Italian Social Republic
The fall of the fascist regime in Italy and the disbandment of the MVSN saw the establishment of the Guardia Nazionale Repubblicana (GNR), and the emergence of the brigate nere or Black Brigades. The 40 Black Brigades consisted of former MVSN, former Carabinieri, former soldiers, and others still loyal to the fascist cause. Alongside with their Nazi and Schutzstaffel (SS) counterparts, the Black Brigades committed many atrocities in their fight against the Italian resistance movement and political enemies.
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List of RSI Ministers
The following is a list of RSI ministers. For a variety of reasons many ministers did not live past the end of World War II.
- Head of State and Minister of Foreign Affairs - Benito Mussolini (shot by partisans on 28 April 1945) from 1943 to 1945
- Minister of Defence - Rodolfo Graziani from 1943 to 1945
- Ministers of the Interior - Guido Buffarini Guidi (shot by partisans on 10 July 1945) from 1943 to 1945, Paolo Zerbino (shot by partisans on 28 April 1945) for 1945
- Ministers of Justice - Antonino Tringali-Casanova (died of natural causes on 30 October, 1943) for 1943, Pietro Pisenti from 1943 to 1945
- Minister of Finance - Domenico Pellegrini Giampietro from 1943-1945
- Ministers of Industrial Production - Silvio Gai for 1943, Angelo Tarchi from 1943-1945
- Minister of Public Works - Ruggero Romano (shot by partisans on 28 April 1945) from 1943 to 1945
- Minister of Communications - Augusto Liverani (shot by partisans on 28 April 1945) from 1943 to 1945
- Minister of Labour - Giuseppe Spinelli for 1945
- Minister of National Education - Carlo Alberto Biggini (died of natural causes on 19 November 1945) from 1943 to 1945
- Minister of Popular Culture - Fernando Mezzasoma (shot by partisans on 28 April 1945) from 1943 to 1945
- Minister of Agriculture - Edoardo Moroni from 1943 to 1945
- Leader of the Republican Fascist Party - Alessandro Pavolini (shot by partisans on 28 April 1945) from 1943 to 1945
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Legacy in post-war Italian politics
While the RSI was a puppet state of Nazi Germany, its legacy was that after twenty years of Fascist association with the Savoy monarchy of the Kingdom of Italy which at times had serious strain, the RSI allowed the Italian Fascist movement to be able to build a completely totalitarian state which had been held back by the monarchy, it allowed Mussolini to at last be the official head of an Italian state, and it allowed the Fascists to return to their earlier republican stances.
Most prominent figures of post-war Italian far right politics (parliamentary or extraparliamentary) were in some way associated with the experience of the RSI. Among them were Pino Romualdi, Rodolfo Graziani, Junio Valerio Borghese and Giorgio Almirante.
Today, a significant number of far right organizations in Italy, notably the Fiamma Tricolore party, still explicitly take inspiration for their social and political platform from the RSI experience. The RSI is usually seen as the example of what Fascism should have been.[citation needed] As a sign of this legacy, Fiamma Tricolore, for example, guarantees free membership for ex-RSI military.[20] A communique from the Rome section of the Fiamma said:
[Fiamma Tricolore] is a movement born to closely approximate the ideals of the Social Republic and its fighters. We would surely have fought on the side of this Republic, if only fate had allowed us to have been born during those years. And we would have surely fought to win, because for us the political synthesis originating from the thought of Benito Mussolini is for us the only political, economic, and spiritual system able to bring about the freedom and social justice that are today denied to Italians and all other world populations. [...][We] relaunch our battle for a better tomorrow, embodying the ideals of the Black Shirts of Alessandro Pavolini.
(Maurizio Boccacci[21])
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See also
- 29th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Italian)
- Military history of Italy during World War II
- Operational Zone Adriatic Coast
- Prealpine Operations Zone
- Allied invasion of Italy - 1943
- Italian Campaign (World War II) - 1943/45
- Operation Wintergewitter (Winter Storm) - Italian Front - 1944
- Gothic Line - 1944/45
- "Monte Rosa" Division
- Blackshirts (MVSN)
- Black Brigades
- Decima Flottiglia MAS
- Resistance during World War II
- Italian resistance movement
- Birth of the Italian Republic
- Regia Aeronautica
- Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana
- Esercito Nazionale Repubblicano
- Ezra Pound
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Miscellaneous
- Pier Paolo Pasolini's 1976 film Salò o le 120 giornate di Sodoma was set in the Republic of Salò, and partly meant as an allegory of it.
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External links
- Axis History Factbook - Italy
- Comando Supremo
- Historical flags of Italy
- War flag of Italian Social Republic
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References
- ^ Pauley, Bruce F (2003) Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini: Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century Italy, Wheeling: Harlan Davidson, Inc., p228
- ^ Smith, p307
- ^ Pauley, p228.
- ^ Smith, p307
- ^ Smith, Denis Mack. Mussolini; A Biography. New York: Vintage Books, 1983. p311
- ^ Smith, p312
- ^ Smith, p312
- ^ Smith, p316
- ^ Smith, p317
- ^ Smith, p317
- ^ Smith, p317-318
- ^ Smith, Denis Mack. Mussolini; A Biography. New York: Vintage Books, 1983. p308
- ^ Smith, p308
- ^ Blaxland, p243
- ^ The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan, Hans Dollinger, Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 67-27047
- ^ Italian Air Forces 1943-1945 - The Aviazone Nazionale Repubblicana by Richard J. Caruana, 1989 Modelaid International Publication
- ^ Aircraft of the Aces 34 Apostolo: Italian Aces of World War 2
- ^ Italian biplane fighter aces - Ugo Drago
- ^ Page 100, "The Armed Forces of World War II", Andrew Mollo, ISBN 0-517-54478-4
- ^ :: Fiamma Tricolore :: Sito ufficiale :: Appuntamenti
- ^ Fiamma Tricolore Roma
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