Houston, Texas
- Further information: List of newspapers in Houston, List of television stations in Houston, List of radio stations in Houston, and List of films featured in Houston
Houston is served by the Houston Chronicle, its only major daily newspaper with wide distribution. The Hearst Corporation, which owns and operates the Houston Chronicle, bought the assets of the Houston Post—its long-time rival and main competition—when Houston Post ceased operations in 1995. The Houston Post was owned by the family of former Lieutenant Governor Bill Hobby of Houston. The only other major publication to serve the city is the Houston Press—a free alternative weekly with a weekly readership of more than 300,000.[123]
Houston Community Newspapers is a news source for smaller localized communities in and around the city. Houston Community Newspapers publishes 35 suburban newspapers—including two daily papers and 33 weekly papers.[124]
[
Architecture
- See also: List of tallest buildings in Houston
Houston's skyline has been ranked fourth most impressive in the United States ;[125] it is the third-tallest skyline in the United States and one of the top 10 in the world.[126] Houston has a seven-mile (11 km) system of tunnels and skywalks linking buildings in downtown which contain shops, restaurants, and convenience stores. This system enables pedestrians to avoid the intense summer heat and heavy rain showers while walking from one building to another.
In the 1960s, Downtown Houston consisted of a modest collection of mid-rise office structures, but has since grown into one of the largest skylines in the United States. Downtown was on the threshold of a boom in 1970 with huge projects being launched by real estate developers with the energy industry boom. A succession of skyscrapers were built throughout the 1970s—many by real estate developer Gerald D. Hines—culminating with Houston's tallest skyscraper, the 75-floor, 1,002-foot (305 m)-tall JPMorgan Chase Tower (formerly the Texas Commerce Tower), which was completed in 1982. It is the tallest structure in Texas, 10th-tallest building in the United States and the 30th-tallest skyscraper in the world based on height to roof. In 1983, the 71-floor, 992-foot (302 m)-tall Wells Fargo Bank Plaza was completed, which became the second-tallest building in Houston and Texas. Based on height to roof, it is the 13th-tallest in the United States and the 36th-tallest in the world. As of 2006, downtown Houston had about 43 million square feet (4,000,000 m²) of office space.[127]
Centered on Post Oak Boulevard and Westheimer Road, the Uptown District boomed during the 1970s and early 1980s when a collection of mid-rise office buildings, hotels, and retail developments appeared along Interstate 610 west. Uptown became one of the most impressive instances of an edge city. The highest achievement of Uptown was the construction of the 64-floor, 901-foot (275 m)-tall, Philip Johnson and John Burgee designed landmark Williams Tower (known as the Transco Tower until 1999). At the time, it was believed to the be the world's tallest skyscraper outside of a central business district. The Uptown District is also home to other buildings designed by noted architects such as I. M. Pei, César Pelli, and Philip Johnson. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, there was a mini-boom of mid-rise and high-rise residential tower construction, with several over 30 stories tall.[128][129][130] In 2002, Uptown had more than 23 million square feet (2,100,000 m²) of office space with 16 million square feet (1,500,000 m²) of Class A office space.[131]
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Transportation
Houston's freeway system is made up of 575.5 miles (926.2 km) of freeways and expressways in a ten-county metropolitan area.[132] Its highway system uses a hub-and-spoke freeway structure serviced by multiple loops. The innermost loop is Interstate 610, which encircles downtown, the medical center, and many core neighborhoods with around a 10-mile (16 km) diameter. Beltway 8 and its freeway core, the Sam Houston Tollway, form the middle loop at a diameter of roughly 25 miles (40 km). A proposed highway project, State Highway 99 (The Grand Parkway), would form a third loop outside of Houston. Currently, the completed portion of State Highway 99 runs from just north of Interstate 10, west of Houston, to U.S. Highway 59 in Sugar Land, southwest of Houston, and was completed in 1994.
Houston also lies along the route of the proposed Interstate 69 NAFTA superhighway that would link Canada, the U.S. industrial Midwest, Texas, and Mexico. Other spoke freeways either planned or under construction include the Fort Bend Parkway, Hardy Toll Road, Crosby Freeway, and the future Alvin Freeway.
Houston's freeway system is monitored by Houston TranStar, a partnership of four government agencies that are responsible for providing transportation and emergency management services to the region. Houston TranStar was the first center in the nation to combine transportation and emergency management centers, and the first to bring four agencies (Texas Department of Transportation, Harris County, Texas, Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County, Texas and the City of Houston) together to share their resources. [133]
The Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County, Texas, or METRO, provides public transportation in the form of buses, light rail, and lift vans. METRO's various forms of public transportation still do not connect many of the suburbs to the greater city.
METRO began light rail service on January 1, 2004 with the inaugural track ("Red Line") running about 8 miles (13 km) from the University of Houston–Downtown ("UHD"), which traverses through the Texas Medical Center and terminates at Reliant Park. METRO is currently in the design phase of a 10-year expansion plan that will add five more lines to the existing system.[134]
Amtrak, the national rail passenger system, provides service to Houston via the Sunset Limited (Los Angeles–New Orleans), which stops at a train station on the north side of the downtown area. The station saw 10,855 boardings and alightings in fiscal year 2006.[135]
Houston is served by two commercial airports, serving 52 million passengers in 2007.[136]The larger is George Bush Intercontinental Airport (IAH), the ninth-busiest in the United States for total passengers, and seventeenth-busiest worldwide.[137] Bush Intercontinental currently ranks third in the United States for non-stop domestic and international service with 182 destinations.[138] In 2006, the United States Department of Transportation named George Bush Intercontinental Airport the fastest-growing of the top ten airports in the United States.[139] Houston is the headquarters of Continental Airlines and Bush Intercontinental is Continental Airlines' largest hub. The airline offers more than 700 daily departures from Houston.[140] In early 2007, Bush Intercontinental Airport was named a model "port of entry" for international travelers by U.S. Customs and Border Protection.[141] The Houston Air Route Traffic Control Center stands on the George Bush Intercontinental Airport grounds.
The second-largest commercial airport in Houston is William P. Hobby Airport (named Houston International Airport until 1967). The airport operates primarily small to medium-haul flights and is the only airport in Houston served by Southwest Airlines and JetBlue Airways. Houston's aviation history is showcased in the 1940 Air Terminal Museum located in the old terminal building on the west side of Hobby Airport.
Another airport is Ellington Field (a former U.S. Air Force base) that is used by military, government, and general aviation sectors.
The Federal Aviation Administration and the state of Texas selected the "Houston Airport System as Airport of the Year" for 2005,[142] largely because of its multi-year, $3.1 billion airport improvement program for both major airports in Houston.
Greyhound Lines operates intercity services from five stations in Houston and several Houston suburbs. Other bus lines operate from Greyhound's stations and other stations.
[
Healthcare and medicine
- See also: List of hospitals in Texas
Houston is the seat of the internationally-renowned Texas Medical Center, which contains the world's largest concentration of research and healthcare institutions.[143] All 45 member institutions of the Texas Medical Center are non-profit organizations. They provide patient and preventive care, research, education, and local, national, and international community well-being. These institutions include 13 renowned hospitals and two specialty institutions, two medical schools, four nursing schools, and schools of dentistry, public health, pharmacy, and virtually all health-related careers. It is where one of the first—and still the largest—air emergency service, Life Flight, was created, and a very successful inter-institutional transplant program was developed. More heart surgeries are performed at the Texas Medical Center than anywhere else in the world.[144]
Some of the academic and research health institutions in the center include Baylor College of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, The Methodist Hospital, Texas Children's Hospital and The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center has consistently ranked as one of the top two U.S. hospitals specializing in cancer care by U.S. News & World Report since 1990.[145]
Houston is the home of the Menninger Clinic, a renowned psychiatric treatment center affiliated with Baylor College of Medicine and The Methodist Hospital.
[
Education
- Further information: List of colleges and universities in Houston
There are more than 55 colleges and universities and dozens of institutions engaged in research and development in Houston.
The University of Houston ("UH") is Texas's third-largest public research university with more than 40 research centers and institutes. UH, with more than 36,000 students from 130 countries, is one of the most diverse campuses in the country.[146] The city is also the home to Rice University, one of the leading teaching and research universities of the United States and ranked the nation's 17th-best overall university by U.S. News & World Report.[147] Other public institutions of higher learning in the city include University of Houston–Clear Lake ("UHCL"), University of Houston–Downtown ("UHD"), and Texas Southern University ("TSU"). Additionally, several private institutions include University of St. Thomas, who in 2008 was ranked one of "America's Best Colleges" by US News & World Report, and Houston Baptist University. The Houston Community College System serves most of Houston and is the fourth-largest community college system in the United States.[148]
Houston is home to two of four public law schools in Texas: University of Houston Law Center and Thurgood Marshall School of Law. The University of Houston Law Center ranked in at No. 60 of the "Top 100 Law Schools" in 2007 by U.S. News & World Report.[149] Additionally, South Texas College of Law—a private institution—is the city's oldest law school founded in 1923 and has one of the nation's top programs for trial advocacy.[150][151] There are 17 school districts serving the city. The Houston Independent School District (HISD) is the seventh-largest in the United States.[152] HISD has 112 campuses that serve as magnet or vanguard schools—specializing in such disciplines as health professions, visual and performing arts, and the sciences. There are also many charter schools that are run separately from school districts. In addition, some public school districts also have their own charter schools.
The Houston area is home to more than 300 private schools,[153][154][155] many of which are accredited by Texas Private School Accreditation Commission (TEPSAC) recognized agencies. The Houston Area Independent Schools, or HAIS, offer education from a variety of different religious as well as secular viewpoints.[156] The Houston area Catholic schools are operated by the Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston.
[
Sister cities
Houston has sixteen sister cities designated through the city's membership in Sister Cities International (SCI).[157] The year each relationship was formed is shown in parentheses below.
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Notes
- ^ US Census Bureau Population Finder: Houston city, TX. factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved on 2006-02-22.
- ^ Population Estimates for the 25 Largest U.S. Cities based on July 1, 2006 Population Estimates. www.census.gov. Retrieved on 2007-06-28.
- ^ a b American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved on 2008-01-31.
- ^ US Board on Geographic Names. United States Geological Survey (2007-10-25). Retrieved on 2008-01-31.
- ^ McComb, David G. (January 19, 2008). "Houston, Texas". Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved on 2008-06-01.
- ^ a b U.S. Port Ranking by Cargo Volume 2004. Port Industry Information, American Association of Port Authorities. 2004. Retrieved on 2007-01-15.
- ^ a b "Museums and Cultural ArtsPDF (31.8 KB)", Greater Houston Partnership. Retrieved on 2006-12-16.
- ^ a b Coutinho, Juliana. "Brief history of Houston", The Daily Cougar, 2000-09-13. Retrieved on 2007-02-06.
- ^ a b c Houston, Texas. Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved on 2007-01-10.
- ^ a b Looscan, Adele B. (1916). "Harris County, 1822–1845". Southwestern Historical Quarterly 19: 37–64.
- ^ Born on the Bayou: city's murky start. John Perry, City Savvy Online Edition. Published Summer 2006. Retrieved on 2007-02-06
- ^ Cotham, Edward T. (2004). Sabine Pass: The Confederacy's Thermopylae. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70594-8.
- ^ J.H.W. Stele to Sayers, September 11-12, 1900. Texas State Library & Archives Commission, Retrieved on August 31, 2007
- ^ Olien, Diana Davids; Olien, Roger M. (2002). Oil in Texas: The Gusher Age, 1895–1945. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-76056-6.
- ^ Marvin Hurley, 1910-1920, Houston History, accessed 6 Apr 2008
- ^ Gibson, Campbell (June, 1998). "Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990". Population Division, U.S. Census Bureau. U.S. Census Bureau.
- ^ Houston Ship Channel. TSHA Handbook of Texas. Retrieved on 2007-02-18.
- ^ Carlson, Erik (February, 1999). Ellington Field: A Short History, 1917–1963. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved on 2007-02-18.
- ^ Streetman, Ashley. Houston Timeline. Houston Institute for Culture. Retrieved on 2007-02-06.
- ^ How Air Conditioning Changed America. The Old House Web, Retrieved on April 4, 2007
- ^ A Short History. Houston Geological Auxiliary, Retrieved on April 4, 2007
- ^ Shipbuilding. TSHA Handbook of Texas. Retrieved on 2007-02-18.
- ^ Barks, Joseph V.. "Powering the (New and Improved) "Eighth Wonder of the World"", Electrical Apparatus, November 2001. Retrieved on 2007-01-16.
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- ^ Ward, Christina. "Allison's Death Toll Hits 43", RedCross.org, 2001-06-18. Retrieved on 2007-01-01.
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- ^ Flakus, Greg. "Recovery Beginning in Areas Affected by Hurricane Rita", Voice of America News, 2005-09-25. Retrieved on 2007-01-10.
- ^ 8th Congressional District of Texas 2007 Appropriations Project Requests. Congressman Kevin Brady, 8th District of Texas. Retrieved on 2007-01-10.
- ^ Flood Forecasting for the Buffalo Bayou Using CRWR-PrePro and HEC-HMS. Center for Research in Water Resources, The University of Texas at Austin Retrieved on 2007-01-10.
- ^ Downtown Houston, Texas. Topozone.com Retrieved on 2007-01-10.
- ^ USGS Satsuma (TX) Topo Map. Topozone.com. 2006. Retrieved on 2007-01-11. Note: The boundaries of the City of Houston are shown as "HOUSTON CORP BDY" along the dotted line.
- ^ Super Neighborhood# 1-Willowbrook. City of Houston. Retrieved on 2007-01-11.
- ^ a b HOUSTON-GALVESTON, TEXAS Managing Coastal SubsidencePDF (5.89 MB). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved on 2007-01-11.
- ^ Harris County. Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved on 2007-01-10.
- ^ RICE CULTURE. Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved on 2007-01-10.
- ^ Richard Engelkeimer, Shuhab Khan, Carl Norman. "Mapping Active Faults in the Houston area Using LIDARPDF (775 KB)", University of Houston. Retrieved on 2006-12-14.
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- ^ Principal Active Faults. Houston Area, Texas, U.S. Department of Agriculture, May 1984. Retrieved on 2006-12-14.
- ^ Texas Earthquakes, University of Texas Institute for Geophysics, July 2001. Retrieved on 2007-08-29.
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- ^ "Average Relative Humidity", Department of Meteorology at the University of Utah. Retrieved on 2006-12-14.
- ^ WIND - AVERAGE SPEED (mph). Department of Meteorology, University of Utah. 1993. Retrieved on 2007-01-10
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- ^ "State of the Air 2006, 25 Most Ozone-Polluted Cities ", American Lung Association. Retrieved on 2006-04-02.
- ^ "Summary of the Issues", Citizens League for Environmental Action Now , 2004-08-01. Retrieved on 2006-02-17.
- ^ National Weather Service Forecast Office Houston/Galveston, Texas: Houston (Intercontinental Airport) Climate Data (see: "Normals, Means and Extremes"). Retrieved on Feb 6, 2008.
- ^ http://www.planetizen.com/node/109 Zoning Without Zoning
- ^ a b FOCUS: Houston; A Fresh Approach To Zoning - New York Times
- ^ a b Summary of Significant Accounting Policies. Office of the Controller, City of Houston. Retrieved on 2007-01-10.
- ^ 6.2 Run for Party Nomination to Public Office. Texas Politics, Liberal Arts Technology Instruction Services, University of Texas. 2005. Retrieved on 2007-01-10.
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- ^ a b Mayor's Office. 2007. Retrieved on 2007-01-10.
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- ^ "Murder Rate in 2005PDF (30.4 KB)", Morgan Quitno. Retrieved on November 29, 2006.
- ^ a b c Villafranca, Armando. "Houston violent crime to be studied", Houston Chronicle, November 23, 2006, p. 3. Retrieved 2006-12-17.
- ^ Leahy, Jennifer. "Homicide rate on track to be worst in a decade - Evacuees play large role in the rise, police say", Houston Chronicle, 2006-10-21. Retrieved on 2007-02-06.
- ^ "Crime in Texas: 2004PDF (193 KB)", Texas Department of Public Safety, 2004. Retrieved 2006-12-17.
- ^ O'Hare, Peggy. "City sees 13.5% rise in slayings for 2006 at the Internet Archive", Houston Chronicle, 2007-01-01. Retrieved on January 1, 2007
- ^ Teachey, Lisa. "Houston's gang-related crime show decrease, according to survey[dead link]", Houston Chronicle, 1996-06-20. Retrieved on 2006-12-15.
- ^ Houston: Economy. Advameg Inc.. Retrieved on 2007-07-03.
- ^ "Inventory of World Cities", Globalization and World Cities Study Group & Network. Retrieved on 2006-12-16.
- ^ Chevron Picks Former Enron Building for Consolidation Site | Company Activities & Management > Company Structures & Ownership from AllBusiness.com
- ^ Welcome To Shared Server
- ^ "Energy: Largest Houston Area Oilfield Equipment and Service CompaniesPDF (24.8 KB)", Greater Houston Partnership. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
- ^ "Port of Houston FirstsPDF (18.2 KB)", The Port of Houston Authority, 2007-05-15. Retrieved on 2007-05-27.
- ^ "General Information", The Port of Houston Authority, 2007-05-15. Retrieved on 2007-05-27.
- ^ Bustillo, Miguel. "Houston is Feeling Energized", Los Angeles Times, 2006-12-28. Retrieved on 2007-02-06.
- ^ a b "Houston Area ProfilePDF (55.5 KB)", Greater Houston Partnership. Retrieved on 2007-05-27.
- ^ "Gross Area Product by IndustryPDF (28.3 KB)", Greater Houston Partnership. Retrieved on 2006-12-15.
- ^ "Employment by IndustryPDF (33.1 KB)", Greater Houston Partnership. Retrieved on 2006-12-15.
- ^ Badenhausen, Kurt. "2006 Best Places for Business and Careers", Forbes, 2006-05-04. Retrieved on 2006-12-15.
- ^ "International Representation in HoustonPDF (30.2 KB)", Greater Houston Partnership. Retrieved on 2006-12-15.
- ^ Top 10 Tech Up-and-Coming Tech Cities
- ^ Fortune 500 2008: Cities. Retrieved on 2008-04-22.
- ^ "Houston Facts and Figures", City of Houston. Retrieved on 2006-12-15.
- ^ The Strategic Assessment of the St. Louis Region, 5th editionPDF (4.35 MB). East-West Gateway Council of Governments. 2006. Retrieved on 2007-01-11. Page 25 in PDF File, labeled as page 21.
- ^ Houston city, Texas. 2005 American Community Survey Data Profile Highlights, United States Census Bureau. 2005. Retrieved on 2007-01-12.
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- ^ The Face of Texas Jobs, People, Business, Change. D'Ann Petersen and Laila Assanie, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas. October 2005. Retrieved on 2007-01-11.
- ^ Census 2000 Paints Statistical Portrait of the Nation's Hispanic Population. U.S. Census. U.S. Census Bureau (2001-05-10). Retrieved on 2007-02-06.
- ^ Hegstrom, Edward. "Shadows Cloaking Immigrants Prevent Accurate Count", Houston Chronicle, 2006-02-21. Retrieved on 2007-02-06.
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- ^ My-Thuan Tran. "Flocking from SoCal to Houston", Los Angeles Times, 2007-12-21. Retrieved on 2008-01-04.
- ^ Chen, Edward C.M.; Von Der Mehden, Fred R.. "History of Houston's Chinatown", Chinatownconnection.com, 2005. Retrieved on 2007-02-06.
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- ^ "South Asian businesses venture into Houston's suburbs," Houston Chronicle, February 16, 2008
- ^ Gary J. Gates Same-sex Couples and the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual Population: New Estimates from the American Community SurveyPDF (2.07 MB). The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation Law and Public Policy, UCLA School of Law October, 2006. Retrieved April 20, 2007.
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[
Further reading
- Houston, Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online
- 171 Years of Historic Houston Houstonhistory.com. 2007. Retrieved on 2007-01-13.
- A thumb-nail history of the city of Houston, Texas, from its founding in 1836 to the year 1912, published 1912, hosted by the Portal to Texas History, republished 2007 by Copano Bay Press.
- True stories of old Houston and Houstonians: historical and personal sketches / by S. O. Young., published 1913, hosted by the Portal to Texas History, republished 2007 by Copano Bay Press.
- Allen, O. Fisher (1936). City of Houston from Wilderness to Wonder. Self Published. NA..
- Johnston, Marguerite (1991). Houston, The Unknown City, 1836–1946. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 0-89096-476-9.
- Miller, Ray (1984). Ray Miller's Houston. Gulf Publishing Company. ISBN 0-88415-081-X.
- Slotboom, Oscar F. "Erik" (2003). Houston Freeways. Oscar F. Slotboom. ISBN 0-9741605-3-9.[3].
- Wilson, Ann Quin (1982). Native Houstonian - A Collective Portrait. The Donning Company - Houston Baptist University Press. 80-27644..
- Young, Samuel Oliver (2007). A Thumbnail History of the City of Houston, Texas, From its Founding in 1836 to the Year 1912. Copano Bay Press. Limited Edition..
- Young, Samuel Oliver (2007). True Stories of Old Houston and Houstonians - 1836-1912. Copano Bay Press. Limited Edition..
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- City of Houston official website
- Houston Public Library official website
- 171 Years of Historic Houston
- Greater Houston Convention & Visitors Bureau
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- Houston Downtown District
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- Greater Houston Preservation Alliance
- Houston Wilderness Organization
- Aiesec Houston Platform
- Houston, Texas is at coordinates Coordinates:
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