Together with Alfred the Great and Charles II, Henry is traditionally called one of the founders of the Royal Navy. His reign featured some naval warfare and, more significantly, large royal investment in shipbuilding (including a few spectacular great ships such as Mary Rose), dockyards (such as HMNB Portsmouth) and naval innovations (such as the use of cannon on-board ship - although archers were still deployed on medieval-style forecastles and bowcastles as the ship's primary armament on large ships, or co-armament where cannon were used). However, in some ways this is a misconception since Henry did not bequeath to his immediate successors a navy in the sense of a formalised organisation with structures, ranks, formalised munitioning structures but only in the sense of a set of ships. Elizabeth I still had to cobble together a set of privately owned ships to fight off the Spanish Armada (which consisted of about 130 warships and converted merchant ships) and in the former, formal sense the modern British navy, the Royal Navy, is largely a product of the Anglo-Dutch naval rivalry of the seventeenth century. Still, Henry's reign marked the birth of English naval power and was a key factor in England's later victory over the Spanish Armada.

Henry's break with Rome incurred the threat of a large-scale French or Spanish invasion. To guard against this he strengthened existing coastal defence fortresses (such as Dover Castle and, also at Dover, Moat Bulwark and Archcliffe Fort he personally visited for a few months to supervise, as is commemorated in the modern exhibition in Dover Castle's keep there). He also built a chain of new 'castles' (in fact, large bastioned and garrisoned gun batteries) along Britain's southern coast from East Anglia to Cornwall, largely built of material gained from the demolition of monasteries. These were also known as Henry VIII's Device Forts.

Style and arms

English Royalty
House of Tudor
Royal Coat of Arms
Henry VIII
Henry, Duke of Cornwall
Mary I
Elizabeth I
Edward VI

Henry VIII was the first English monarch to regularly use the style "Majesty", though the alternatives "Highness" and "Grace" were also used.

Several changes were made to the royal style during his reign. Henry originally used the style "Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England, France and Lord of Ireland". In 1521, pursuant to a grant from Pope Leo X rewarding a book by Henry attacking Martin Luther, the royal style became "Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England and France, Defender of the Faith and Lord of Ireland". Following Henry's excommunication, Pope Paul III rescinded the grant of the title "Defender of the Faith", but an Act of Parliament declared that it remained valid; and it continues in royal usage to the present day.

In 1535, Henry added the "supremacy phrase" to the royal style, which became "Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England and France, Defender of the Faith, Lord of Ireland and of the Church of England in Earth Supreme Head". In 1536, the phrase "of the Church of England" changed to "of the Church of England and also of Ireland".

In 1541, Henry had the Irish Parliament change the title "Lord of Ireland" to "King of Ireland" with the Crown of Ireland Act 1542, after being advised that many Irish people regarded the Pope as the true head of their country, with the Lord acting as a mere representative. The reason the Irish regarded the Pope as their overlord was because Ireland had originally been given to the English King Henry II by Pope Adrian IV in the twelfth century as a feudal territory under papal overlordship. The meeting of Irish Parliament that proclaimed Henry VIII King of Ireland was the first meeting attended by the Gaelic Irish chieftains as well as the Anglo-Irish aristocrats. The style "Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith and of the Church of England and also of Ireland in Earth Supreme Head" remained in use until the end of Henry's reign.

Henry's motto was Coeur Loyal (true heart) and he had this embroidered on his clothes in the form of a heart symbol and with the word loyal. His emblem was the Tudor rose and the Beaufort portcullis.

As Duke of York, Henry used the arms of his father (i.e. those of the kingdom), differenced by a label of three points ermine. As king, Henry VIII's arms were the same as those used by his predecessors since Henry IV: Quarterly, Azure three fleurs-de-lys Or (for France) and Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England).

Ancestry

v • d • e Ancestors of Henry VIII of England

16. Maredudd ap Tudur               8. Owen Tudor                       17. Margaret ferch Dafydd               4. Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond                             18. Charles VI of France               9. Catherine of Valois                       19. Isabeau of Bavaria               2. Henry VII of England                                   20. John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset               10. John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset                       21. Margaret Holland               5. Lady Margaret Beaufort                             22. John de Beauchamp, 3rd Baron Beauchamp               11. Margaret Beauchamp of Bletso                       23. Edith Stourton               1. Henry VIII of England                                         24. Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge               12. Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York                       25. Anne de Mortimer               6. Edward IV of England                             26. Ralph de Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland               13. Cecily Neville                       27. Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland               3. Elizabeth of York                                   28. Sir Richard Wydevill               14. Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers                       29. Elizabeth Bodulgate               7. Elizabeth Woodville                             30. Peter I, Comte de Saint-Pol               15. Jacquetta of Luxembourg                       31. Margaret de Baux

Marriage and issue

Name	Birth	Death	Notes
By Queen Catherine of Aragon (married 11 June 1509 annulled 23 May 1533)
Miscarried daughter	31 January 1510
Henry, Duke of Cornwall	1 January 1511	22 February 1511
Unnamed son	November 1513
Henry, Duke of Cornwall	December 1514
Queen Mary I	18 February 1516	17 November 1558	married 1554, Philip II of Spain; no issue
Unnamed daughter	10 November 1518
By Queen Anne Boleyn (married 25 January 1533 annulled 1536) beheaded
Queen Elizabeth I	7 September 1533	24 March 1603	never married, no issue
"Henry Tudor"	1534		Historians are uncertain if the child was born and died shortly after birth, or if it had been a miscarriage. The affair was hushed up and we cannot even be certain of the child's sex.
"Edward Tudor"	29 January 1536
By Queen Jane Seymour (married 30 May 1536; died 25 October 1537)
King Edward VI	12 October 1537	6 July 1553
By Queen Anne of Cleves (married 6 January 1540 annulled 1540)
no issue
By Queen Catherine Howard (married 28 July 1540 annulled 1541[citation needed]) beheaded
no issue
By Queen Catherine Parr (married 12 July 1543; died 5 September 1548)
no issue
By Elizabeth Blount
Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond and Somerset	15 June 1519	18 June 1536	illegitimate; married 1533, the Lady Mary Howard; no issue
By Mary Boleyn (not definitely Henry's children) (Some writers, such as Alison Weir, now question whether Henry Carey was fathered by Henry VIII. [31])
Catherine Carey	c. 1524	15 January 1568	married Sir Francis Knollys; had issue
Henry Carey, Baron Hunsdon	4 March 1526	23 July 1596	married 1545, Ann Morgan; had issue

See also

Part of a series on Anglicanism
Organisation
Anglican Communion its 'instruments of unity': Archbishop of Canterbury Lambeth Conferences Primates' Meeting Anglican Consultative Council
Background
Scripture Christianity Catholicism Apostolic Succession English Reformation
People
Martyrs Henry VIII Thomas Cranmer Thomas Cromwell Elizabeth I Richard Hooker Charles I William Laud Saints in Anglicanism
Liturgy and Worship
Book of Common Prayer High Church · Low Church Broad Church Oxford Movement 39 Articles · Homilies Doctrine · Ministry Sacraments This box: view • talk • edit Anglicanism Portal

• The Rough Wooing
• Cestui que

Notes

References

• The New World by Winston Churchill (1966).
• The Reformation Parliament, 1529-1536 by Stanford E. Lehmberg (1970).
• Henry VIII and his Court by Neville Williams (1971).
• The Life and Times of Henry VIII by Robert Lacey (1972).
• The Six Wives of Henry VIII by Alison Weir (1991) ISBN 0802136834.
• English Reformations by Christopher Haigh (1993).
• Europe: A history by Norman Davies (1998) ISBN 978-0060974688.
• Europe and England in the Sixteenth Century by T. A. Morris (1998).
• New Worlds, Lost Worlds by Susan Brigden (2000).
• Henry VIII: The King and His Court by Alison Weir (2001).
• British Kings & Queens by Mike Ashley (2002) ISBN 0-7867-1104-3.
• Henry VIII: The King and His Court by Alison Weir (2002) ISBN 034543708X.
• Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII by David Starkey (2003) ISBN 0060005505.
• The Kings and Queens of England by Ian Crofton (2006).

Further reading

• J S Brewer; Robert Henry Brodie; James Gairdner. Letters and papers, foreign and domestic, of the reign of Henry VIII, preserved in the Public Record Office, the British Museum, and elsewhere. 1965 2d ed. (TannerRitchie Publishing)
• Childs, Jessie. Henry VIII's Last Victim: The Life and Times of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey. London: Jonathan Cape, 2006 (hardback, ISBN 0-224-06325-1).
  • Reviewed by C.J. Sansom in The Guardian, October 21, 2006.
• Luther, Martin. Luther's Correspondence and Other Contemporary Letters, 2 vols., tr. and ed. by Preserved Smith, Charles Michael Jacobs, The Lutheran Publication Society, Philadelphia, Pa. 1913, 1918. vol. 1 (1507–1521) and vol. 2 (1521–1530) from Google Books. Reprint of Vol.1, Wipf & Stock Publishers (March 2006). ISBN 1-59752-601-0
• Wagner, John A. "Bosworth Field to Bloody Mary: An Encyclopedia of the Early Tudors." Greenwood, 2003.
• Bowle, John. Henry VIII: A Study of Power in Action Little, Brown, 1964.
• John Lloyd and John Mitchinson "The Book of General Ignorance". faber and faber,2006
• Bryant, M. Private Lives. Cassell, 2001.
• Farrow, John V. The Story of Thomas More. Collins, 1956.
• "Henry VIII". (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. London: Cambridge University Press.
• Kranes, Marsha et al. Know It All. New York: Tess Press, 1998.
• Moorhouse, Geoffrey. Great Harry's Navy: How Henry VIII Gave England Seapower
• Wagner, John A. (2003). "Bosworth Field to Bloody Mary: An Encyclopedia of the Early Tudors." (Greenwood). ISBN 1-57356-540-7.
• Henry VIII, "Assertio septem sacramentorum aduersus Martin. Luther" (1521)Treasure 9 National Library of Vatican City displayed via The European Library

External links

• Tudor bio
• Jokinen, A. (2004). Henry VIII (1491–1547).
• Eakins, L. E. (2004). "The Six Wives of Henry VIII".
• Public Broadcasting Service. (2003). "The Six Wives of Henry VIII".
• Vallieres, S. (1999). "Tudor Succession Problems"
• Ask About Ireland: Waterford Museum of Treasures Collection: Cap of Maintenance
• Henry VIII of England at Genealogics
• Henry VIII Chronology World History Database
• Luminarium: King Henry VIII Life, works, essays, study resources
• Henry VIII Podcast Show
• Henry VIII and his wives
• Henry VIII World History Database
• Buehler, Edward. (2004). "Tudor and Elizabethan Portraits".
• Castelli, Jorge H. (2004). "Henry VIII".
• Stevens, Garry. (2003). "Henry VIII: Intrigue in the Tudor Court".
• Perrott, Terry. (2004). "Sir John Perrott".
• Illustrated history of Henry VIII.
• Henry VIII at Find A Grave
• Martin Luther to Henry VIII, September 1, 1525
• Henry VIII to Martin Luther. August, 1526
• Henry VIII to Frederic, John, and George, Dukes of Saxony. January. 20, 1523 re: Luther.
• Free scores by Henry VIII of England in the Werner Icking Music Archive (WIMA)

Henry VIII of England House of Tudor Born: June 28 1491 Died: January 28 1547
Regnal titles
Preceded by Henry VII	King of England 21 April 1509 – 28 January 1547	Succeeded by Edward VI
	Lord of Ireland 1509 – 1541	Declared king by an act of the Irish Parliament
Vacant Title last held by Edward Bruce	King of Ireland 1541 – 1547	Succeeded by Edward VI
Political offices
Preceded by Sir William Scott	Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports 1493 – 1509	Succeeded by Sir Edward Poyning
English royalty
Preceded by Arthur, Prince of Wales	Heir to the English Throne as heir apparent 2 April 1502 – 21 April 1509	Succeeded by Margaret Tudor
Peerage of England
Preceded by Arthur	Prince of Wales 1502 – 1509	Vacant Title next held by Edward VI
New creation	Duke of York 3rd creation 1494 – 1509	Merged in crown

v • d • e English Monarchs Overlords (or Bretwaldas) of the English Aelle of Sussex · Ceawlin of Wessex · Æthelberht of Kent · Rædwald of East Anglia · Edwin of Deira · Oswald of Bernicia · Oswy of Northumbria · Wulfhere of Mercia · Æthelred of Mercia · Ethelbald of Mercia¶ · Offa of Mercia · Cœnwulf of Mercia · Egbert of Wessex Monarchs (pre-Conquest) of England Alfred the Great · Edward the Elder · Ælfweard · Athelstan¶ · Edmund the Magnificent¶ · Edred¶ · Edwy the Fair¶ · Edgar the Peaceable¶ · Edward the Martyr · Ethelred the Unready · Sweyn Forkbeard · Edmund Ironside · Canute¶ · Harold Harefoot · Harthacanute · Edward the Confessor · Harold Godwinson · Edgar the Atheling Monarchs (post-Conquest) of England William I the Conqueror · William II Rufus · Henry I · Stephen · Matilda · Henry II · Richard I the Lionheart · John† · Henry III† · Edward I† · Edward II† · Edward III† · Richard II† · Henry IV Bolingbroke† · Henry V† · Henry VI† · Edward IV† · Edward V† · Richard III† · Henry VII† · Henry VIII† · Edward VI† · Jane† · Mary I† · Elizabeth I† · James I‡ · Charles I‡ · Commonwealth · Charles II‡ · James II‡ · William III‡ with Mary II‡ · William III‡ · Anne‡ ¶ Also King/Overlord of Great Britain. † Also Lord/Monarch of Ireland. ‡ Also Monarch of Scotland and Ireland.

v • d • e Dukes of Cornwall HRH The Prince Charles, Duke of Cornwall Edward, the Black Prince (1337–1376) · Richard II (1376–1377) · Henry V (1399–1413) · Henry VI (1421–1422) · Edward of Westminster (1453–1471) · Edward V (1470–1483) · Edward of Middleham (1483–1484) · Arthur, Prince of Wales (1486–1502) · Henry VIII (1502–1509) · Henry Tudor (1511) · Henry Tudor (1514) · Edward VI (1537–1547) · Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales (1603–1612) · Charles I (1612–1625) · Charles James (1629) · Charles II (1630–1649) · The Old Pretender (1688–1689) · George II (1714–1727) · Prince Frederick (1727–1751) · George IV (1762–1820) · Edward VII (1841–1901) · George V (1901–1910)· Edward VIII (1910–1936)

v • d • e Dukes of York HRH The Prince Andrew, Duke of York Edmund of Langley (1385–1402) · Edward of Norwich (1402–1415) · Richard Plantagenet (1415-1460) · Edward of York (1460-1461) · Richard of Shrewsbury (1474-1483) · Henry (1494-1509) · Charles (1605-1625) · James (1633/1644-1685) · Ernest Augustus (1716-1728) · Edward (1760-1767) · Frederick (1784-1827) · George (1892-1910) · Albert (1920-1936)

Persondata
NAME	Tudor, Henry
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	King Henry VIII of England
SHORT DESCRIPTION	King Henry VIII of England
DATE OF BIRTH	28 June 1491(1491-06-28)
PLACE OF BIRTH	Palace of Placentia, Greenwich
DATE OF DEATH	28 January 1547
PLACE OF DEATH	Palace of Whitehall, London

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