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Most major motion pictures are shot on film. Film is a very high resolving medium, with resolution measured by testing its ability to resolve pairs of black and white lines, the unit of measurement is cycles/mm – one "cycle" consists of a pair of lines and is equivalent to two pixels, one black and one white. Film by itself can commonly resolve from 50 c/mm to 400 c/mm (100 pixels/mm to 800 pixels/mm) depending on emulsion stock. However, since the image on film is formed by exposing it through a lens and this lens also has its own resolution limits, the final resolution on the photographed negative is always less than each component's individual resolution.

Depending on the year and format a movie was filmed in, the exposed image can vary greatly in size. Sizes range from as big as 24 mm × 36 mm for VistaVision/Technirama 8 perforation cameras (same as 35 mm still photo film) going down through 18 mm × 24 mm for Silent Films or Full Frame 4 perforations cameras to as small as 9 mm × 21 mm in Academy Sound Aperture cameras modified for the Techniscope 2 perforation format. Movies are also produced using other film gauges, including 70 mm films (22 mm × 48 mm) or the rarely used 55 mm and CINERAMA.

The four major film formats provide pixel resolutions (calculated from pixels per millimeter) roughly as follows:

• Academy Sound (Sound movies before 1955): 15 mm × 21 mm (1.375) = 2160 × 2970
• Academy camera US Widescreen: 11 mm × 21 mm (1.85) = 1605 × 2970
• Current Anamorphic Panavision ("Scope"): 17.5 mm × 21 mm (2.39) = 2485 × 2970
• Super-35 for Anamorphic prints: 10 mm × 24 mm (2.39) = 1420 × 3390

In the process of making prints for exhibition, this negative is copied onto other film (negative → interpositive → internegative → print) causing the resolution to be reduced with each emulsion copying step and when the image passes through a lens (for example, on a projector). In many cases, the resolution can be reduced down to 1/6th of the original negative's resolution (or worse). Note that resolution values for 70 mm film are higher than those listed above.

Typical high-definition home video uses the following resolutions:

• 1280 × 720
• 1920 × 1080

Usually when studios master movies for home video release they use assets in high resolution and then master them to 1920 × 1080 and/or 1280 × 720. For standard definition applications (e.g., DVD or SDTV), they are also anamorphically compressed and mastered to 720 × 576 (PAL) and 720 × 480 (NTSC).

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HD in video gaming

Video game systems, such as the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Xbox (NTSC only) and Xbox 360 can output an HD signal. The PlayStation Network and Xbox Live Marketplace services offers HD movies, and clips for download to their respective consoles.

The PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 (seventh generation video consoles) can output display resolutions up to 1080p through both component and HDMI. While there is only a very limited number of games available which render the picture in 1080p, all games can be automatically scaled to this resolution. Both Xbox 360 games and PlayStation 3 games are labeled with their output resolution on games' packages.

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See also

• Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC)
• ATSC tuner
• Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting
• DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting)
• Digital television
• HDTV input and colorspace (YPbPr/YCbCr).
• HD ready
• Ultra High Definition Video
• United States Federal Standard 1037C
• DTV channel protection ratios

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References

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Further reading

• Images formats for HDTVPDF (549 KiB), article from the EBU Technical Review .
• High Definition for Europe - a progressive approachPDF (207 KiB), article from the EBU Technical Review .
• High Definition (HD) Image Formats for Television ProductionPDF (117 KiB), technical report from the EBU
• Digital Terrestrial HDTV Broadcasting in EuropePDF, technical report from the EBU

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External links

• ATSC
• How to Edit and Play HD Video on the desktop, from Internet Video magazine
• TV Azteca Plans HDTV Mexican Rollout

v • d • e Digital Video Resolutions Designation Usage Examples Definition (lines) Rate (Hz) Interlaced (fields) Progressive (frames) Low; MP@LL LDTV, VCD 240; 288 (SIF)   24, 30; 25 Standard; MP@ML SDTV, SVCD, DVD, DV 480 (NTSC, PAL-M) 60 24, 30 576 (PAL, SECAM) 50 25 Enhanced EDTV 480; 576   60; 50 High; MP@HL HDTV, BD, HDV 720   24, 30, 60; 25, 50 1080 50, 60 24, 30; 25 This table illustrates total horizontal and vertical pixel resolution via box size. It does not accurately reflect the screen or pixel shape (aspect ratio) of these formats, which is either 4:3, or 16:9.

v • d • e High-definition (HD) Concepts High-definition video • High-definition television • High-definition audio Analog broadcast (defunct) 819 line system • HD MAC • MUSE (Hi-Vision) Digital broadcast ATSC • DVB • (ISDB / SBTVD) • DMB-T/H Audio: Dolby Digital (5.1) • MPEG-1 Layer II • PCM • LPCM • DXD • DSD • AAC Filming and storage HDV • DCI High-definition media and compression Blu-ray Disc • HD VMD • D-VHS • Super Audio CD  • DVD-Audio  • MPEG-2 • H.264 • VC-1 Connectors Component • HDMI • DVI • DisplayPort • UDI Deployments List of digital television deployments by country

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