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Japanese people



Currently, the most well-regarded theory is that present-day Japanese are descendants of both the indigenous Jōmon people and the immigrant Yayoi people. The origins of the Jōmon and Yayoi peoples have often been a subject of dispute, but it is now widely accepted that the Jōmon people were very similar to the modern Ainu of northern Japan, and lived in Japan since the time of the last glacial age. Han Chinese and Southeast Asian ethnic groups were originally thought to be the origin of the modern Japanese ethnic group. Recently, however, both Japanese and non-Japanese academics predominantly argue that the Japanese are descended from both the Yayoi, who emigrated from the Korean peninsula, and the long-established native Jōmon people, with whom the Yayoi intermarried. A clear consensus has not been reached.[18]

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Japanese colonialism

See also: Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
Location Map of Japan
Location Map of Japan

During the Japanese colonial period of 1867 to 1945, the phrase "Japanese people" was used to refer not only to residents of the Japanese archipelago, but also to people from occupied territories who held Japanese citizenship, such as Taiwanese people and Korean people. The official term used to refer to ethnic Japanese during this period was "inland people" (内地人 naichijin?). Such linguistic distinctions facilitated forced assimilation of colonized ethnic identities into a single Imperial Japanese identity. [19]

After World War II, many Nivkh people and Orok people from southern Sakhalin who held Japanese citizenship were forced to repatriate to Hokkaidō by the Soviet Union. However, many Sakhalin Koreans who had held Japanese citizenship until the end of the war were left stateless by the Soviet occupation.[20]

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Japanese living abroad

See also: Japanese diaspora

The term nikkeijin (日系人?) is used to refer to Japanese people who either emigrated from Japan or are descendants of a person who emigrated from Japan. The usage of this term excludes Japanese citizens who are living abroad, but includes all descendants of nikkeijin who lack Japanese citizenship regardless of their place of birth.

Emigration from Japan was recorded as early as the 12th century to the Philippines, but did not become a mass phenomenon until the Meiji Era, when Japanese began to go to the United States, Canada, Peru, Brazil and Argentina. There was also significant emigration to the territories of the Empire of Japan during the colonial period; however, most such emigrants repatriated to Japan after the end of World War II in Asia.[20]

According to the Association of Nikkei and Japanese Abroad, there are about 2.5 million nikkeijin living in their adopted countries. The largest of these foreign communities are in the Brazilian states of São Paulo and Paraná.[citation needed] There are also significant cohesive Japanese communities in the Philippines, Peru, Argentina and in the American states of Hawaiʻi, California and Washington. Separately, the number of Japanese citizens living abroad is over one million according to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[citation needed] There is also a small group of Japanese descendants living in Caribbean countries such as Cuba and the Dominican Republic where hundreds of these immigrants were brought in by the dictator Rafael L. Trujillo in the 30's.

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See also

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References

  1. ^ "Japanese ethnicity". Encyclopedia Britannica. 
  2. ^ "Japan. B. Ethnic Groups". Encarta. 
  3. ^ "人類学的にはモンゴロイドの一。皮膚は黄色、虹彩は黒褐色、毛髪は黒色で直毛。言語は日本語。" ( "日本人". Kōjien. Iwanami. )
  4. ^ "人類学上は，旧石器時代あるいは縄文時代以来，現在の北海道〜沖縄諸島（南西諸島）に住んだ集団を祖先にもつ人々。" ( "日本人". マイペディア. 平凡社. )
  5. ^ "日本民族という意味で、文化を基準に人間を分類したときのグループである。また、文化のなかで言語はとくに重要なので、日本民族は日本語を母語としてもちいる人々とほぼ考えてよい。" ( "日本人". エンカルタ. Microsoft. )
  6. ^ United States CIA factbook. Accessed 2007-01-15.
  7. ^ Galan, C. (2005). Learning to read and write in Japanese (kokugo and nihongo): a barrier to multilingualism? International journal of the sociology of language, Issue 175-176
  8. ^ [1], [2][3]
  9. ^ a b Michael F. Hammer (2005). "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes" (PDF). . The Japan Society of Human Genetics and Springer-Verlag Retrieved on 2007-01-19.
  10. ^ University of Pittsburgh, Jomon Genes - Using DNA, researchers probe the genetic origins of modern Japanese by John Travis
  11. ^ Hanihara.K., Dual structure model for the population history of the Japanese. Japan Review, 2:1-33, 1991
  12. ^ Nei, M., In : Brenner, S. and Hanihara, K.(eds.), The Origin and Past of Modern Humans as Viewed from DNA. World Scientific, Singapore, 71-91, 1995
  13. ^ Global archaeological evidence for proboscidean overkillin PNAS online; Page 3 (page No.6233), Table 1. The known global sample of proboscidean kill/scavenge sites :Lake Nojiri Japan 33-39 ka (ka: thousand years).
  14. ^ Web Site Shinshu; Prehistoric Times.
  15. ^ Lake Nojiri Museum, Lake Nojiri Excavation and Research Team(Japanese); many flint tools and bony implements were found with the same age of Naumann Elephant in Lake Nojiri.
  16. ^ Abstract of article from The Journal of Human Genetics. Accessed 2007-01-15.
  17. ^ National Science Museum of Japan [4]
  18. ^ See the following for more information: [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15]
  19. ^ Eika Tai (September 2004). ""Korean Japanese"". Critical Asian Studies Volume 36: 355. Routledge. doi:10.1080/1467271042000241586. 
  20. ^ a b Lankov, Andrei. "Stateless in Sakhalin", The Korea Times, 2006-01-05. Retrieved on 2006-11-26. 

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