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Middle Ages



The troubled 14th century saw both the Avignon Papacy of 1305–1378, also called the Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy (a reference to the Babylonian Captivity of the Jews), and the so-called Western Schism that lasted from 1378–1418. The practice of granting papal indulgences, fairly commonplace since the 11th century, was reformulated and explicitly monetized in the 14th century.[13] Indulgences came to be an important source of revenue for the Church, revenue that filtered through parish churches to bishoprics and then to the pope himself. This was viewed by many as a corruption of the Church. In the early years of the 15th century, after a century of turmoil, ecclesiastical officials convened in Constance in 1417 to discuss a resolution to the Schism.[13] Traditionally, councils needed to be called by the Pope, and none of the contenders were willing to call a council and risk being unseated. The act of convening a council without papal approval was justified by the argument that the Church was represented by the whole population of the faithful. The council deposed the warring popes and elected Martin V. The turmoil of the Church, and the perception that it was a corrupted institution, sapped the legitimacy of the papacy within Europe and fostered greater loyalty to regional or national churches. Martin Luther published objections to the Church. Although his disenchantment had long been forming, the denunciation of the Church was precipitated by the arrival of preachers raising money to rebuild the Basilica of Saint Peter in Rome. Luther might have been silenced by the Church, but the death of the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I brought the imperial succession to the forefront of concern. Lutherans' split with the Church in 1517, and the subsequent division of Catholicism into Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Anabaptism put a definitive end to the unified Church built during the Middle Ages.

Europe in 1328

Europe in the 1430s

Europe in the 1470s

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Religion

Middle Ages Portal

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Gallery

An illuminated initial from the Sacramentary of Drogon, c. 930

Medallion of Christ from an Icon Frame, ca. 1100

The typanum of Christ in Majesty at Autun Cathedral, 12th century.

Lamentation, Giotto di Bondone, ca. 1305

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See also

Middle Ages related pages:

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Notes

  1. ^ history of Europe:: The Middle Ages – Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  2. ^ a b c d Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society, first edition, Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804726302. 
  3. ^ Definition from Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved on 2007-10-09.
  4. ^ Oxford English Dictionary: "Mediaeval"
  5. ^ John Burrow. A History of Histories. 2007. ISBN 978-0-713-99337-0 - see page 416 for Christoph (Keller) Cellarius.
  6. ^ Robinson, F.C. (October 1984). "Medieval, the Middle Ages". 'Speculum' 59 (4): p. 745-56. 
  7. ^ Prudames, David. Lottery cash kicks off search for the real Bosworth battlefield, 24 Hour Museum 20 January 2005.
  8. ^ When the term Dark Ages is used by historians today, it is intended to be neutral, namely to express the idea that the events of the period often seem "dark" to us only because of the paucity of historical records compared with later times. William Chester Jordon. Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Supplement 1, 2004. Kathleen Verdun, "Medievalism" pp. 389-397. Sections 'Victorian Medievalism', 'Nineteenth-Century Europe', 'Medievalism in America 1500-1900', 'The 20th Century'. Same volume, Paul Freedman, "Medieval Studies", pp. 383-389.
  9. ^ a b c Lawrence, C.H. Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages, third edition, Longman. ISBN 0582404274. 
  10. ^ a b Wood, Ian (1995). The Merovingian Kingdoms 450-751. Pearson Education. ISBN 0582493722. 
  11. ^ a b Riché, Pierre (1993). The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0812213424. 
  12. ^ Although the missus dominicus makes appearances during the second half of the 8th century, it is after 800 that they were institutionalized. Riché, Pierre (1993). The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0812213424. 
  13. ^ a b c d e f Rosenwein, Barbara H (2001). A Short History of the Middle Ages. Broadview Press. ISBN 1551112906. 
  14. ^ The Destruction of Kiev
  15. ^ Maalouf, Amin (1989). Crusades Through Arab Eyes. Schocken. ISBN 0805208984. 
  16. ^ Rosenwein, Barbara H (1982). Rhinoceros Bound: Cluny in the Tenth Century. University of Pennsylvania Press, 40-41. ISBN 0812278305. 
  17. ^ a b Kagan, Donald; Ozment, Steven, Turner, Frank M. (1993). The Western Heritage: Since 1300, eighth edition, Prentice Hall. ISBN 0131828835. 

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References

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External links

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Middle Ages
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Periods of the History of Europe



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