Finance          Automotive          Computers          Health          Shopping          Sports         News          Reference           Print Facts in English - BCUZ.COMlos hechos en Español

Natural selection



In 1922, Alfred Lotka proposed that natural selection might be understood as a physical principle which could be energetically quantified,[55] a concept that was later developed by Howard Odum as the maximum power principle whereby evolutionary systems with selective advantage maximise the rate of useful energy transformation. Such concepts are sometimes relevant in the study of applied thermodynamics.

The principles of natural selection have inspired a variety of computational techniques, such as "soft" artificial life, that simulate selective processes and can be highly efficient in 'adapting' entities to an environment defined by a specified fitness function.[56] For example, a class of heuristic optimization algorithms known as genetic algorithms, pioneered by John Holland in the 1970s and expanded upon by David Goldberg,[57] identify optimal solutions by simulated reproduction and mutation of a population of solutions defined by an initial probability distribution.[58] Such algorithms are particularly useful when applied to problems whose solution landscape is very rough or has many local minima.

[

See also

[

References

  1. ^ a b Darwin C (1859) On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life John Murray, London; modern reprint Charles Darwin, Julian Huxley (2003). The Origin of Species. Signet Classics. ISBN 0-451-52906-5.  Published online at The complete work of Charles Darwin online: On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life.
  2. ^ Falconer DS & Mackay TFC (1996) Introduction to Quantitative Genetics Addison Wesley Longman, Harlow, Essex, UK ISBN 0-582-24302-5
  3. ^ a b Fisher RA (1930) The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection Clarendon Press, Oxford
  4. ^ Works employing or describing this usage:
    Endler JA (1986). Natural Selection in the Wild. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00057-3. 
    Williams GC (1966). Adaptation and Natural Selection. Oxford University Press. 
  5. ^ Works employing or describing this usage:
    Lande R & Arnold SJ (1983) The measurement of selection on correlated characters. Evolution 37:1210-26
    Futuyma DJ (2005) Evolution. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Massachusetts. ISBN 0-87893-187-2
    Haldane, J.B.S. 1953. The measurement of natural selection. Proceedings of the 9th International Congress of Genetics. 1: 480-487
  6. ^ Sober E (1984; 1993) The Nature of Selection: Evolutionary Theory in Philosophical Focus University of Chicago Press ISBN 0-226-76748-5
  7. ^ Modified from Christiansen FB (1984) The definition and measurement of fitness. In: Evolutionary ecology (ed. Shorrocks B) pp65-79. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford by adding survival selection in the reproductive phase
  8. ^ Pitnick S & Markow TA (1994) Large-male advantage associated with the costs of sperm production in Drosophila hydei, a species with giant sperm. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:9277-81; Pitnick S (1996) Investment in testes and the cost of making long sperm in Drosophila. Am Nat 148:57-80
  9. ^ Andersson, M (1995). Sexual Selection. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00057-3. 
  10. ^ Eens M, Pinxten R. (2000). Sex-role reversal in vertebrates: behavioural and endocrinological accounts. Behav Processes 51(1-3):135-147. PMID 11074317
  11. ^ Barlow GW. (2005). How Do We Decide that a Species is Sex-Role Reversed? The Quarterly Review of Biology 80(1):28–35. PMID 15884733
  12. ^ MRSA Superbug News. Retrieved on 2006-05-06.
  13. ^ Schito GC (2006). "The importance of the development of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus". Clin Microbiol Infect 12 Suppl 1: 3–8. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01343.x. PMID 16445718.  [1]
  14. ^ Lucy A, Guo H, Li W, Ding S (2000). "Suppression of post-transcriptional gene silencing by a plant viral protein localized in the nucleus". EMBO J 19 (7): 1672–80. PMID 10747034.
  15. ^ a b Rice SH. (2004). Evolutionary Theory: Mathematical and Conceptual Foundations. Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA. ISBN 0-87893-702-1 See esp. ch. 5 and 6 for a quantitative treatment.
  16. ^ Hamilton WD. (1964). The genetical evolution of social behaviour I and II. Journal of Theoretical Biology 7: 1-16 and 17-52. PMID 5875341 PMID 5875340
  17. ^ Trivers RL. (1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Q Rev Biol 46: 35-57.
  18. ^ He L, Hannon GJ. (2004). MicroRNAs: small RNAs with a big role in gene regulation. Nat Rev Genet 5(7):522-31. PMID 15211354
  19. ^ a b Kryukov GV, Schmidt S & Sunyaev S (2005) Small fitness effect of mutations in highly conserved non-coding regions. Human Molecular Genetics 14:2221-9
  20. ^ a b Bejerano G, Pheasant M, Makunin I, Stephen S, Kent WJ, Mattick JS & Haussler D (2004) Ultraconserved elements in the human genome. Science 304:1321-5
  21. ^ Eyre-Walker A, Woolfit M, Phelps T. (2006). The distribution of fitness effects of new deleterious amino acid mutations in humans. Genetics 173(2):891-900. PMID 16547091
  22. ^ Galis F (1999) Why do almost all mammals have seven cervical vertebrae? developmental constraints, Hox genes, and cancer. J Exp Zool 285:19-26
  23. ^ Zakany J, FromentalRamain C, Warot X & Duboule D (1997) Regulation of number and size of digits by posterior Hox genes: a dose-dependent mechanism with potential evolutionary implications. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:13695-700
  24. ^ Sanyal S, Jansen HG, de Grip WJ, Nevo E, de Jong WW. (1990). The eye of the blind mole rat, Spalax ehrenbergi. Rudiment with hidden function? Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1990 31(7):1398-404. PMID 2142147
  25. ^ Salzburger W, Baric S, Sturmbauer C. (2002). Speciation via introgressive hybridization in East African cichlids? Mol Ecol 11(3): 619–625. PMID 11918795
  26. ^ Empedocles, On Nature, vol. Book II 
  27. ^ Lucretius, De rerum natura, vol. Book V 
  28. ^ Aristotle, Physics, vol. Book II, Chapters 4 and 8 
  29. ^ Conway Zirkle (1941). Natural Selection before the "Origin of Species", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 84 (1), p. 71-123.
  30. ^ Mehmet Bayrakdar (Third Quarter, 1983). "Al-Jahiz And the Rise of Biological Evolutionism", The Islamic Quarterly. London.
  31. ^ Maupertuis, Pierre Louis (1748). "Derivation of the laws of motion and equilibrium from a metaphysical principle (Original French text)". Histoire de l'academie des sciences et belle lettres de Berlin 1746: 267–294. 
  32. ^ Chevalier de Lamarck J-B, de Monet PA (1809) Philosophie Zoologique
  33. ^ Joravsky D. (1959). Soviet Marxism and Biology before Lysenko. Journal of the History of Ideas 20(1):85-104.
  34. ^ Origin of Species, Chapter 3, page 61
  35. ^ Origin of Species, Chapter 3, page 62
  36. ^ Orrell, David (2007) Apollo's Arrow Toronto: HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. [2]
  37. ^ Wallace, Alfred Russel (1870) Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection New York: Macmillan & Co. [3]
  38. ^ Origin of Species, Introduction, page 6
  39. ^ Eisley L. (1958). Darwin's Century: Evolution and the Men Who Discovered It. Doubleday & Co: New York, USA.
  40. ^ Kuhn TS. [1962] (1996). The Structure of Scientific Revolution 3rd ed. University of Chicago Press: Chicago, Illinois, USA. ISBN 0-226-45808-3
  41. ^ Mills SK, Beatty JH. [1979] (1994). The Propensity Interpretation of Fitness. Originally in Philosophy of Science (1979) 46: 263-286; republished in Conceptual Issues in Evolutionary Biology 2nd ed. Elliott Sober, ed. MIT Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. pp3-23. ISBN 0-262-69162-0.
  42. ^ Darwin Correspondence Online Database: Darwin, C. R. to Lyell, Charles, 28 September 1860. Retrieved on 2006-05-10.
  43. ^ Haldane JBS (1932) The Causes of Evolution; Haldane JBS (1957) The cost of natural selection. J Genet 55:511-24([4].
  44. ^ Wright S (1932) The roles of mutation, inbreeding, crossbreeding and selection in evolution Proc 6th Int Cong Genet 1:356–66
  45. ^ Dobzhansky Th (1937) Genetics and the Origin of Species Columbia University Press, New York. (2nd ed., 1941; 3rd edn., 1951)
  46. ^ Mayr E (1942) Systematics and the Origin of Species Columbia University Press, New York. ISBN 0-674-86250-3
  47. ^ The New York Review of Books: Darwinian Fundamentalism (accessed May 6, 2006)
  48. ^ Engels F (1873-86) Dialectics of Nature 3d ed. Moscow: Progress, 1964 [5]
  49. ^ Quoted in translation in Eisenberg L (2005) Which image for Lorenz? Am J Psychiatry 162:1760 [6]
  50. ^ e.g. Wilson, DS (2002) Darwin's Cathedral: Evolution, Religion, and the Nature of Society. University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-90134-3
  51. ^ Pinker S. [1994] (1995). The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language. HarperCollins: New York, NY, USA. ISBN 0-06-097651-9
  52. ^ Dawkins R. [1976] (1989). The Selfish Gene. Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA, p.192. ISBN 0-19-286092-5
  53. ^ Dennett DC. (1991). Consciousness Explained. Little, Brown, and Co: New York, NY, USA. ISBN 0-316-18066-1
  54. ^ For example, see Rose H, Rose SPR, Jencks C. (2000). Alas, Poor Darwin: Arguments Against Evolutionary Psychology. Harmony Books. ISBN 0609605135
  55. ^ Lotka AJ (1922a) Contribution to the energetics of evolution [PDF] Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 8:147–51
    Lotka AJ (1922b) Natural selection as a physical principle [PDF] Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 8:151–4
  56. ^ Kauffman SA (1993) The Origin of order. Self-organization and selection in evolution. New York: Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-507951-5
  57. ^ Goldberg DE. (1989). Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization and Machine Learning. Addison-Wesley: Boston, MA, USA
  58. ^ Mitchell, Melanie, (1996), An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

[

Further reading

  • Historical
    • Zirkle C (1941). Natural Selection before the "Origin of Species", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 84 (1), p. 71-123.
    • Kohm M (2004) A Reason for Everything: Natural Selection and the English Imagination. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-22392-3. For review, see [8] van Wyhe J (2005) Human Nature Review 5:1-4

[

External links

v • d • e
Basic topics in evolutionary biology
Evidence of common descent
Processes of evolution
Population genetic mechanisms
Natural selection · Genetic drift · Gene flow · Mutation
Evolutionary developmental
biology (Evo-devo) concepts
The evolution of...
Modes of speciation
History
Other subfields
List of evolutionary biology topics · Timeline of evolution
v • d • e
Topics in population genetics
Key concepts
Selection
Natural · Sexual · Artificial · Ecological
Effects of selection
on genomic variation
Genetic drift
Founders
Related topics
List of evolutionary biology topics



BCUZ.com FACTS Encyclopedia content is licensed under the GFDL as approved by Wikipedia.
For more information review our copyright contact and privacy policy.
© 1996 - BCUZ.COM - We have all the FACTS you need about Small Business Financing, Behavior Disorder, Having Too Many Bills, Needing Cash Fast, Structured Settlements, Frequent Flier Programs, Top Steak Houses, The Mayan Indians, Norfolk and Suffolk England, Growing Longer Hair and a full reference English Encyclopedia and Spanish Encyclopedia.Privacy Policy