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History of television



Practically every country in the world now has developed at least one television channel. Television has grown up all over the world, enabling every country to share aspects of their culture and society with others.

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Television sets

In television's electromechanical era, commercially made television sets were sold from 1928 to 1934 in the United Kingdom,[59] United States, and Russia.[60] The earliest commercially made sets sold by Baird in the UK in 1928 were radios with the addition of a television device consisting of a neon tube behind a mechanically spinning disk (the Nipkow disk) with a spiral of apertures that produced a red postage-stamp size image, enlarged to twice that size by a magnifying glass. The Baird "Televisor" was also available without the radio. The Televisor sold in 1930–1933 is considered the first mass-produced set, selling about a thousand units.[61]

The first commercially made electronic television sets with cathode ray tubes were manufactured by Telefunken in Germany in 1934,[62][63] followed by other makers in France (1936),[64] Britain (1936),[65] and America (1938).[66][67] The cheapest of the pre-World War II factory-made American sets, a 1938 image-only model with a 3-inch (8 cm) screen, cost US$125, the equivalent of US$1,863 in 2007. The cheapest model with a 12-inch (30 cm) screen was $445 ($6,633).[68]

An estimated 19,000 electronic television sets were manufactured in Britain, and about 1,600 in Germany, before World War II. About 7,000–8,000 electronic sets were made in the U.S.[69] before the War Production Board halted manufacture in April 1942, production resuming in August 1945.

Television usage in the United States skyrocketed after World War II with the lifting of the manufacturing freeze, war-related technological advances, the gradual expansion of the television networks westward, the drop in set prices caused by mass production, increased leisure time, and additional disposable income. While only 0.5% of U.S. households had a television set in 1946, 55.7% had one in 1954, and 90% by 1962.[70] In Britain, there were 15,000 television households in 1947, 1.4 million in 1952, and 15.1 million by 1968.

For many years different countries used different technical standards. France initially adopted the German 441-line standard but later upgraded to 819 lines, which gave the highest picture definition of any analogue TV system, approximately double the resolution of the British 405-line system. However this is not without a cost, in that the cameras need to produce four times the pixel rate (thus quadrupling the bandwidth), from pixels one-quarter the size, reducing the sensitivity by an equal amount. In practice the 819-line cameras never achieved anything like the resolution that could theoretically be transmitted by the 819 line system, and for color, France reverted to the same 625 lines as the European CCIR system.

Eventually most of Europe switched to the 625-line PAL standard, once more following Germany's example. France adopting SECAM. Meanwhile in North America the original NTSC 525-line standard from 1941 was retained, although analog television will be totally replaced for broadcast purposes by a 1080 line digital picture/sound system in February of 2009.

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Television inventors/pioneers

Important people in the development of TV technology in the 19th or 20th centuries.

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Television museums

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See also

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References

  1. ^ Sogo Okamura (1994). History of Electron Tubes. IOS Press. ISBN 9051991452. 
  2. ^ "Sending Photographs by Telegraph", New York Times, September 20, 1907, Sunday Magazine, p. 7.
  3. ^ Henry de Varigny, "La vision à distance", L'Illustration, Paris, 11 December 1909, p. 451.
  4. ^ Strictly speaking, Baird had not yet achieved moving images on October 2: his scanner worked at only five images per second, below the threshold required to give the illusion of motion, usually defined as at least 12 images per second. By January, he had improved the scan rate to 12.5 images per second.
  5. ^ Restoring Baird's TV Recordings
  6. ^ a b Glinsky, Albert (2000). Theremin: Ether Music and Espionage. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-02582-2.  pages 41-45
  7. ^ Albert Abrahamson, Zworykin, Pioneer of Television, p. 16
  8. ^ Hungary - Kalman Tihanyi’s 1926 Patent Application "Radioskop". Memory of the World. UNESCO. Retrieved on 2008-02-22.
  9. ^ Manfred von Ardenne demonstrated an all-electronic television system using cathode ray tubes at the Berlin Radio Show in August 1931, but as he never built a camera tube, his system was limited to using the CRT as a flying spot scanner to transmit motion picture films and slides.
  10. ^ Albert Abramson, Zworykin, Pioneer of Television, University of Illinois Press, 1995, p. 51. ISBN 0252021045.
  11. ^ Farnsworth claimed that Zworykin's 1923 system would be unable to produce an electrical image of the type to challenge to Farnsworth's patent. Zworykin was unable or unwilling to introduce in evidence a working model of his tube that was based on his 1923 patent description.
  12. ^ Daniel Stashower, The Boy Genius and the Mogul: The Untold Story of Television, Broadway Books, 2002, p. 243–244. ISBN 978-0767907590.
  13. ^ John Logie Baird, Television Apparatus and the Like, U.S. patent, filed in U.K. in 1928.
  14. ^ Baird Television: Crystal Palace Television Studios. Previous color television demonstrations in the U.K. and U.S. had been via closed circuit.
  15. ^ Albert Abramson, The History of Television, 1942 to 2000, McFarland & Company, 2003, pp. 13-14. ISBN 0786412208
  16. ^ Baird Television: The World's First High Definition Colour Television System.
  17. ^ Kenyon Kilbon, Pioneering in Electronics: A Short History of the Origins and Growth of RCA Laboratories, Radio Corporation of America, 1919 to 1964, Chapter Nine — Television: Monochrome to Color, 1964. V.K. Zworykin with Frederick Olessi, Iconoscope: An Autobiography of Vladimir Zworykin, Chapter 10 — Television Becomes a Reality, 1945-1954, 1971. "The system used two color filters in combination with photocells and a flying spot scanner for pickup." Alfred V. Roman, The Historical Development of Color Television Systems, doctoral dissertation, New York University, 1967, p. 49.
  18. ^ "Color Television Success in Test," New York Times, Aug. 30, 1940, p. 21. "CBS Demonstrates Full Color Television," Wall Street Journal, Sept. 5, 1940, p. 1. "Television Hearing Set," New York Times, Nov. 13, 1940, p. 26.
  19. ^ Peter C. Goldmark, assignor to Columbia Broadcasting System, "Color Television", U.S. Patent 2,480,571, filed Sept. 7, 1940.
  20. ^ Ed Reitan, RCA-NBC Color Firsts in Television (commented).
  21. ^ "Making of Radios and Phonographs to End April 22," New York Times, March 8, 1942, p. 1. "Radio Production Curbs Cover All Combinations," Wall Street Journal, June 3, 1942, p. 4. "WPB Cancels 210 Controls; Radios, Trucks in Full Output," New York Times, August 21, 1945, p. 1.
  22. ^ "TV Color Controversy," Life, February 27, 1950.
  23. ^ "Washington Chosen for First Color Showing; From Ages 4 to 90, Audience Amazed", The Washington Post, Jan. 13, 1950, p. B2.
  24. ^ "Color TV Tests To Be Resumed In Washington", The Washington Post, February 12, 1950, p. M5.
  25. ^ "CBS Color Television To Make Public Debut In N.Y. Next Week", The Wall Street Journal, November 9, 1950, p. 18.
  26. ^ CBS Announces Color Television (advertisement), New York Daily News, November 13, 1950, p. .
  27. ^ "You Can See The Blood on Color Video," The Washington Post, Jan. 15, 1950, p. L1. "Video Color Test Begins on C.B.S.," New York Times, Nov. 14, 1950, p. 44.
  28. ^ "CBS Color Preview Seen By 2,000 in Philadelphia", The Wall Street Journal, December 16, 1950, p. 10.
  29. ^ "C.B.S. Color Video Presents a 'First'," New York Times, June 26, 1951, p. 31.
  30. ^ Four hundred guests watched the premiere commercial broadcast on eight color receivers at a CBS studio in New York, as no color receivers were available to the general public. "C.B.S. Color Video Presents a 'First"", New York Times, June 26, 1951, p. 31. A total of about 40 color receivers were available in the five cities on the color network. The CBS affiliate in Washington had three receivers and a monitor. "First Sponsored TV in Color Praised by WTOP Audience", The Washington Post, June 26, 1951, p. 1. Most of the remainder of the prototype color receivers were given to advertisers sponsoring the color broadcasts. "Today, June 25, 1951, is a turning point in broadcasting history" (WTOP-TV advertisement), The Washington Post, June 25, 1951, p. 10.
  31. ^ "CBS Color System Makes Television Set Makers See Red", Wall Street Journal, October 17, 1950, p. 1. Three exceptions among the major television manufacturers were Philco, which offered 11 models that could show CBS color broadcasts in black and white; and Westinghouse and Admiral, which offered adapters to receive color broadcasts in black and white. "Philco Offers 11 TV Sets To Receive CBS Color TV in Black and White", Wall Street Journal, June 4, 1951, p. 9. "Westinghouse to Sell Adapter for CBS Color TV Signals", Wall Street Journal, August 7, 1951, p. 18.
  32. ^ "Hytron's Deal With CBS Seen TV Color Aid", The Washington Post, April 12, 1951, p. 15.
  33. ^ "CBS Subsidiary Starts Mass Production of Color Television Sets," Wall Street Journal, Sep 13, 1951, p. 18.
  34. ^ "Color TV Shelved As a Defense Step," New York Times, Oct 20, 1951, p. 1. "Action of Defense Mobilizer in Postponing Color TV Poses Many Question for the Industry," New York Times, Oct. 22, 1951, p. 23. Ed Reitan, CBS Field Sequential Color System, 1997.
  35. ^ "RCA to Test Color TV System On Three Shows Daily Beginning Today", The Wall Street Journal, July 9, 1951, p. 3.
  36. ^ "CBS Says Confusion Now Bars Color TV," Washington Post, March 26, 1953, p. 39.
  37. ^ "N.P.A. Decides to End Restrictions on Output Of Color TV Sets", The Wall Street Journal, March 21, 1953, p. 1.
  38. ^ "F.C.C. Rules Color TV Can Go on Air at Once," New York Times, Dec. 19, 1953, p. 1.
  39. ^ "NBC Launches First Publicly-Announced Color Television Show," Wall Street Journal, August 31, 1953, p. 4.
  40. ^ 50 Years of Hallmark Hall of Fame
  41. ^ "Television in Review: N.B.C. Color," New York Times, Jan. 4, 1954, p. 28. Two days earlier Admiral demonstrated to their distributors the prototype of Admiral's first color television set planned for consumer sale using the NTSC standards, priced at $1,175 ($9,013 in 2007 dollars). It is not known when the later commercial version of this receiver was first sold. Production was extremely limited, and no advertisements for it were published in New York or Washington newspapers. "First Admiral Color TV," New York Times, Dec 31, 1953, p. 22. "Admiral's First Color TV Set," Wall Street Journal, Dec. 31, 1953, p. 5.
  42. ^ Westinghouse display ad, New York Times, Feb. 28, 1954, p. 57. Only 30 sets were sold in its first month. "Color TV Reduced by Westinghouse," April 2, 1954, p. 36.
  43. ^ RCA's manufacture of color sets started March 25, 1954, and 5,000 Model CT-100's were produced. Initially $1,000, its price was cut to $495 in August 1954 ($3,797 in 2007 dollars). "R.C.A. Halves Cost of Color TV Sets," New York Times, Aug. 10, 1954, p. 21.
  44. ^ "News of TV and Radio," New York Times, June 20, 1954, p. X11.
  45. ^ RCA made about 95 percent of the color television sets sold in the U.S. in 1960. Peter Bart, "Advertising: Color TV Set Output Spurred," New York Times, July 31, 1961, p. 27.
  46. ^ "Chasing the Rainbow," Time, June 30, 1958.
  47. ^ The Flintstones, The Jetsons, and Beany and Cecil. "A.B.C.-TV To Start Color Programs," New York Times, April 1, 1962, p. 84. "More Color," New York Times, Sept. 23, 1962, p. 145. Ed Reitan, RCA-NBC Firsts in Television. Jack Gould, "Tinted TV Shows Its Colors," New York Times, Nov. 29, 1964, p. X17.
  48. ^ Clarke Ingram, The DuMont Television Network, Chapter Seven: Finale.
  49. ^ The exceptions being I Dream of Jeannie and Convoy
  50. ^ The game show Everybody's Talking. The last black and white series on network television was MisteRogers' Neighborhood on the non-commercial NET in August 1968.
  51. ^ Television Facts and Statistics — 1939 to 2000, Television History — The First 75 Years.
  52. ^ Roberto Diaz-Martin, "The Recent History of Satellite Communications in Cuba", Selection of a Color Standard, in Beyond the Ionosphere: Fifty Years of Satellite Communication (NASA SP-4217, 1997).
  53. ^ "Colour Television: Baird Experimental System Described", Wireless World, August 17, 1939, p. 145.
  54. ^ The adoption of color television in Italy (Italian).
  55. ^ New York Times, "Radio Talkies Put On Program Basis", April 27, 1931.
  56. ^ "Truman to Be Televised In First National Hook-Up", The New York Times, September 4, 1951, p. 2.
  57. ^ "Television Highlights", The Washington Post, September 4, 1951, p. B13.
  58. ^ "Coast to Coast Television" (CBS advertisement), The Wall Street Journal, September 4, 1951, p. 9.
  59. ^ Early British Television: Baird, Television History: The First 75 Years.
  60. ^ Pre-1935, Television History: The First 75 Years. The French model shown does not appear to have entered production.
  61. ^ Pre-1935 Baird Sets: UK, Television History: The First 75 Years.
  62. ^ Telefunken, Early Electronic TV Gallery, Early Television Foundation.
  63. ^ 1934–35 Telefunken, Television History: The First 75 Years.
  64. ^ 1936 French Television, Television History: The First 75 Years.
  65. ^ 1936 Baird T5, Television History: The First 75 Years.
  66. ^ Communicating Systems, Inc., Early Electronic TV Gallery, Early Television Foundation.
  67. ^ America's First Electronic Television Set, Television History: The First 75 Years.
  68. ^ American TV Prices, Television History: The First 75 Years.
  69. ^ Annual Television Set Sales in USA, Television History: The First 75 Years.
  70. ^ Number of TV Households in America, Television History: The First 75 Years.

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Further reading

  • Abramson, Albert. The History of Television, 1880 to 1941. (1987). Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. ISBN 0-89950-284-9.
  • Abramson, Albert. The History of Television, 1942 to 2000. (2003). Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. ISBN 0-78641-220-8.
  • Burns, R. W. Television: An international history of the formative years. (1998). IEE History of Technology Series, 22. London: IEE. ISBN 0-85296-914-7.
  • Fisher, David E. and Marshall Jon Fisher. Tube: the Invention of Television. (1996). Washington: Counterpoint. ISBN 1887178171.
  • Shiers, George. Early Television: A Bibliographic Guide to 1940. (1997). Garland Reference Library of Social Science. ISBN 0-82407-782-2.

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External links

Links related to the development or history of television





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