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Invasion



The USSR, which had grafted onto the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic several countries that had had short-lived independence (Ukraine, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and the lands of Central Asia), never reconciled itself to having lost West Ukraine, West Belarus, Bessarabia, and the three Baltic states (territories which formerly belonged to the Russian Empire) in the course of 1919-21. Thus they aimed to annex these territories as well as to obtain a buffer zone from Finland in 1939-40 (see Soviet-Finnish War). After the Soviet invasion of Poland following the corresponding German invasion that marked the start of World War II in 1939, the Soviet Union annexed eastern parts (so-called "Kresy") of the Second Polish Republic (see Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact). In 1940 the Soviet Union annexed Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Bessarabia and Bukovina (see Occupation of Baltic states).[27][28]

During the Cold War, the term Eastern Bloc (or Soviet Bloc) was used to refer to the Soviet Union and countries it controlled in Central and Eastern Europe (Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania). Hungary was invaded by the Soviet Army in 1956 after it had overthrown its pro-Soviet government and replaced it with one that sought a more democratic communist path independent of Moscow;[29] when Polish communist leaders tried to elect Władysław Gomułka as First Secretary they were issued an ultimatum by Soviet military that occupied Poland ordering them to withdraw election of Gomulka for the First Secretary or be "crushed by Soviet tanks".[30] Czechoslovakia was invaded in 1968 after a period of liberalization known as the Prague Spring.[31] The latter invasion was codified in formal Soviet policy as the Brezhnev Doctrine.[32] In 1979 the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan to ensure that a pro-Soviet regime would be in power in the country (see Soviet war in Afghanistan).[33]

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References

  1. ^ Bagnall, Nigel (1990). The Punic Wars: Rome, Carthage, and the Struggle for the Mediterranean. Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 0-312-34214-4. 
  2. ^ Ibeji, Mike (2001). Norman Conquest: Key Events of the Conquest. Retrieved on February 11, 2006.
  3. ^ Shea, Marilyn (1996). The Great Wall of China. Retrieved on February 11, 2006.
  4. ^ Defense Update (2006). Accelerating the Kill Chain: Closing the Sensor-to-shooter Cycle. Retrieved on February 11, 2006.
  5. ^ Mason, Gerald A. (2002). Operation Starvation. Retrieved on February 11, 2006.
  6. ^ Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. (2005). Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II. Prager Security International. ISBN 0-275-98345-5. 
  7. ^ Matters, James T. (2003). Stalingrad—The Nazis Reach Beyond Their Grasp. Retrieved on February 16, 2006.
  8. ^ Withrow, Scott (2005). The Battle of Cowpens. Retrieved on February 16, 2006.
  9. ^ Ashton, Douglas F. (1989). Tarawa: Testing Ground For The Amphibious Assault. Retrieved on February 11, 2006.
  10. ^ Koskimaki, George E. (1989). Hell's Highway: Chronicle of the 101st Airborne Division in the Holland Campaign, September–November 1944. 101st Airborne Division Association. ISBN 1-877702-03-X. 
  11. ^ Rowland, Stephen (2005). Persian society in the time of Darius and Xerxes. Retrieved on February 24, 2006.
  12. ^ Polybius (1922). The Histories, Book III. Retrieved on February 24, 2006.
  13. ^ U.S. Army (2005). Background of ALMC. Retrieved on February 24, 2006.
  14. ^ Hackworth, David H. (2004). Fallujah: Saved for Democracy?. Retrieved on February 19, 2006.
  15. ^ Lind, William S. (2003). Understanding Fourth Generation War. Retrieved on February 19, 2006.
  16. ^ North, Oliver L. (2005). Winning in Iraq, One Step at a Time. Retrieved on February 19, 2006.
  17. ^ Lind, William S., op. cit.
  18. ^ North, Oliver L. (2004). Operation Pessimism and Perplexity. Retrieved on February 19, 2006.
  19. ^ Moore, Steven (2004). The Truth About Iraq: Media Bias. Retrieved on February 19, 2006.
  20. ^ Brush, Peter (1994). Civic Action: The Marine Corps Experience in Vietnam. Retrieved on February 11, 2006.
  21. ^ Van De Mieroop, Marc (2005). A History of the Ancient Near East. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22552-8. 
  22. ^ Van De Mieroop, op. cit.
  23. ^ Van De Mieroop, op. cit.
  24. ^ Riley-Smith, John (1995). The Oxford History of the Crusades. Oxford. ISBN 0-19-285428-3. 
  25. ^ Ping-ti Ho, "An Estimate of the Total Population of Sung-Chin China", in Études Song, Series 1, No 1, (1970) pp. 33-53.
  26. ^ Twentieth Century Atlas - Historical Body Count
  27. ^ Memories of Soviet Repression Still Vivid in Baltics, Washington Post, 7 May 2005
  28. ^ Soviet imperialism
  29. ^ The 1956 Hungarian Revolution
  30. ^ The Historical Setting: The Polish People's Republic
  31. ^ Prague Spring
  32. ^ The Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia and the crushing of the Prague Spring
  33. ^ Afghanistan War, Columbia Encyclopedia



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