List of European Union member states by accession
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This is a list of European Union member states, their dates of application and accession. It shows the growth of the European Union and its predecessors through enlargement from six members in 1952 to twenty-seven members in 2007; as of 2007, at least eight (possibly even more) are expected to join in its future.
The European Union per se was created on 1 November 1993 when the Treaty on European Union came into effect.[1] Twelve of the current twenty-seven member states joined one of the Union's predecessors, either the European Coal and Steel Community (which came into existence on 23 July 1952[2] and ceased to exist exactly 50 years later[3]), the European Economic Community (which came into existence on 1 January 1958[4]), or the European Community (which came into existence on 1 July 1967 as a merger of ECSC, EEC and the European Atomic Energy Community,[5] and is one of the three pillars of the European Union today).
[
Candidate countries
- See also: Enlargement of the European Union, Albania and the European Union, Bosnia and Herzegovina and the European Union, Croatia and the European Union, Kosovo and the European Union, former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and the European Union, Montenegro and the European Union, Serbia and the European Union, and Turkey and the European Union
In addition to the current twenty-seven member states, a number of other countries are expected to join the European Union in the next two decades. Croatia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Turkey are officially candidate countries; Croatia and Turkey are currently in accession negotiations,[6] while negotiations with the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia are expected to start soon,[7] but not before 2009.[8] The remaining states in the Balkans (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro and Serbia) are officially "potential candidate countries", which means they have a clear perspective for accession over the course of the next decade.[9]
The European Union's Enlargement Commissioner Olli Rehn originally stated that the next enlargement after Bulgaria and Romania would only happen after 2010, due to the European Union's need to sort out its institutional problems first,[10] the European Commission's President José Manuel Durão Barroso later stated that the provisions in the Treaty of Nice were clear enough; while he considered institutional reform necessary, it was not intended to be a stumbling block for countries seeking to join the European Union.[11] However, on 25 September 2006 (the day before the accession date of Bulgaria and Romania was officially made public), Barroso stated that a new treaty would be necessary before further enlargement could occur.[12] Since the Treaty of Lisbon was signed on 2007-12-13 and is planned to come into force on 2009-01-01,[13] the institutional issues would appear to cease to be a problem before Croatia will have finished its accession negotiations.[14]
 The official logo of the accession of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to the European Union.[16] |
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Countries that failed to join or left
- See also: Greenland and the European Union, Morocco and the European Union, Norway and the European Union, and Switzerland and the European Union
Not all accession attempts have been successful, though, and on one occasion a territory even left the European Union (then European Community).
- While Norway had completed European Community/European Union accession negotiations twice already (with the proposed accession dates having been 1 January 1973 and 1 January 1995, respectively), the accession failed both times when the Norwegians rejected membership in referendums (on 25 September 1972[18] and 28 November 1994[19]).
- The Danish autonomous territory of Greenland initially joined the European Community together with Denmark, but left on 1 February 1985 after it had acquired home rule and had held a referendum on the issue.[20]
- Morocco applied to join in 1987, but was rejected by the European Council because it was not considered a European country and therefore not eligible to join.[21] (Interestingly, the Copenhagen criteria had not yet been formally agreed upon at that time.)
- Although Switzerland applied to join in 1992, it froze its application after accession to the European Economic Area was rejected in a referendum on 6 December 1992.[22]
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Future prospects
- See also: Microstates and the European Union, Armenia and the European Union, Belarus and the European Union, Azerbaijan and the European Union, Cape Verde and the European Union, Georgia and the European Union, Iceland and the European Union, Israel and the European Union, Moldova and the European Union, Netherlands Antilles and the European Union, Russia and the European Union, and Ukraine and the European Union
- This section is incomplete. You can help by adding information about the current situation in the European microstates Monaco and Vatican City, as well as in associated territories.
It is generally assumed that even with the accession of the states of southeastern Europe, the process of enlargement will not be finished.[23]
- European countries
Armenia,[24][25] Georgia,[26] Moldova,[27][28] San Marino[29][30] and Ukraine[31][32][33][34] have stated they would like to join the European Union; however, the European Union's response was mostly lukewarm.[35] European Union membership is also the subject of political debate in Andorra,[36][37] Azerbaijan,[38] the Faroe Islands,[39] Greenland,[40] Iceland,[41] and Liechtenstein,[42] and the debates in Norway[43] and Switzerland[44] are also still ongoing. While Belarus[45] and Russia[46] are also seen as eligible to join, and while accession to the European Union enjoys public support in Belarus,[47] the lack of democratic structures makes these countries' accession impossible in the short term, especially as the European Union is supporting the Belarusian opposition and civil society in peacefully overthrowing Alexander Lukashenko's regime, which it regards as dictatorial,[48][49] going so far as to offer concrete benefits for democratic reforms.[50][51][52] Furthermore, the European Union is trying to bind Russia more strongly to its own policies and goals through partnership and cooperation agreements.[53]
- Non-European countries
Although the Treaty of Maastricht states that only European countries may apply, a number of countries not generally considered European have also considered membership bids.
The island nation of Cape Verde, part of the island region Macaronesia (which is comprised of Cape Verde, the Portuguese islands of the Azores and Madeira and the Spanish Canary Islands) has stated it wishes to join the European Union.[54][55][56] Israel has considered applying for membership;[57] while the European Union and Israel share a common culture, history and society, the ongoing Arab-Israeli and Israeli-Palestinian conflicts and Israel's location in one of the most conflict-ridden regions of the world would be major arguments against its accession. Finally, even Canada's accession has occasionally been proposed, though often rather in a tongue-in-cheek manner;[58] the main arguments used are the very similar cultural standards and viewpoints on matters of international law, especially when juxtaposed with those of the United States. None of the three countries is a member of the Council of Europe, which is a de facto prerequisite for membership under the Copenhagen criteria and the Treaty of Maastricht.
- Likely next enlargement
It is generally expected that the states of southeastern Europe will be the next states to join the European Union, and that neither the developed countries which are not members of the Union (Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and the microstates) nor the three countries in eastern Europe (Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine) will join in the foreseeable future. Although Olli Rehn said on 19 May 2006 that he expected Iceland to join the European Union before Croatia would,[59][60] he went back on his statement when he stated on 1 December 2006 that Croatia would likely become the European Union's 28th member state;[61] he repeated this statement on 11 October 2007, with the comment that "[t]he only surprise could be Iceland, if they soon apply for membership".[62]
[
Listed by accession date
[
Listed by application date
| # | State | Application | Result/status |
|---|---|---|---|
| — | .svg/22px-Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg.png){kind=small} Belgium |
— | founding members |
 France |
|||
 Italy |
|||
 Luxembourg |
|||
 Netherlands |
|||
 West Germany[F2] |
|||
| 1 |  Ireland |
1st: 31 July 1961 2nd: 11 May 1967 |
1st: withdrawn after Charles de Gaulle vetoed the United Kingdom's application 2nd: joined 1 January 1973 |
| 2–3 |  Denmark |
1st: 10 August 1961 2nd: 11 May 1967 |
|
 United Kingdom |
1st: 10 August 1961 2nd: 10 May 1967 |
1st: vetoed by Charles de Gaulle on 14 January 1963 2nd: joined 1 January 1973 |
|
| 4 |  Norway |
1st: 30 April 1962 2nd: 21 July 1967 3rd: 25 November 1992 |
1st: withdrawn after Charles de Gaulle vetoed the United Kingdom's application 2nd: withdrawn after a referendum on 25 September 1972 3rd: withdrawn after a referendum on 28 November 1994 |
| 5 |  Greece |
12 June 1975 | joined 1 January 1981 |
| 6 |  Portugal |
28 March 1977 | joined 1 January 1986 |
| 7 |  Spain |
28 July 1977 | |
| 8 |  Turkey |
14 April 1987 | candidate country, in accession negotiations |
| 9 |  Morocco |
20 July 1987 | rejected by the European Council (see geographic criteria) |
| 10 |  Austria |
17 July 1989 | joined 1 January 1995 |
| 11–12 |  Cyprus |
3 July 1990 | joined 1 May 2004 |
 Malta |
|||
| 13 |  Sweden |
1 July 1991 | joined 1 January 1995 |
| 14 |  Finland |
18 March 1992 | |
| 15 |  Switzerland |
25 May 1992 | frozen after EEA membership was rejected in a referendum on 6 December 1992 |
| 16 |  Hungary |
31 March 1994 | joined 1 May 2004 |
| 17 |  Poland |
5 April 1994 | |
| 18 |  Romania |
22 June 1995 | joined 1 January 2007 |
| 19 |  Slovakia |
27 June 1995 | joined 1 May 2004 |
| 20 |  Latvia |
13 October 1995 | |
| 21 |  Estonia |
24 November 1995 | |
| 22 |  Lithuania |
8 December 1995 | |
| 23 |  Bulgaria |
14 December 1995 | joined 1 January 2007 |
| 24 |  Czech Republic |
17 January 1996 | joined 1 May 2004 |
| 25 |  Slovenia |
10 June 1996 | |
| 26 |  Croatia |
21 February 2003 | candidate country, in accession negotiations, Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA) in force since 1 February 2005 |
| 27 |  Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia[L2] |
24 March 2004 | candidate country, SAA in force since 1 May 2004 |
| TBD |  Albania |
not yet | potential candidate country, SAA signed on 12 June 2006;[63] yet to be ratified by four EU member states (France, Germany, Greece and Portugal) and the European Union (compare this for ratification progress) |
 Montenegro |
potential candidate country, SAA signed on 15 October 2007;[64] yet to be ratified by twenty-three EU member states (all but Bulgaria, Estonia, Hungary and Slovenia) and the European Union (compare this for ratification progress) | ||
 Serbia |
potential candidate country, SAA signed on 29 April 2008, but ratification will not begin until full cooperation with the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia has been established[65] | ||
 Bosnia and Herzegovina |
potential candidate country, SAA initialled on 4 December 2007[66] but will only be signed after further reforms (establishing a police at state level, full cooperation with the ICTY, a public broadcoasting reform, a public administration reform)[67] prove that the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republika Srpska can work together[68] | ||
 Kosovo |
potential candidate country, SAA negotiations not yet opened[69] |
[
Timeline
[
Notes
- A^ : Under the provisions of the Antarctic Treaty System, the territorial claims of France and the United Kingdom (Adélie Land and the British Antarctic Territory, respectively) have been frozen (along with the claims made by five other states) since 23 June 1961; consequently, ISO 3166-1 catalogues the whole of Antarctica as international territory under the code ATA since 1979. However, European Union treaties (e.g. the proposed Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe in its Annex II[70]) nonetheless list those territories as associated with the European Union.
- B^ : The local politics of French Polynesia are dominated by the dichotomy of independence vs. continued relations with France;[71][72] while independence has officially been recognised as a possibility by President Jacques Chirac, he and some local politicians remain sceptical.[73]
- C^ : The Nouméa Accord, which was signed on 5 May 1998 and put to a referendum in New Caledonia on 8 November 1998 (which succeeded with 72 per cent support), gives New Caledonia the right to hold an independence referendum between 2014 and 2018.[74]
- D^ : In 2009, Mayotte will hold a referendum on becoming its status, with the likely result of Mayotte becoming the fifth overseas department (French: département d'outre-mer) of France.[75]
- E^ : The Netherlands Antilles will be restructured on 15 December 2008.
Curaçao and 
Sint Maarten will become countries inside the Kingdom of the Netherlands (together with Aruba and the Netherlands per se). 
Bonaire, 
Saba and 
Sint Eustatius will become part of the Netherlands as special municipalities, and probably become part of the European Union shortly thereafter.[76] - F1 2 : On 3 October 1990,
East Germany joined West Germany through the process of German reunification; since then, the reunited Germany has been a single member state.[77] - G^ : After World War II (during which the Faroe Islands were under British occupation) the Faroe Islands had already held a referendum on independence on 14 September 1946, which turned out 48.7 per cent to 47 per cent in favour. They declared independence on 18 September 1946; however, this declaration was annulled by Denmark on 20 September 1946. As a reaction to the growing self-government and independence movements, Denmark granted the Faroe Islands home-rule on 30 March 1948.[78] A second independence referendum which had been scheduled for 26 May 2001[79] was postponed when it became clear that the Danish government would only continue to give financial aid for four more years if the referendum turned out to be in favour of independence.[80]
- H^ : There is strong support for independence among Greenland's population.[81] An independence referendum initially planned in 2003 to be held before 2006[82] had been postponed due to an unanticipated early election in 2005; a referendum on increased autonomy will now be held on 25 November 2008.
- I^ : In Bermuda,[83] Montserrat[84] and in the Turks and Caicos Islands,[85] there is strong support for eventual independence from the United Kingdom; the British government has stated that it is prepared to back and encourage any of its current Caribbean overseas territories which wishes to attain independence.[86] Support for independence is less prevalent in Anguilla and the British Virgin Islands,[87] and the Cayman Islands have repeatedly stated that they are strongly against becoming independent at the current time.[88][89]
- As far as the non–Caribbean overseas territories are concerned, the Falkland Islands consider independence a long–term option,[90] while neither Saint Helena[91] nor the Pitcairn Islands[92] are currently considering independence. The British Indian Ocean Territory and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands have no native population, though the Chagossians (who had been removed from the British Indian Ocean Territory in 1966) have been granted the right to return by the British High Court of Justice on 3 November 2000 and again on 11 May 2006, overturning an Order-in-Council which was meant to overrule the court's earlier decision.[93] Furthermore, the United Kingdom assured
Mauritius that it would hand over the British Indian Ocean Territory once it was not needed any longer for military reasons.[94] The United States' lease for the military base on Diego Garcia expires in 2016, although there is an option for the extension of the agreement until 2036. - J1 2 : The UK Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri (Ακρωτήρι/Agrotur) and Dhekelia (Δεκέλεια/Dikelya) on Cyprus did not join the European Union when the United Kingdom joined, and Cyprus' Accession Treaty specifically stated that this would not change with the accession of Cyprus to the European Union. The proposed Annan Plan for Cyprus had included a provision for the United Kingdom to cede 117 km² of the Sovereign Base Areas' 254 km² to the United Cyprus Republic.[95]
- K^ : Officially, the whole island is part of the European Union and Turkish Cypriots are citizens of the European Union. Since the Greek Cypriot side rejected the Annan Plan for the reunification of the southern part and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus in a referendum on 24 April 2004, however, European Union law is only applied in the southern part currently. Had the referendum been in favour on both sides of the island, Cyprus, Northern Cyprus and the UN Buffer Zone would have joined the European Union together as the
United Cyprus Republic. Talks on resolving the Cyprus dispute restarted in July 2006 under United Nations supervision;[96][97] Cypriot reunification is supported by the European Union.[98] - L1 2 : As the result of a naming dispute with Greece, the Republic of Macedonia is officially referred to as the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) by the European Union.[99] Negotiations on the issue are still underway under United Nations supervision through UN mediator Matthew Nimetz, and were expected to gain speed after the Macedonian parliamentary election was held on 5 July 2006.[100][101] Attempts to find a solution were intensified in November 2007.[102]
[
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