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Observable universe



One way to calculate the mass of the visible matter which makes up the observable universe is to assume a mean solar mass and to multiply that by an estimate of the number of stars in the observable universe. The estimate of the number of stars in the universe is in turn derived from the volume of the observable universe (\frac{4}{3} \pi {S_\textrm{horizon}}^3 = 9 \times 10^{30}\ \textrm{ly}^3) and a stellar density calculated from observations by the Hubble Space Telescope (\frac{5 \times 10^{21}\ \textrm{stars}}{4 \times 10^{30} \ \textrm{ly}^3} = 10^{-9} \ \textrm{stars}/\textrm{ly}^3) yielding an estimate of the number of stars in the observable universe of 9 \times 10^{21} \ \textrm{stars} (9 Billion Trillion stars). Assuming the mass of Sol (2 \times 10^{30}\ \textrm{kg}) as the mean solar mass (on the basis that the large population of dwarf stars balances out the population of stars whose mass is greater than Sol) and rounding the estimate of the number of stars up to 10^{22}\ \textrm{stars} yields a total mass for all the stars in the observable universe as 3 \times 10^{52}\ \textrm{kg}.[19] However, as noted in the "matter content" section, the WMAP results in combination with the Lambda-CDM model predict that less than 5% of the total mass of the observable universe is made up of visible matter such as stars, the rest being made up of dark matter and dark energy.

Hoyle calculates the mass of an observable steady-state universe using the formula \frac{4}{3}\cdot \pi \cdot \rho \cdot (\frac{c}{H})^3, or \frac{c^3}{2GH}.[20]

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References

  1. ^ "Large Scale Structure in the Local Universe: The 2MASS Galaxy Catalog", Jarrett, T.H. 2004, PASA, 21, 396
  2. ^ a b Neil J. Cornish, David N. Spergel, Glenn D. Starkman, and Eiichiro Komatsu, Constraining the Topology of the Universe. Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 201302 (2004). astro-ph/0310233
  3. ^ "billion" means thousand million in this article rather than million million
  4. ^ Lineweaver, Charles; Tamara M. Davis (2005). Misconceptions about the Big Bang. Scientific American. Retrieved on 2007-03-05.
  5. ^ Ned Wright, "Why the Light Travel Time Distance should not be used in Press Releases".
  6. ^ SPACE.com - Universe Might be Bigger and Older than Expected
  7. ^ Big bang pushed back two billion years - space - 04 August 2006 - New Scientist Space
  8. ^ 2 billion years added to age of universe
  9. ^ Edward L. Wright, "An Older but Larger Universe?".
  10. ^ Bob Gardner's "Topology, Cosmology and Shape of Space" Talk, Section 7
  11. ^ SPACE.com - Universe Measured: We're 156 Billion Light-years Wide!
  12. ^ New study super-sizes the universe - Space.com - MSNBC.com
  13. ^ BBC NEWS | Science/Nature | Astronomers size up the Universe
  14. ^ "Astronomers count the stars", BBC News, July 22, 2003. Retrieved on 2006-07-18. 
  15. ^ How many galaxies in the Universe? says "the Hubble telescope is capable of detecting about 80 billion galaxies (although not all of these within the foreseeable future!). In fact, there must be many more than this, even within the observable Universe, since the most common kind of galaxy in our own neighborhood is the faint dwarfs which are difficult enough to see nearby, much less at large cosmological distances."
  16. ^ a b WMAP- Content of the Universe
  17. ^ Matthew Champion, "Re: How many atoms make up the universe?", 1998
  18. ^ McPherson, Kristine (2006). Mass of the Universe. The Physics Factbook.
  19. ^ . "On the expansion of the universe" (PDF). . NASA Glenn Research Centre
  20. ^ Helge Kragh (1999-02-22). Cosmology and Controversy: The Historical Development of Two Theories of the Universe. Princeton University Press, 212. ISBN 0-691-00546-X. 
v • d • e
Earth's location in space
Earth → Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Observable universe → Universe
Each arrow should be read as "within" or "part of".



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