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Mercury (element)



In February 2006, the school had a mercury spillage during a science experiment on February 16. From the 89 students exposed with mercury, 11 were confined in the Philippine General Hospital on February 20,[55] and were released after few days.[56] Several students were given chelation therapy to remove the mercury in their blood.[57] Due to the incident, the school was temporarily closed. Graduating students, whose education was postponed due to the school's closure, had classes on St. Paul's College of Parañaque; while the undergraduates had home studying modules.[58] Different agencies from the national and local government pushed efforts to decontaminate the mercury, though they were unsuccessful.[59] The Department of Health hired experts from United States for the clean-up,[60] and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of United States responded to give help.[61] Globecare and Royal Haskoning of the Netherlands conducted the clean-up and charged for free. Jun Bernabe, mayor of Parañaque, purchased a Lumex machine that aided in conducting mercury levels in the school premises. Parañaque representative Eduardo "Ed" Zialcita proposed a bill that bans the use of mercury in schools.[62]

Health Secretary Francisco Duque, after assuring on the positive findings of the Inter-Agency on Environmental Health validated by the US EPA, declared the school safe from mercury contamination and classes will resume on June 2006.[63]

Despite the incident, St. Andrew's School gained an award from the Consumers and Marketing Executive in the Philippine Marketing Excellency Awards for being The Most Outstanding Catholic School for Boys (Parañaque) on May 2006.[64]

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Origin of the spillage

Mercury in a beaker
Mercury in a beaker

There were several claims on the origin of the mercury spillage. One is the location of the spillage; there were reports that the mercury spilled in the classroom[59] or in the science laboratory.[65] Another is the action on how the mercury spilled. There were claims that the science teacher allowed to pass the beaker of mercury to the class only to observe it;[55] others claimed that the students played with the mercury,[66][59] and others claimed that the beaker was accidentally opened.[56]

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References

  1. ^ Fred Senese. Why is mercury a liquid at STP?. General Chemistry Online at Frostburg State University. Retrieved on 1 May 2007.
  2. ^ Mercury — Element of the ancients. Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Dartmouth College. Retrieved on 2008-03-27.
  3. ^ Mercury and the environment — Basic facts. Environment Canada, Federal Government of Canada (2004). Retrieved on 2008-03-27.
  4. ^ Qin Shihuang. Ministry of Culture, People's Republic of China (2003). Retrieved on 2008-03-27.
  5. ^ Wang, X.; Andrews, L.; Riedel, S.; Kaupp, M.. "Mercury Is a Transition Metal: The First Experimental Evidence for HgF4". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 46 (44): 8371-8375. Weinheim: WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. 
  6. ^ Brooks, William E. (January 2007). Mercury. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved on 2008-05-30.
  7. ^ World Mineral Production 2001-05, British Geological Survey, NERC, London, 2007
  8. ^ Glacial Ice Cores Reveal A Record of Natural and Anthropogenic Atmospheric Mercury Deposition for the Last 270 Years. United States Geological Survey (USGS). Retrieved on 1 May 2007.
  9. ^ a b c d Pacyna EG, Pacyna JM, Steenhuisen F, Wilson S (2006). "Global anthropogenic mercury emission inventory for 2000". Atmos Environ 40 (22): 4048–63. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.03.041. 
  10. ^ What is EPA doing about mercury air emissions?. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Retrieved on 1 May 2007.
  11. ^ Rebecca Solnit (September/October 2006). Winged Mercury and the Golden Calf. Orion Magazine. Retrieved on 2007-12-03.
  12. ^ Mercury-containing Products. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Retrieved on 1 May 2007.
  13. ^ Clean Air Mercury Rule. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Retrieved on 1 May 2007.
  14. ^ "State of New Jersey et al., Petitioners vs. Environmental Protection Agency (Case No. 05-1097)." United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. Argued December 6, 2007, Decided February 8, 2008. Retrieved on May 30, 2008.
  15. ^ Introduction. Y-12 Mercury Task Force Files: A Guide to Record Series of the Department of Energy and its Contractors. Department of Energy.
  16. ^ FDA. Thimerosal in Vaccines. Retrieved on 25 October 2006.
  17. ^ Tor Eigeland. "The City of Al-Zahra" (subscription required). Saudi Aramco World 27 (5). 
  18. ^ "World's most precise clock developed", BBC, 2001-07-12. Retrieved on 2007-05-01. 
  19. ^ "NIST New Atomic Clock Could Be 1,000 Times Better Than Today’s Best" (July 23, 2001). NIST update. 
  20. ^ Concise Inorganic Chemistry- J.D.Lee
  21. ^ Waldron HA (1983). "Did the Mad Hatter have mercury poisoning?". Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 287 (6409): 1961. PMID 6418283. 
  22. ^ "Mercury in your eye?", MSN, 2008-02-16. Retrieved on 2008-02-16. 
  23. ^ The CRB Commodity Yearbook (annual) 2000, p. 173, ISSN 1076-2906
  24. ^ a b Leopold, Barry R. (2002). "Chapter 3: Manufacturing Processes Involving Mercury" Use and Release of Mercury in the United States. National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio. Retrieved on 1 May 2007.
  25. ^ Chlorine Online Diagram of mercury cell process. Euro Chlor. Retrieved on 2006-09-15.
  26. ^ Statement on Dental Amalgam. American Dental Association. Retrieved on 1 May 2007.
  27. ^ Bans mercury in products, Press release, 21.12.2007, Minister of the Environment and International Development Erik Solheim[1]
  28. ^ Amendments in Product regulations in Norway from 1 January 2008[2]
  29. ^ Pimple, K.D. Pedroni, J.A. Berdon, V. (2002, July 09). Syphilis in history. Poynter Center for the Study of Ethics and American Institutions at Indiana University-Bloomington. Retrieved on April 17, 2005.
  30. ^ Hillary Mayell (July 17, 2001). "Did Mercury in "Little Blue Pills" Make Abraham Lincoln Erratic?". National Geographic. 
  31. ^ Parker SK, Schwartz B, Todd J, Pickering LK (2004). "Thimerosal-containing vaccines and autistic spectrum disorder: a critical review of published original data". Pediatrics 114 (3): 793–804. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-0434. PMID 15342856.  Erratum (2005). Pediatrics 115 (1): 200. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-2402 PMID 15630018.
  32. ^ Thimerosal in vaccines. Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2007-09-06). Retrieved on 2007-10-01.
  33. ^ Two States Pass First-time Bans on Mercury Blood Pressure Devices. Health Care Without Harm (June 2, 2003). Retrieved on 1 May 2007.
  34. ^ Title 21—Food and Drugs Chapter I—Food and Drug Administration Department of Health and Human Services Subchapter D—Drugs for Human Use Code of federal regulations. United States Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved on 1 May 2007.
  35. ^ Mercury Contamination from Historical Gold Mining in California. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved on 2008-02-26.
  36. ^ Mercury amalgamation.
  37. ^ Mercury: Spills, Disposal and Site Cleanup. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved on 2007-08-11.
  38. ^ Ngim CH, Foo SC, Boey KW, and Keyaratnam J (1992). "Chronic neurobehavioral effects of elemental mercury in dentists". British Journal of Industrial Medicine 49: 782–790. 
  39. ^ Liang YX, Sun RK, Chen ZQ, and Li LH (1993). "Psychological effects of low exposure to mercury vapor: Application of computer-administered neurobehavioral evaluation system". Environmental Research 60: 320–327. doi:10.1006/enrs.1993.1040. 
  40. ^ McFarland, RB and H. Reigel. J Occup Med. 1978 Aug;20(8):532-4.
  41. ^ WHO (1976) Environmental Health Criteria 1: Mercury, Geneva, World Health Organization, 131 pp.
  42. ^ WHO. Inorganic mercury. Environmental Health Criteria 118. World Health Organization, Geneva, 1991.
  43. ^ Bluhm, RE, et. Al. Hum Exp Toxicol 1992 May;11(3):201-10.
  44. ^ EPA (1997). Mercury Study Report to Congress. Retrieved on 23 January 2008.
  45. ^ FDA/EPA (2004). What You Need to Know About Mercury in Fish and Shellfish. Retrieved on 25 October 2006.
  46. ^ Got Mercury? Online Calculator Helps Seafood Consumers Gauge Mercury Intake. Common Dreams (March 9, 2004). Retrieved on 2008-03-30.
  47. ^ "FDA tests show risk in tuna", Chicago Tribune, January 27, 2006. Retrieved on 2007-05-01. 
  48. ^ Ornitz, Barry L. (15 December 1998). Aluminium Alloys and Mercury and FEATHERS. USENET sci.engr.chem. Retrieved on 2006-01-29.
  49. ^ Mercury: Laws and regulations. United States Environmental Protection Agency (April 16, 2008). Retrieved on 2008-05-30.
  50. ^ "Directive on the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment." 2002/95/EC, Article 4 Paragraph 1. e.g. "Member States shall ensure that, from 1 July 2006, new electrical and electronic equipment put on the market does not contain lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) or polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE)."
  51. ^ Mercury compounds in European Union:. EIA Track (2007). Retrieved on 2008-05-30.
  52. ^ Jones, Huw. "EU bans mercury in barometers, thermometers", Reuters, July 10, 2007. Retrieved on 2008-05-30. 
  53. ^ "Norway to ban mercury", EU Business, December 21, 2007. Retrieved on 2008-05-30. 
  54. ^ Mercury in lake sediments, map. State of the Environment Norway (September 12, 2002). Retrieved on 2008-05-30.
  55. ^ a b
  56. ^ a b
  57. ^ 4 US scientists to help clear Parañaque school of mercury. (n.d.). GMANews.TV
  58. ^ Uy, Jocelyn. (2005, Mar. 15). St. Paul 'adopts' St. Andrew's graduating students. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved from http://www.7-zeal2004-2005.5u.com
  59. ^ a b c Children’s Environmental Health: Quicksliver Response. Miami, USA: The Early Childhood Initiative Foundation
  60. ^ DOH hires experts to clean up mercury contamination in school. (2006, Mar. 22). GMANews.TV.
  61. ^ U.S. Government Scientists Discuss Mercury Spill Decontamination Processes. (2006, May 26). Embassy of the United States (Manila) (website).
  62. ^
  63. ^
  64. ^ Pecson, Jomar and Robert de Guzman. (2006). SAS wins Philippine Marketing Excellence Awards - Most Outstanding Catholic School for Boys. The SAS Courier. July - October 2006 Release.
  65. ^ Caber, Michael. Students confined after inhaling mercury in Parañaque school. (2006, Feb. 22). Manila Standard Today Online.
  66. ^ Mendoza, Mira. There’s Something Wrong with Mercury. (2007, Dec. 31). Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism Online.

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