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Napoleon I of France



Further information: Military strategy, Napoleonic weaponry and warfare, and Marshal of France

Napoleon's biggest influence in the military sphere was in the conduct of warfare. Weapons and technology remained largely static through the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras, but 18th century operational strategy underwent massive restructuring. Sieges became infrequent to the point of near-irrelevance, and a new emphasis towards the destruction, not just outmaneuvering, of enemy armies emerged. Invasions of enemy territory occurred over broader fronts, therefore introducing strategic opportunities which made wars costlier and, just as importantly, more decisive - this strategy has since become known as Napoleonic warfare, though he did not give it this name. Defeat for a European power now meant much more than losing isolated enclaves; near-Carthaginian peaces intertwined whole national efforts – sociopolitical, economic, and militaristic – into gargantuan collisions that severely upset international conventions. In fact, Napoleon's initial success may have sowed the seeds for his downfall; not used to such catastrophic defeats in the rigid power system of 18th century Europe, nations found life under the French yoke intolerable, sparking revolts, wars, and general instability that plagued the continent until 1815.

He is credited with introducing the concept of the modern professional conscript army to Europe, an innovation which other states followed. He did not introduce many new concepts into the French military system, borrowing mostly from previous theorists and the implementations of preceding French governments, but he did expand or develop much of what was already in place. Corps replaced divisions as the largest army units, artillery was integrated into reserve batteries, the staff system became more fluid, and cavalry once again became a crucial formation in French military doctrine.

Historians place the generalship of Napoleon as one of the greatest military strategists who ever lived, along with Alexander and Caesar. Wellington, when asked who was the greatest general of the day, answered: "In this age, in past ages, in any age, Napoleon."[115]

Notes and references

  1. ^ a b William Milligan Sloane. The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte pp. 35–9. Project Gutenberg. Retrieved on 2008-06-05.
  2. ^ Spelled on his death certificate Lapulion according to Jacques Godechot in Jean Mistler's Napoleon tome 1. Naissance d'un empire (Birth of an empire) pp. 29
  3. ^ Durant, Will and Durant, Ariel (1975). "The Story of Civilisation: Part XI", The Age of Napoleon. New York: Simon and Schuster, 91. ISBN 0-671-21988-X. 
  4. ^ Rocca (1996). Il piccolo caporale. Mondadori.  See also: Mazzucchelli (1930). Napoleone III. Il Corbaccio.  and Merezkovskij (1988). Nepoleon. Archivio Nazionale di Stato di Modena. 
  5. ^ Cronin, Vincent (1994). Napoleon. London: HarperCollins, pp. 20–21;. ISBN 0-00-637521-9.  See also: McLynn, Frank (1998). Napoleon: A Biography. London: Pimlico, p. 8. ISBN 0-7126-6247-2. 
  6. ^ Cathedral - Ajaccio. La Fondation Napoleon. Retrieved on 2008-05-31.
  7. ^ (McLynn 1998, p.18)
  8. ^ Napoleon Bonaparte 1769-1821 AD Emperor of the French - Conqueror of Europe. hyperhistory. Retrieved on 2008-05-29. At Brienne, Bonaparte first met the Champagne maker Jean-Remy Moët. The friendship of these two men would have lasting impact on the history of the Champagne region and on the beverage itself. D. & P. Kladstrup. Champagne. HarperCollins, pp. 61–68. ISBN 0060737921. 
  9. ^ Touring: Ecole Militaire. Napoleonic Guide. Retrieved on 2008-05-30.
  10. ^ Asprey, Robert (2000). The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. New York: Basic Books, pp.13. ISBN 0465048811.  Though reported to have 'a thorough knowledge' of maths at the Ecole, there does not seem to be any direct evidence supporting a connection with him and Napoleon's theorem. Napoleon's Theorem. MathPages. Retrieved on 2008-06-02.
  11. ^ (McLynn 1998, p.31)
  12. ^ Schom, Alan (1998). Napoleon Bonaparte: A Life. Perennial, pp. 11–12. ISBN 0-06-092958-8. 
  13. ^ (Schom 1998, p.16)
  14. ^ (Schom 1998, pp.22–23)
  15. ^ (Schom 1998, p.25)
  16. ^ Clary. Histoire et Figurine. Retrieved on 2008-05-28.
  17. ^ a b The 13 Vendémiaire, Republican Coronation Of Napoleon. International Napoleonic Society. Retrieved on 2008-05-28.
  18. ^ It was claimed he later boasted he had cleared the streets with "a whiff of grapeshot", though this quotation actually came from Thomas Carlyle (1837). The French Revolution: A History (in English). London: Chapman & Hall. 
  19. ^ Memoirs of The Empress Josephine. Merrill and Baker. Retrieved on 2008-05-28.
  20. ^ Bonaparte's blitzkrieg in Italy. Napoleon, His Army and Enemies. Retrieved on 2008-05-27.
  21. ^ Treaty of Campo Formio. The Napoleon Series. Retrieved on 2008-05-28.
  22. ^ Napoleon's Maxims on the Art of Waging War. The New York Times (1915-09-05). Retrieved on 2008-05-30.
  23. ^ Horne, Alistair. "1", The Age of Napoleon, Trade Paperback, Modern Library. ISBN 0-8129-7555-3. Retrieved on 2008-06-04. 
  24. ^ De Bourrienne, Louis. "V", Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte 2. Full Books. Retrieved on 2008-06-04. 
  25. ^ The Journal de Bonaparte et des Hommes Vertuex. Columbia University Press. Retrieved on 2008-06-14.
  26. ^ (Schom 1998, pp.69–70)
  27. ^ (Schom 1998, p.87)
  28. ^ (Schom 1998, pp.72–73)
  29. ^ a b Ken Alder: The Measure of All Things - The Seven-Year Odyssey and Hidden Error That Transformed the World (The Free Press; New York, London, Toronto, Sydney, Singapore; 2002; ISBN 0-7432-1675-X)
  30. ^ Youssef, Ahmed (1998). The Fascination of Egypt: From the Dream to the Project. Paris: Harmattan. Retrieved on 2008-06-07. 
  31. ^ Cole, Juan. Napoleon's Egypt: Invading the Middle East. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1403964319. Retrieved on 2008-06-07. 
  32. ^ In a letter to Sheikh El-Messiri, (28 August 1798), Napoleon stated, "I hope the time is not far off when I shall be able to unite all the wise and educated men of all the countries and establish a uniform regime based on the principles of the Quran which alone are true and which alone can lead men to happiness." Letter published in (1861) in Henri Plon: Correspondance Napoleon, p. 420. 
  33. ^ Smith, Digby (1998). The Greenhill Napoleonic Wars Data Book. Greenhill Books, pp. 140. 
  34. ^ (Schom 1998, pp.139–144)
  35. ^ a b Insects, Disease, and Military History: The Napoleonic Campaigns and Historical Perception. American Entomologist. Retrieved on 2008-05-28.
  36. ^ Herold, J.C. (1962). Bonaparte in Egypt. New York: Harper & Row. 
  37. ^ (Schom 1998, pp.176–179)
  38. ^ (Schom 1998, pp.186–188)
  39. ^ (Schom 1998, p.194)
  40. ^ Constitution du 16 thermidor an X. Constitutional council. Retrieved on 2008-05-30. Article 1.- Le Peuple français nomme, et le Sénat proclame Napoleon Bonaparte Premier consul à vie. Translation: The French people name, and the Senate proclaims Napoleon Bonaparte First Consul for life.
  41. ^ "A Civil Law to Common Law Dictionary" (1994). Louisiana Law Review 54. KinsellaLaw.com. 
  42. ^ Code d'instruction criminelle de 1808 (Code of Criminal Instruction 1808). Le droit criminel. Retrieved on 2008-05-30.
  43. ^ Chandler, D. G. (2002). Napoleon. Leo Cooper, p. 51. ISBN 0-85052-750-3. 
  44. ^ Slave Revolt in St. Domingue. MacroHistory and World Report. Retrieved on 2008-05-28.
  45. ^ A 2005 book, The Crime of Napoleon advances the thesis that the French used gas chambers.
  46. ^ The Louisiana Purchase. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved on 2008-05-28.
  47. ^ Napoleon faced several Royalist and Jacobin plots - or alleged plots - during his life including the Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise (also known as 'The Infernal Machine') and the 'Conspiration des poignards' (Daggers Conspiracy) of 10 October 1800. Holmberg, Tom; Max Sewell (2005). The Infernal Machine. Research subjects: miscellaneous. www.napoleon-series.org. Retrieved on 2006-03-23.
  48. ^ Gay, Peter; Robert Kiefer Webb (1973). Modern Europe to 1815. Harper & Row, pp. 512. 
  49. ^ Claims he seized the crown out of the hands of Pope Pius VII during the ceremony - to avoid subjecting himself to the authority of the pontiff - are apocryphal; the coronation procedure had been agreed in advance.
  50. ^ The great victories; occupation of Rome; imprisonment of Pius VII (1805-09). Catholic Encylopedia. Retrieved on 2008-05-31.
  51. ^ O'Meara's account of Napoleon on the invasion of the England. Napoleon.org. Retrieved on 2008-05-29.
  52. ^ Battle of Austerlitz. TheFreeDictionary. Retrieved on 2008-05-28.
  53. ^ Prussian Army of the Napoleonic Wars. Napoleon, His Army and Enemies. Retrieved on 2008-06-01.
  54. ^ Hecksher, Eli (1922). The Continental System: An Economic Interpretation, English, Clarendon Press. 
  55. ^ Napoleon’s Total War. Weider History Group. Retrieved on 2008-05-28.
  56. ^ See also: Napoleonic medal
  57. ^ The British Expeditionary Force to Walcheren: 1809. The Napoleon Series. Retrieved on 2008-05-28.
  58. ^ Riehn, Richard. 1812 Napoleon's Russian Campaign. Wiley, pp. 81. ISBN 0-471-54302-0. 
  59. ^ (2006) History of the Expedition to Russia. Project Gutenberg. 
  60. ^ Napoleon crosses the Nieman river into Russia. University of Texas. Retrieved on 2008-05-28.
  61. ^ George Nafziger, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia (1984) ISBN 0-88254-681-3 See also: George Nafziger, "Rear services and foraging in the 1812 campaign: Reasons of Napoleon's defeat" (Russian translation online)
  62. ^ See Borodino article for comparisons to the Battle of the Somme.
  63. ^ (1945) "VI 'The Fire'", With Napoleon in Russia, The Memoirs of General Coulaincourt. William Morrow and Co, pp. 109–107. 
  64. ^ Markham, Felix. Napoleon. Mentor, pp. 190 and 199. 
  65. ^ Zamoyski, Adam (2004). Moscow 1812: Napoleon's Fatal March. HarperCollins, pp. 537. ISBN 0-00-712375-2. 
  66. ^ Bogdanovich, Michael. History of Patriotic War 1812, pp. 492–503. 
  67. ^ Fighting the Russians in Winter: Three Case Studies. US Army Command and General Staff College. Retrieved on 2006-03-31.
  68. ^ Tarbell, Ida. "Chapter XX Campaign Of 1813 - Campaign Of 1814 - Abdication", A Short Life of Napoleon. Kessinger Publishing. Retrieved on 2008-06-08. 
  69. ^ Battle of Dresden. Napoleon, His Army and Enemies. Retrieved on 2008-05-30.
  70. ^ Battle of Leipzig ('The Battle of Nations'), 16-18 October 1813. HistoryOfWar.org. Retrieved on 2008-05-30.
  71. ^ Rothenberg, Gunther (1978). The Art of Warfare in the Age of Napoleon. Indiana University Press, p. 57. Retrieved on 2008-06-08. 
  72. ^ Fremont-Barnes, Gregory; Todd Fisher (2004). The Napoleonic Wars: The Rise and Fall of an Empire. Osprey, p. 14. Retrieved on 2008-06-08. 
  73. ^ (Schom 1998, p. 702)
  74. ^ Meg Jones (1995-05-23). Elba: Why did Napoleon ever leave this island paradise. Milwaukee Sentinel. Retrieved on 2008-05-28.
  75. ^ Napoleon Returns. The Travelling Historian. Retrieved on 2008-06-04.
  76. ^ Barbero, Alessandro. The Battle : A New History Of Waterloo. St Martins Pr, pp. 2. ISBN 0-8027-1453-6. 
  77. ^ Chesney, Charles (2006). Waterloo Lectures:A Study Of The Campaign Of 1815. Kessinger Publishing, p. 35. ISBN 1428649883. 
  78. ^ Balcombe, Alexander Beatson (1811 - 1877). Australian Dictionary of Biography Online. Retrieved on 2008-05-27.
  79. ^ Sir Walter Scott (1827). The Life of Napoleon Buonaparte, Emperor of the French. J. & B. Williams, p. 401. 
  80. ^ Forsyth, W. (1853). History of the Captivity of Napoleon at St. Helena.  See also: Gourgaud, C. (1947). Journal inidite de SainteHelene 1815-1818. Paris: Flammarion.  and Seaton, R. C. (1903). Napoleon's Captivity in relation to Sir Hudson Lowe. London: Macmillan Company.  and Lieut.-Col. Basil Jackson (1903). Notes and Reminiscences of a Staff-Officer. London: Dutton & Co.  and Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery (1906). Napoleon; the Last Phase. London: A. L. Humphreys.  and Rose, J. H. (1904). Napoleonic Studies. London: G. Bell and sons. 
  81. ^ (Scott 1827, p.344)
  82. ^ Henry B. Murray (1873). "How the Great Nepoleon Died". Notes and Queries 12: p. 223. 
  83. ^ This was done because Hudson Lowe insisted the inscription should read ‘Napoleon Bonaparte'. Charles Tristan, marquis de Montholon and Henri Gratien Bertrand wanted the Imperial title ‘Napoleon'. As a result the tomb was left nameless. Tonight, I have come for you alone!. Epinions.com. Retrieved on 2008-05-28.
  84. ^ "An ulcer which penetrated the coats of the stomach was discovered an inch from the pylorus sufficient to allow the passage of a little finger. The internal surface of the stomach to almost its whole extent was a mass of cancerous tissue or schirrous portions advancing to cancer." Wilson, J (8 August 1975). "Dr. Archibald Arnott: Surgeon to the 20th Foot and Physician to Napoleon" 3: pp. 293–295. British Medical Journal.  See also: Antommarchi, F. G (1826). The Last Days of Napoleon: Memoirs of the Last Two Years of Napoleon's Exile. London: H.Colburn. Retrieved on 2007-11-01. 
  85. ^ In the days immediately prior to his death, doctors imposed treatments which a 2004 group of researchers claimed had led to death by causing a serious potassium deficiency. Doctors may have killed Napoleon. New Scientist (2004-07-23). Retrieved on 2008-05-28.
  86. ^ In 2001 a French researcher added credence to the theory, finding arsenic levels Napoleon's hair to be 7 to 38 times higher than normal. Napoleon 'may have been poisoned'. BBC (2001-06-01). Retrieved on 2008-05-28. See also: Napoleon poisoning theory revived. Australian Broadcasting Corporation (2001-06-01). Retrieved on 2008-06-06.
  87. ^ Antommarchi was the only pathologist present. Krajewska, Barbara. Arsenic and the Emperor. La Fondation Napoleon. Retrieved on 2008-06-07.
  88. ^ More recent analysis showed similar concentrations of arsenic were found in Napoleon's hair in samples taken from 1805, 1814 and 1821. This suggested that if arsenic had been the cause, he would have died years earlier and the most likely source was hair tonic.
  89. ^ International Surgery Journal Article Supports the Conclusion That Napoleon Was Murdered. Savas Beatie LLC. Retrieved on 2008-05-27.
  90. ^ Napoleon Poisoning Claims Debunked. Discovery Channel (2008-02-12). Retrieved on 2008-05-27.Broad, William J.. "Hair Analysis Deflates Napoleon Poisoning Theories", The New York Times, 2008-06-10. Retrieved on 2008-06-11. 
  91. ^ The wallpaper used in Napoleon's house contained a high level of arsenic compound used for colouring by British manufacturers. The adhesive, which in the cooler, British environment was innocuous, may have grown mould and turned the compound into the poisonous gas arsine in the humid climate. (The Strange Story of Napoleon's Wallpaper. Grand Illusions. Retrieved on 2008-05-27.) This would not have explained the irregular arsenic absorption patterns suggested in the analysis Forshufvud commissioned and the original proponent of the wallpaper theory did not claim the concentration levels of arsine would actually lead to Napoleon's death.
  92. ^ Johnson, P. Napoleon: A life. Penguin Books, 2002. pgs.180–181.
  93. ^ Trousers button up the mystery of how Napoleon met his final Waterloo. guardian.co.uk (2005-05-05). Retrieved on 2008-05-27.
  94. ^ Rossella Lorenzi (2005-10-14). Napoleon died of stomach cancer, new report. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved on 2008-05-27.
  95. ^ Lugli, Alessandro et al. (January 2007). "Napoleon Bonaparte's gastric cancer: a clinicopathologic approach to staging, pathogenesis, and etiology". Nature Clinical Practice Gastroenterology & Hepatology 4(1):: pp. 52–57.  See also: Sara Goudarzi. Mystery Of Napoleon's Death Said Solved. MSNBC. Retrieved on 2008-05-30. and also: What Killed Napoleon?. American Broadcasting Company. Retrieved on 2008-05-30.
  96. ^ Note 171 of Lecture 3 - The Divinity of Our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. Holy, Holy, Holy: the Biblical Doctrine of the Trinity. Retrieved on 2008-05-28. Also see: Paragraph 315 onwards of "Napoleon Bonaparte". Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Retrieved on 2008-05-27.
  97. ^ Christian Cherfils (1914). Bonaparte and Islam. Paris: Pedone, pp.105 and 125. 
  98. ^ "Bonaparte's principle was...to look upon religions as the work of men, but to respect them everywhere as a powerful engine of government...If Bonaparte spoke as a Mussulman, it was merely in his character of a military and political chief in a Mussulman country. To do so was essential to his success, to the safety of his army, and...to his glory...In India he would have been for Ali, at Thibet for the Dalai-lama, and in China for Confucius." From Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne, Memoirs of Bonaparte, R. W. Phipps Ed., New York: Charles Schribner's Sons, 1889, p.168–169; as quoted on Bonaparte and Islam.. George Mason University Center for History and New Media. Retrieved on 2008-01-05.
  99. ^ Hortense de Beauharnais, Queen of Holland. The Royal Articles. Retrieved on 2008-05-30.
  100. ^ Lettres à Josephine. La Bibliothèque électronique de Lisieux. Retrieved on 2008-06-06.
  101. ^ Every single ruler of Germany was related to every other by marriage, and hence they can all be put into this single tree.
  102. ^ Chartier, Jean-Luc. Jean-Etienne Portalis (1746 ­ 1807), Author of the Civil Code. Napoleonic Society. Retrieved on 2008-06-04.
  103. ^ The Road to National Unification. Raffael Scheck. Retrieved on 2008-06-02.
  104. ^ Compare and contrast the Italian and German unifications. TheCorner.org. Retrieved on 2008-06-02.
  105. ^ Alter, Peter (2006). in Tim Blanning and Hagen Schulze: United and Diversity in European Culture c. 1800. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 61-76. 
  106. ^ Bonapartism. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved on 2008-06-02.
  107. ^ Abbott, John. Napoleon Bonaparte pp. 3. FullBooks.com. Retrieved on 2008-06-07.
  108. ^ Most famously with Hitler in Pieter Geyl [1947] (1982). Napoleon For and Against. Penguin.  See also: France commemorating Napoleon's 200th. The Boston Globe. Retrieved on 2008-05-28.
  109. ^ Napoleon was a model for Hitler in terms of art looting. Herald Times (2007-04-29). Retrieved on 2008-05-29. See also: Masterpieces of the Louvre. Time Magazine (1958-06-30). Retrieved on 2008-05-29.
  110. ^ Paul Johnson. The Claremont Institute: The Little Tyrant, A review of Napoleon: A Penguin Life. The Claremont Institute. Retrieved on 2008-05-30. The quoted passages within this text are from Johnson.
  111. ^ The International Napoleonic Congress was held in Dinard, France in July 2005 included participation by members of the French and American military, French politicians, scholars from Israel and Russia, and a parade recreating the Grand Army.
  112. ^ Weights and Measures. historydata.com. Retrieved on 2008-05-30.
  113. ^ Holmberg, Tom. First-Hand Descriptions of Napoleon. The Napoleon Series. Retrieved on 2008-06-07. Napoleon's height was put at around 5 ft 2 French inches by French sources (his valet Constant, General Gourgaud, and Francesco Antommarchi at Napoleon's autopsy), equivalent to 1.69 m. La taille de Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon Bonaparte's height). www.1789-1815.com (2002-11-25). Retrieved on 2008-05-28. English sources put his height at around 5 ft 7 ins, equivalent, on the Imperial scale, to 1.7 m. La taille de Napoleon (Napoleon's height). La Fondation Napoleon. Retrieved on 2008-05-30. How tall was Napoleon?. La Fondation Napoleon. Retrieved on 2005-12-18.
  114. ^ Petit ami and petit amie are French for "boyfriend" and "girlfriend", and mon petit chou - "my little cabbage" - is a term of affection. Napoleon also surrounded himself with the soldiers of his elite guard, who were usually six feet or taller.
  115. ^ Longford (1992). Wellington, p. 508.  See also: How Canova and Wellington honoured Napoleon. Apollo. Retrieved on 2008-05-29.

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Titles

Emperor Napoleon I of France
Born: 15 August 1769 Died: 5 May 1821
Political offices
Preceded by
French Directory		 Provisional Consul of France
11 November – 12 December 1799
Served alongside:
Roger Ducos,
Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès		 became Consul
New title
 First Consul of France
12 December 1799 – 18 May 1804
Served alongside:
Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès (Second Consul),
Charles-François Lebrun (Third Consul)		 became Emperor
Regnal titles
Vacant
Title last held by
Louis XVI
as King of the French		 Emperor of the French
18 May 1804 – 6 April 1814		 Succeeded by
Louis XVIII
as King of France and Navarre
Preceded by
Francis II		 King of Italy
26 May 1805 – 1814		 Vacant
Title next held by
Vittorio Emanuele II
Preceded by
Louis XVIII
as King of France and Navarre		 Emperor of the French
1 March – 22 June 1815		 Succeeded by
Napoleon II
New title
State created
 Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine
12 July 1806 – 19 October 1813		 Rhine Confederation dissolved
Titles in pretence
New title — TITULAR —
Emperor of the French
6 April 1814 – 1 March 1815		 Vacant
Title next held by
Napoleon II
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Chronology of French monarchs
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House of Capet
Hugh (987-996) • Robert II (996-1031) • Henry I (1031-1060) • Philip I (1060-1108) • Louis VI (1108-1137) • Louis VII (1137-1180) • Philip II (1180-1223) • Louis VIII (1223-1226) • Louis IX (1226-1270) • Philip III (1270-1285) • Philip IV (1285-1314) • Louis X (1314-1316) • John I (1316) • Philip V (1316-1322) • Charles IV (1322-1328)
Flag of the Kingdom of France until 1789 and between 1814/15 and 1830

Flag of the Kingdom of France between 1830 and 1848, of the French Empires and of present day's France
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First Empire (1804-1814)
House of Bonaparte
Napoleon I (1804-1814, 1815) • Napoleon II (1815)
Bourbon Restoration (1814, 1815-1830)
House of Bourbon
Louis XVIII (1814-1815, 1815-1824) • Charles X (1824-1830) • Louis XIX (1830)[citation needed] • Henry V (1830)[citation needed]
July Monarchy (1830-1848)
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House of Bonaparte
Napoleon III (1852-1870)
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National Convention  · Directory  · Napoleon Bonaparte
Flag of France
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Fourth Republic
Fifth Republic
(i) interim. Styled "Presidents" except from 1940-44 ("Chief of State") and 1944-47 ("Chairmen").
v • d • e
German Confederations 1806–1871
Confederation of the Rhine
1806–1813

Protector: Napoleon I of France (1806–1813)

Prince primate: Karl Theodor von Dalberg (1806–1813) • Eugene de Beauharnais (1813)
German Confederation
1815–1866

Presidents: Francis I of Austria (1815–1835) • Ferdinand I of Austria (1835–1848) • Francis Joseph I of Austria (1849–1866)

Imperial regent: Archduke Johann of Austria (1848–1849)
North German Confederation
1867–1871

President: William I of Prussia (1867–1871)
List of German monarchs – History of Germany – House of Habsburg-Lorraine – House of Hohenzollern
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Pretenders to the Throne of France since 1792
Monarchy in Exile (1792-1815)
Louis XVI (1792-1793)  · Louis XVII (1793-1795)  · Louis XVIII (1795-1814, 1815)
Flag of the Kingdom of France until 1789 and between 1814 and 1830

Flag of the Kingdom of France between 1830 and 1848 and flag of present day's France
Legitimist Pretenders (1830-present)
Charles X (1830-1836)  · Louis XIX (1836-1844)  · Henri V (1844-1883)  · Jean III (1883-1887)  · Charles XI (1887-1909)  · Jacques I (1909-1931)  · Alphonse I (1931-1936)  · Alphonse II (1936-1941)  · Jacques II (1941-1975)  · Alphonse III (1975-1989)  · Louis XX (1989-present)
Orleanist Pretenders (1848-present)
Louis-Philippe (1848-1850)  · Philippe VII (1850-1870)  · Henri V (1870-1894)  ·  · Philippe VIII (1894-1926)  · Jean III (1926-1940)  · Henri VI (1940-1999)  · Henri VII (1999-present)
Bonapartist Prince Imperial (1814-present)
Napoleon I (1814, 1815-1821)  · Napoleon II (1821-1832)  · Joseph (1832-1844)  · Louis (1844-1846)  · Napoleon III (1846-1852, 1870-1873)  · Napoleon IV Eugene (1873-1879) · Napoleon V Victor (1879-1926)  · Napoleon VI Louis (1926-1997)  · Napoleon VII Charles (1997-present)  · Napoleon VIII Jean-Christophe (1997-present, disputed)
Bonapartist Prince Canino (1832-1924)
Lucien I (1832-1840)  · Charles (1840-1857)  · Joseph (1857-1865)  · Lucien II (1865-1895)  · Napoleon III Charles (1895-1899)  · Roland (1899-1924)
v • d • e
List of Kings who were termed the Great
The Greats in Asia
The Greats in Europe
The Greats in the Middle East


Persondata
NAME Bonaparte, Napoleon
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Napoleon I Bonaparte, Emperor of the French, King of Italy
SHORT DESCRIPTION French general and ruler
DATE OF BIRTH 15 August 1769
PLACE OF BIRTH Ajaccio, Corsica
DATE OF DEATH 5 May 1821
PLACE OF DEATH St. Helena




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