918.[98] Известия (Izvestia) publishing in its December 25, 1918 issue: "Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania are directly on the road from Russia to Western Europe and therefore a hindrance to our revolutions... This separating wall has to be destroyed." Bolshevist Russia, however, did not gain control of the Baltics and in 1920 concluded peace treaties with all three states:

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Peace treaties

In these treaties, Bolshevist Russia renounced "for eternity"[102] all sovereign rights over these three peoples and territories which formerly belonged to Russia.

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Non-aggression treaties

Subsequently, at the initiative of the Soviet Union,[103] additional non-aggression treaties were concluded with all three Baltic States:

The contracting parties undertook to refrain from acts of aggression against one another, and from any acts of violence directed against the territorial integrity and inviolability or the political independence of the other contracting party. Furthermore, they agreed to submit all disputes regardless of origin which could not be settled diplomatically to a formal conciliation in a joint committee.[107]

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Kellogg-Briand Pact and Litvinov's Pact

On August 27, 1928 the Kellogg-Briand Pact renouncing war as an instrument of national policy was adopted by the United States, Germany, Belgium, France, Great Britain, India, Italy, Japan, Poland, and the Czechoslovak Republic.

Following this adoption, the Soviet Union signed a protocol confirming adherence to the terms of the Pact with its neighbors: Estonia, Latvia, Poland, and Romania on February 9, 1929.[108] (See also Litvinov's Pact). Lithuania declared its adherence to the pact and protocol soon thereafter, on April 5, 1929. In signing, the contracting parties agreed:

  • to condemn war as a recourse to solving conflict and to renounce it as an instrument of policy, and
  • that all conflicts and disputes be settled only by peaceful means.[109]

With this confirmation of adherence to these protocols (while not yet having ratified the Pact) and associated filings of instruments of adherence to the Pact, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the USSR (listed as Russia) became signatories to the Kellogg-Briand Pact itself the day it came into effect, on July 24, 1929.[110]

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The Convention for the Definition of Aggression

On July 3, 1933 for the first time in history aggression was defined in a binding treaty signed at the Soviet Embassy in London by USSR and among others, Baltic countries.[111][112]

Article II defines forms of aggression There shall be recognized as an aggressor that State which shall be the first to have committed one of the following actions:

  • First—a declaration of war on another State.
  • Second—invasion by armed forces of the territory of another State even without a declaration of war.
  • Third—attack by its land, sea or air forces, even without declaration of war upon the territory, on the vessels or flying machines of another State.
  • Fourth—a naval blockade of coasts or ports of another State.
  • Fifth—support accorded armed bands which are organized on its territory and which shall have invaded the territory of another State; or refusal, in spite of the demand of the invaded State, to take on its own territory all steps in its power to deprive the bandits aforesaid of all aid or protection.

The Convention for the Definition of Aggression Article II then states that "no political, military, economic or other considerations may serve as an excuse or justification for the aggression referred to in Article II." And while the annex to Article III lists conceivable reasons for intervention in a neighboring state, it also stipulates that "the High Contracting Parties further agree to recognize that the present convention can never legitimate any violations of International Law that may be implied in the circumstances comprised in the above list."

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The Pacts of Mutual Assistance

The Pacts of Mutual Assistance affirmed the sovereign rights of the Baltic states. Using the Pact of Mutual Assistance with Latvia as an example, signed on October 5, 1939,[113] Article V of the Pact declares: "The enforcement of the present Pact may in no way impair the sovereign rights of the Contracting Parties, more especially with regard to their political structure, economic and social systems, and military measures."

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Treaties the USSR signed between 1940 and 1945

The Soviet Union joined the Atlantic Charter of August 14, 1941 by resolution, signed in London on September 24, 1941.[114] Resolution affirmed:

  • "First, their countries seek no aggrandizement, territorial or other;
  • "Second, they desire to see no territorial changes that do not accord with the freely expressed wishes of the peoples concerned;
  • "Third, they respect the rights of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live; and they wish to see sovereign rights and self-government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them. ..."[115]

Most importantly, Stalin personally reaffirmed the principles of the Atlantic Charter on November 6, 1941:[116]

“ We have not and cannot have any such war aims as the seizure of foreign territories and the subjugation of foreign peoples whether it be peoples and territories of Europe or the peoples and territories of Asia....
    We have not and cannot have such war aims as the imposition of our will and regime on the Slavs and other enslaved peoples of Europe who are awaiting our aid.
    Our aid consists in assisting these peoples in their struggle for liberation from Hitler's tyranny, and then setting them free to rule on their own lands as they desire. No intervention whatever in the internal affairs of other nations.		 ”

Soon thereafter, the Soviet Union signed the Declaration by United Nations of January 1, 1942, which again confirmed adherence to the Atlantic Charter.

The Soviet Union signed the Yalta Declaration on Liberated Europe of February 4–11, 1945, in which Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt jointly declare for the reestablishment of order in Europe according to the principle of the Atlantic Charter "the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live, the restoration of sovereign rights and self-government to those peoples who have been forcibly deprived of them by the aggressor nations." The Yalta declaration further states that "to foster the conditions in which the liberated peoples may exercise these rights, the three governments will join ... among others to facilitate where necessary the holding of free elections."[117]

Finally, the Soviet Union signed the Charter of the United Nations on October 24, 1945, which in Article I Part 2 states that one of the "purposes of the United Nations is to develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples."

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Timeline

  • August 23, 1939 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact signed. Pact places Estonia, Latvia, Finland and part of Poland in Soviet sphere of interest.
  • September 1, 1939 Nazi invasion of Poland, the start of WW2.
  • September 14, 1939 Polish submarine Orzeł enters Tallinn harbour, crew interned.
  • September 17, 1939 Soviet invasion of Poland.
  • September 18, 1939 the Polish submarine Orzeł escapes from Tallinn, sails to England.
  • September 22, 1939 Soviet Army captured Polish town of Wilno (now Vilnius).
  • September 24, 1939 Soviet Union demands mutual assistance pact and the establishment of military bases in Estonia, using the Orzeł incident as the pretext.
  • September 28, 1939 Molotov-Ribbentrop pact amended pursuant to German-Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty; most of Lithuania falls into the Soviet sphere of influence.
  • September 28, 1939 Estonia accepts Soviet military bases.
  • October 2, 1939 Soviet Union demands mutual assistance pact and establishment of military bases in Latvia.
  • October 5, 1939 Latvia accepts Soviet bases.
  • October 5, 1939 Soviet Union starts negotiations with Finland for bases and territory exchanges.
  • October 10, 1939 Lithuania accepts Soviet bases, Soviet Union transfers Vilnius to Lithuania.
  • October 11, 1939 NKVD issues Order No. 001223 for deportations of anti-Soviet elements from Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania to Russia.
  • October 18, 1939 First Red Army units enter Estonia.
  • November 13, 1939 Finland rejects Soviet demands.
  • November 30, 1939 start of Winter War against Finland.
  • December 1, 1939 Terijoki Government, Soviet puppet government of Finland created in occupied Terijoki border county near Leningrad.
  • January 29, 1940 Soviet Union "forgets" Terijoki government.
  • March 13, 1940 Winter War ends with Moscow Peace Treaty.
  • April 9, 1940 Germany invades Denmark and Norway.
  • June 10, 1940 Germany occupies Norway.
  • June 14, 1940 Paris falls to Germans.
  • June 14, 1940 Soviet air and naval blockade of Estonia starts.
  • June 14, 1940 Soviet air force shoots down Finnish passenger plane "Kaleva" flying from Tallinn to Helsinki.
  • June 14, 1940 Soviet Union gives ultimatum to Lithuania to form a new government and allow free access for Red Army. The president of Lithuania, Antanas Smetona, proposes armed resistance but as he doesn't get support from government or armed forces, he decides to leave the country, so that he could not be used to legalise the occupation.
  • June 15, 1940 Soviet Union occupies Lithuania. President Smetona flees through Germany first to Switzerland then to USA, 1941, where he dies on January 9, 1944, in Cleveland. Prime minister Antanas Merkys following Soviet demands tries to catch Smetona. Vladimir Dekanozov lands in Kaunas to supervise process of annexation of Lithuania.
  • June 15, 1940 at 03:00 Soviet troops storm and capture Latvian border posts Masļenkos (Maslenkis) and Smaiļi.
  • June 16, 1940 Similar ultimatums were given to Estonia and Latvia.
  • June 16, 1940 Prime minister of Lithuania Antanas Merkys removes Antanas Smetona from the post of president and illegally assumes presidency himself.
  • June 17, 1940 Estonia and Latvia gave in to the Soviet demands and are occupied. Prime minister of Lithuania Antanas Merkys assigns Justas Paleckis as new prime minister, resigns and is arrested.
  • June 18, 1940 Sweden and Germany sign treaty allowing transfer of German soldiers from Norway using Swedish territory.
  • June 19, 1940 A demonstration in Vilnius for support of Soviet Army.
  • June 20, 1940 New Latvian government of Moscow-approved ministers is formed.
  • June 21, 1940 New Estonian government containing only left-wing activists is formed. Soviet Union arrange a number of Red Army backed demonstrations in several cities.
  • June 22, 1940 France surrenders to Nazi Germany.
  • July 8, 1940 Sweden and Germany sign treaty allowing transfer of German war material between Norway and ports in Southern Sweden.
  • July 11, 1940, Baltic Military District is created by Soviet Union at Riga, on the territories of theoretically still independent states
  • July 14-July 15, 1940 Elections in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, where non-communist candidates were disqualified, harassed and beaten.
  • July 17, 1940 The acting president of Lithuania, Antanas Merkys, is imprisoned and deported to Saratov, Soviet Union. He dies March 5, 1955.
  • July 21-July 23, 1940 New Estonian assembly transforms Estonia according to Soviet style.
  • July 21, 1940 New Latvian Saeima accepts wide nationalisation and Sovietization decrees.
  • July 22, 1940 The president of Latvia, Kārlis Ulmanis, is arrested and deported to Russia, never returning. He died in a prison in Krasnovodsk on September 20, 1942.
  • July 23, 1940 Heads of Baltic diplomatic missions in London and Washington protest against Soviet occupation and annexation of their countries.
  • July 23, 1940 Sumner Welles' (US Under-Secretary of State) Declaration. United States pursues the policy of non-recognition of annexation of the Baltic States de jure. Most other Western countries maintain similar position until restoration of Baltic states' sovereignty in 1991.
  • July 30, 1940 The president of Estonia, Konstantin Päts, is imprisoned by NKVD and deported to Russia where he dies in the mental hospital of Kalinin on January 18, 1956.
  • August 3, 1940 Soviet Union annexes Lithuania.
  • August 5, 1940 Soviet Union annexes Latvia.
  • August 6, 1940 Soviet Union annexes Estonia.
  • September 6, 1940 Soviet Union gets troop and material transfer rights from Finland between Hanko and Soviet border.
  • September 22, 1940 Germany gets troop and material transfer rights from Finland between northern Norway and ports of Gulf of Bothnia.
  • November 12, 1940 Germany refuses Soviet Union demands for right to handle Finland as they will in negotiations in Berlin.
  • December 16, The Russian SFSR penal code is applied to retroactively in Estonia, applying to acts committed before 21 June 1940.
  • January 10, 1941 Soviet Union and Germany make an agreement for the late resettlement of Baltic Germans from Latvia and Estonia.
  • June 14, 1941 First mass deportations from Estonia (10 000), Latvia (15 000) and Lithuania (18 000) to Siberia.
  • June 15, 1941 The Governor of New York, Herbert Lehman, declares 15 June to be Baltic States Day.
  • June 22, 1941 Operation Barbarossa, Germany invades Soviet Union.
  • 24/25 June, 1941 Rainiai Massacre of Soviet political prisoners in Lithuania
  • June 25, 1941 Continuation War starts between Finland and Soviet Union.
  • June 2, 1941 General mobilisation is announced in the Soviet Union.
  • July 4, 1941 Mass deportations from Estonian islands.
  • July 7, 1941 German forces reach Southern Estonia.
  • July 9, 1941 Soviet authorities leave Tartu after executing 199 political prisoners.
  • July 10, 1941 German forces reach Tartu.
  • July 17, 1941 State Commissariat Ostland formed in Riga, Hinrich Lohse appointed State Commissar.
  • July 21, 1941 Stalin seeks Churchill's de jure recognition of the Soviet Union's new western border, Churchill does not respond.
  • August 14, 1941 Roosevelt and Churchill announce the Atlantic Charter.
  • August 31, 1941 Mainland Baltics now fully occupied by German forces.
  • September 20, 1941 Heinrich Himmler visits Estonia.
  • November 25, 1941 US deputy Secretary of State, Sumner Welles, re-affirms the US policy in regard to non-recognition of Baltic annexation.
  • December 19, 1941 Alfred Rosenberg, the German State Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories, enacts civil labour obligation for all 18 to 45 year old inhabitants of the occupied territories.
  • December, 1941 Within six months of German occupation, 10000 people, including 1000 Estonian Jews, are either imprisoned or executed.
  • January 20, 1942 Heydrich declares at the Wannsee Conference that Estonia is "Judenfrei".
  • February 25, 1942 German law comes into force in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, but are only applied to ethnic Germans.
  • March 16, 1942 Goebbels writes in his diary that the Baltic people are naive to believe that the Germans will allow them to re-establish national governments.
  • March 30, 1942 Himmler proposes plan to Germanise the Eastern Territories including establishing German settlements after the war.
  • May 20, 1942 Molotov visits London, Great Britain refuses to recognise the legality of the new western border of the Soviet Union[118].

[

References

  1. ^ Country Profiles: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania at UK Foreign Office
  2. ^ The World Book Encyclopedia ISBN-10: 0716601036
  3. ^ The History of the Baltic States by Kevin O'Connor ISBN-10: 0313323550
  4. ^ Saburova, Irina (1955). "The Soviet Occupation of the Baltic States". Russian Review 14 (1): 36-49. 
  5. ^ See, for instance, position expressed by European Parliament, which condemned "the fact that the occupation of these formerly independent and neutral States by the Soviet Union occurred in 1940 following the Molotov/Ribbentrop pact, and continues." European Parliament (January 13, 1983). "Resolution on the situation in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania". Official Journal of the European Communities C 42/78. 
  6. ^ "After the German occupation in 1941-44, Estonia remained occupied by the Soviet Union until the restoration of its independence in 1991." KOLK AND KISLYIY v. ESTONIA, [1] (European Court of Human Rights 17 January 2006).
  7. ^ The Soviet occupation and incorporation at Encyclopædia Britannica
  8. ^ http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-37264/Baltic-states Baltic states, WWII losses] at Encyclopædia Britannica
  9. ^ The Forty-Third Session of the UN Sub-Commission at Google Scholar
  10. ^ Baltic Military District globalsecurity.org
  11. ^ Baltic League, TIME Magazine, June 02, 1924
  12. ^ No Philosophical Abstractions, TIME Magazine, April 16, 1934
  13. ^ Moscow's Week at Time Magazine on Monday, Oct. 09, 1939
  14. ^ The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania by David J. Smith, Page 24, ISBN 0415285801
  15. ^ The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania by David J. Smith, Page 24, ISBN-10: 0415285801
  16. ^ Tannberg. Tarvel. Documents on the Soviet Military Occupation of Estonia, Trames, 2006.
  17. ^ Maltjukhov, Mikhail. The missed opportunity of Stalin. The Soviet Union and the fight for Europe: 1939-1941 (documents, facts, judgements). 2002, Moscow.
  18. ^ Baltic states :: Soviet occupation - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  19. ^ Minus a Member at Time magazine on Monday, Dec. 25, 1939
  20. ^ (Finnish) Pavel Petrov at Finnish Defence Forces home page
  21. ^ (Russian) documents published from the State Archive of the Russian Navy
  22. ^ The Last Flight from Tallinn at American Foreign Service Association
  23. ^ a b Five Years of Dates at Time magazine on Monday, Jun. 24, 1940
  24. ^ The Occupation of Latvia at Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia
  25. ^ For Lithuania see, for instance, Thomas Remeikis (1975). "The decision of the Lithuanian government to accept the Soviet ultimatum of June 14, 1940". LITUANUS, Lithuanian Quarterly journal of Arts and Sciences 21 (No.4 - Winter 1975). 
  26. ^ see report of Latvian Chargé d'affaires, Fricis Kociņš, regarding the talks with Soviet Foreign Commissar Molotov in I.Grava-Kreituse, I.Feldmanis, J.Goldmanis, A.Stranga. (1995). Latvijas okupācija un aneksija 1939-1940: Dokumenti un materiāli. (The Occupation and Annexation of Latvia: 1939-1940. Documents and Materials.) (in latvian), 348-350. 
  27. ^ for Estonia see, for instance, Tanel Kerikmäe, Hannes Vallikivi (2000). "State Continuity in the Light of Estonian Treaties Concluded before World War II". Juridica International (I 2000): 30-39. 
  28. ^ The World Book Encyclopedia ISBN-10: 0716601036
  29. ^ nearly 650,000 according to Kenneth Christie, Robert Cribb (2002). Historical Injustice and Democratic Transition in Eastern Asia and Northern Europe: Ghosts at the Table of Democracy. RoutledgeCurzon, 83. ISBN 0700715991. 
  30. ^ a b c d e Stephane Courtois; Werth, Nicolas; Panne, Jean-Louis; Paczkowski, Andrzej; Bartosek, Karel; Margolin, Jean-Louis & Kramer, Mark (1999). The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-07608-7.
  31. ^ The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania p.19 ISBN-10: 0415285801
  32. ^ Estonia: Identity and Independence by Jean-Jacques Subrenat, David Cousins, Alexander Harding, Richard C. Waterhouse ISBN-10: 9042008903
  33. ^ (Estonian)51 years from the Raua Street Battle at Estonian Defence Forces Home Page
  34. ^ in addition to the envoys accredited in Baltic countries, Soviet government sent the following special emissaries: to Lithuania: Deputy Commissar of Foreign Affairs Dekanozov; to Latvia: Vishinski, the representative of the Council of Ministers; to Estonia: Regional Party Leader of Leningrad Zhdanov. Analytical list of documents, V. Friction in the Baltic States and Balkans, June 4-September 21, 1940 (html). Telegram of German Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Schulenburg) to the German Foreign Office. Retrieved on 2007-03-03.
  35. ^ a b Attitudes of the Major Soviet Nationalities, Center for International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1973
  36. ^ Mangulis, Visvaldis (1983). "VIII. September 1939 to June 1941", Latvia in the Wars of the 20th Century. Princeton Junction: Cognition Books. ISBN 0912881003. 
  37. ^ a b Švābe, Arvīds. The Story of Latvia. Latvian National Foundation. Stockholm. 1949.
  38. ^ Justice in The Balticat Time magazine on Monday, Aug. 19, 1940
  39. ^ Dunsdorfs, Edgars. The Baltic Dilemma. Speller & Sons, New York. 1975
  40. ^ Küng, Andres. Communism and Crimes against Humanity in the Baltic States. 1999 [2]
  41. ^ The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine (1986)
  42. ^ see, for instance, Concurrent Resolution of the House and Senate: H. CON. RES. 128 (July 25, 2005). Retrieved on 2006-12-09. “[e]xpressing the sense of Congress that the Government of the Russian Federation should issue a clear and unambiguous statement of admission and condemnation of the illegal occupation and annexation by the Soviet Union from 1940 to 1991 of the Baltic countries of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.”
  43. ^ Then acting U.S. Secretary of State, Sumner Wells described Soviet activities in the Baltic states as: "the devious process whereunder the political independence and territorial integrity of the three small Baltic republics - Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania - were to be deliberately annihilated by one of their more powerful neighbors."
  44. ^ Dehousse, Renaud (1993). "The International Practice of the European Communities: Current Survey". European Journal of International Law 4 (1): 141. 
  45. ^ European Parliament (January 13, 1983). "Resolution on the situation in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania". Official Journal of the European Communities C 42/78.  "whereas the Soviet annexations of the three Baltic States still has not been formally recognized by most European States and the USA, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and the Vatican still adhere to the concept of the Baltic States".
  46. ^ Van Elsuwege, P. (2003). "State Continuity and its Consequences: The Case of the Baltic States". Leiden Journal of International Law 16: 377-388. 
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  53. ^ The Virtual Jewish History Tour - Estonia
  54. ^ Estonian International Commission for Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity
  55. ^ According to the most recent figures from the Latvian State Archives, 1,771 Latvian Jews were deported by the Soviets in June 1941, out of a total 15,424 deportees. Thus Jews made up 11% of the deportees at a time when their share of the total population of Latvia was only around 5%. See: Pelkaus, Elmārs (ed.) (2001). Aizvestie: 1941. gada 14. jūnijā (in Latvian, English, and Russian). Rīga: Latvijas Valsts arhīvs; Nordik. ISBN 9984675556. OCLC 52264782. 
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  58. ^ Nuremberg Document L-180, relevant excerpts from www.nizkor.org
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  60. ^ Cf the Jäger Report of 1 December 1941
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  66. ^ Д. Муриев, Описание подготовки и проведения балтийской операции 1944 года, Военно-исторический журнал, сентябрь 1984. Translation available, D. Muriyev, Preparations, Conduct of 1944 Baltic Operation Described, Military History Journal (USSR Report, Military affairs), 1984-9, pp. 22-28
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  68. ^ Nordic Contacts 1991-1998 retrieved January 25, 2008
  69. ^ Sweden to repay two nations gold deposits, American Metal Market, July 2, 1992
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  74. ^ a b U.S.-Baltic Relations: Celebrating 85 Years of Friendship at state.gov
  75. ^ The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania By David J. Smith; Page 138
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  77. ^ Gannon, Robert. The Cardinal Spellman Story. Doubleday, New York. 1962. pp. 222-223
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  81. ^ Union of Soviet Socialist Republics :: Foreign policy - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  82. ^ Interview with Gerald Ford, August 4, 1997—"You have to recognize that the terms of that agreement said those boundaries have to be maintained peacefully. In other words, the Helsinki accords ruled out military action to change those borders. Now as long as those borders were re-defined peacefully, that was okay under the Helsinki Accords. Well what happened when you had the human rights provisions, and the dissidents rose up against their dictators, they changed those borders the Baltic nations and even Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary, they took advantage of the human rights provision, to re-define what the borders meant."
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  90. ^ Russia denies Baltic 'occupation' by BBC News
  91. ^ Bush denounces Soviet domination by BBC News
  92. ^ Russia denies at newsfromrussia
  93. ^ the term "occupation" inapplicable at newsfromrussia
  94. ^ A Do-Over for Russian History? at the Wall Street Journal.
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  98. ^ http://web.ku.edu/~eceurope/communistnationssince1917/ch2.html at University of Kansas, retrieved January 23, 2008
  99. ^ League of Nations Treaty Series, Vol. XI, pp. 29-71.
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  111. ^ Aggression Defined at Time Magazine the Convention for the Definition of Aggression.
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  116. ^ Embassy of the U.S.S.R., Soviet War Documents (Washington, D.C.: 1943), p. 17 as quoted in Karski, Jan. The Great Powers and Poland, 1919-1945, 1985, on 418
  117. ^ Foreign Relations of the United States, The Conference at Malta and Yalta, Washington, 1955, p. 977.
  118. ^ Michael L. Dockrill, B. J. C. McKercher, Diplomacy and World Power: Studies in British Foreign Policy, 1890-1950, Cambridge University Press 1996, p226

[

See also

[

Further reading

v • d • e
World War II

Western Europe · Eastern Europe · Africa · Mediterranean · Asia and the Pacific · Atlantic

Major participants

Timeline

Aspects
To 1945 unless otherwise indicated.
Principal co-belligerents in italics.

Prelude
• Causes
• in Asia
• in Europe
Allies Axis

at war from 1937
Flag of the Republic of China China

entered 1940
Flag of Norway Norway
Flag of Belgium Belgium
Flag of the Netherlands Netherlands
Flag of Greece Greece

entered 1941
Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia
Flag of the Soviet Union USSR
Flag of the United States USA

entered 1942
Flag of Mexico Mexico
Flag of Brazil Brazil

entered 1943
Flag of Italy Italy  

entered 1944
Flag of Romania Romania
 Bulgaria
Flag of Finland Finland

• others

at war from 1937
Flag of the Empire of Japan Japan

entered 1939
Flag of Nazi Germany Germany
Flag of Slovakia Slovakia

entered 1940
Flag of Italy Italy  to 1943

entered 1941
Flag of Bulgaria Bulgaria  to 1944
Flag of Croatia Croatia
Flag of Finland Finland  to 1944
Flag of Hungary Hungary
Flag of Iraq Iraq  to 1941
Flag of Romania Romania  to 1944

entered 1942
Flag of Thailand Thailand

entered 1943
Flag of Italy RSI

• others

• Allied Leaders
• Axis Leaders
• Commanders
Resistance movements
Lists

Category · Topics
Conferences

1 Anti-Soviet.
2 Anti-Soviet and anti-Nazi.
3 Anti-Nazi, anti-Polish, and anti-Soviet.
4 Anti-Magyar, anti-Nazi, and anti-Soviet.
5 Lasted to May 1945.
 World War II at Wiktionary  WWII textbooks at Wikibooks      WWII quotes at Wikiquote
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v • d • e
Soviet occupations
In Europe
Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina • Bornholm • Baltic states (incl. Latvia) • Czechoslovakia • Finland • Hungary • Poland • Romania
In Asia
With Allies



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