George III of the United Kingdom
On 27 July 1749, George was granted use of the arms of the kingdom (as he later inherited), differenced by a label azure of five points, the centre point bearing a fleur-de-lys or. Upon his father's death, and along with the dukedom of Edinburgh and the position of heir-apparent, he inherited his difference of a plain label argent of three points.[61]
From the time of his coronation until 1800, George's arms were: Quarterly, I Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England) impaling Or a lion rampant within a double-tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); II Azure three fleurs-de-lys Or (for France); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland); IV tierced per pale and per chevron (for Hanover), I Gules two lions passant guardant Or (for Brunswick), II Or a semy of hearts Gules a lion rampant Azure (for Lüneburg), III Gules a horse courant Argent (for Westfalen), overall an escutcheon Gules charged with the crown of Charlemagne Or (for the dignity of Archtreasurer of the Holy Roman Empire).
Following the Act of Union 1800, his arms were amended, dropping the French quartering. They became: Quarterly, I and IV Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England); II Or a lion rampant within a double tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland); overall an escutcheon tierced per pale and per chevron (for Hanover), I Gules two lions passant guardant Or (for Brunswick), II Or a semy of hearts Gules a lion rampant Azure (for Lunenburg), III Gules a horse courant Argent (for Westfalen), the whole inescutcheon surmounted by an electoral bonnet. In 1816, two years after the Electorate of Hanover became a Kingdom, the electoral bonnet was changed to a crown.
 Arms of the kingdom pre-Union |
 Arms of the kingdom post-Union |
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Issue
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Ancestors
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See also
- List of British monarchs
- American Revolutionary War
- List of mentally ill monarchs
- Cultural depictions of George III of the United Kingdom
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Notes
- ^ a b 24 May in the Old Style Julian calendar still in use in Great Britain at this time.
- ^ a b c d The Royal Household. George III. Official website of the British Monarchy. Retrieved on 2007-05-25.
- ^ Butterfield, p.9
- ^ Hibbert, p.8
- ^ Yvonne's Royalty Home Page: Royal Christenings
- ^ Hibbert, pp.3–15
- ^ Hibbert, pp.24–25
- ^ a b c d e f Cannon, John (Sept 2004; online edn, Jan 2007), “George III (1738–1820)”, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press), <http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/10540>. Retrieved on 25 May 2007
- ^ Hibbert, p.31
- ^ George was falsely said to have married a Quakeress named Hannah Lightfoot on 17 April 1759, prior to his marriage to Charlotte, and to have had at least one child by her. Lightfoot had married Isaac Axford in 1753, however, and had died in or before 1759 so no legal marriage to Lightfoot could have occurred and any children she might have had would not be in the line of succession. A forged marriage certificate was impounded at the 1866 trial of the daughter of imposter Olive Wilmot, who claimed to be "Princess Olive". After being studied by the Attorney General, it was deposited in the Royal Archives.
- ^ For example, the letters of Horace Walpole written at the time of the accession defended George but Walpole's later memoirs were hostile (Butterfield, pp.22, 115–117 and 129–130).
- ^ Hibbert, p.86 and Watson, pp.67–79
- ^ As a Scottish peer he was not eligible to sit in the British House of Commons and could only sit in the House of Lords as a representative peer, which he was not. Source: Pares, p.100
- ^ Watson, p.93 and Caretta, pp.59 and 64 ff.
- ^ Watson, pp.182–184
- ^ An American taxpayer would pay a maximum of sixpence a year, compared to an average of twenty-five shillings (50 times as much) in England. (Hibbert, p.122)
- ^ Watson, pp.184–185
- ^ Hibbert, pp.107–109 and Watson, pp.106–111
- ^ Hibbert, pp.111–113
- ^ Hibbert, p.124
- ^ Hibbert, p.140
- ^ Hibbert, p.141
- ^ Hibbert, p.143
- ^ Watson, p.197
- ^ Thomas, Peter D. G. (1985), “George III and the American Revolution”, History 70 (228): 31
- ^ Our history. The Crown Estate (2004). Retrieved on 2008-02-21.
- ^ Kelso, Paul (6 March 2000), “The royal family and the public purse”, The Guardian, <http://www.guardian.co.uk/margaret/story/0,,420405,00.html>. Retrieved on 21 February 2008
- ^ Watson, p.88
- ^ Medley, Dudley Julius (1902). A Student's Manual of English Constitutional History. p. 501
- ^ Hibbert, pp.156–157
- ^ Trevelyan, vol.1 p.4
- ^ Trevelyan, vol.1 p.5
- ^ Hillenbrad, William (2001). Born in Battle: A History of the American Revolution. Troubadour Interactive. ISBN 1890642177
- ^ Hibbert, p.165
- ^ Hibbert, p.243 and Pares, p.120
- ^ Watson, pp.272–279
- ^ Carretta, pp.262 and 297
- ^ Röhl, John C. G.; Warren, Martin; Hunt, David (1998). Purple Secret: Genes, "Madness" and the Royal Houses of Europe. London: Bantam Press. ISBN 0-593-04148-8.
- ^ Cox, Timothy M.; Jack, N.; Lofthouse, S.; Watling, J.; Haines, J.; Warren, M.J. (2005). "King George III: and porphyria: an elemental hypothesis and investigation". The Lancet (Elsevier) 366: 332–335.
- ^ Hibbert, pp.262–267
- ^ Hibbert, p.273
- ^ Hibbert, pp.301–302 and Carretta, p.285
- ^ Carretta, p.275
- ^ Hibbert, p.313
- ^ Hibbert, p.315
- ^ Pares, p.139
- ^ Carretta, p.340
- ^ Hibbert, p.396
- ^ Hibbert, p.394
- ^ Hibbert, pp.397–398
- ^ Hibbert, pp.399–402
- ^ Hibbert, p.408
- ^ Carretta, pp.99–101 and 123–126
- ^ Reitan, E. A. (1964). "Introduction", in Reitan, E. A.: George III, Tyrant Or Constitutional Monarch?. Boston: D. C. Heath and Company, p.viii.
- ^ Reitan, pp.xii–xiii
- ^ Butterfield, p.152
- ^ Carretta, pp.97, 98 and 367
- ^ Carretta, pp.92–93, 267–273, 302–305 and 317
- ^ 'Farmer' George and his 'ferme ornée'. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved on 2008-02-21.
- ^ Watson, pp.10–11
- ^ Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family
- ^ Weir, pp.286–299
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References
- Butterfield, Herbert (1957). George III and the Historians. London: Collins. online edition
- Cannon, John (Sept 2004; online edn, Jan 2007), “George III (1738–1820)”, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press), <http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/10540>. Retrieved on 25 May 2007
- Caretta, Vincent (1990). George III and the Satirists from Hogarth to Byron. Athens, Georgia: The University of Georgia Press. ISBN 0-8203-1146-4.
- Hibbert, Christopher (1999). George III: A Personal History. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0140257373.
- Pares, Richard (1953). King George III and the Politicians. Oxford University Press. online edition
- Reitan, E. A. (editor) (1964). George III, Tyrant Or Constitutional Monarch?. Boston: D. C. Heath and Company. A compilation of different essays encompassing the major assessments of George III up to 1964.
- Röhl, John C. G.; Warren, Martin; Hunt, David (1998). Purple Secret: Genes, "Madness" and the Royal Houses of Europe. London: Bantam Press. ISBN 0-593-04148-8.
- Thomas, Peter D. G. (1985), “George III and the American Revolution”, History 70 (228): 16–31
- Trevelyan, George (1912). George the Third and Charles Fox: The Concluding Part of the American Revolution.
- Watson, J. Steven (1960). The Reign of George III, 1760–1815. London: Oxford University Press. online edition
- Weir, Alison (1996). Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy, Revised edition. Random House. ISBN 0712674489.
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Further reading
- Black, Jeremy (2006). George III: America's Last King. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-11732-9.
- Ditchfield, G. M. (2002). George III: An Essay in Monarchy. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 0-333-91962-9.
- See also: Conway, Stephen (February 2003). Book Review. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved on 2008-02-25.
- Macalpine, Ida & Hunter, Richard (1966), “The 'insanity' of King George III: a classic case of porphyria”, Brit. Med. J. 1: 65–71
- May, Thomas Erskine (1896). The Constitutional History of England Since the Accession of George the Third, 1760–1860, 11th ed., London: Longmans, Green and Co.
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External links
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George III of the United Kingdom
Cadet branch of the House of Welf
Born: 4 June 1738 Died: 29 January 1820 |
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| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by George II |
King of Great Britain 25 October 1760 – 31 December 1800 |
United together by the Act of Union 1800 |
| King of Ireland 25 October 1760 – 31 December 1800 |
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| Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Elector of Hanover 25 October 1760 – 6 August 1806 |
Suspended
Lost during the Great French War
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| New title |
King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 1 January 1801 – 29 January 1820 with George, Prince of Wales and Prince Regent (1811–20) |
Succeeded by George IV |
| Suspended
Lost during the Great French War
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King of Hanover 1 October 1814 – 29 January 1820 |
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| British royalty | ||
| Preceded by Frederick, Prince of Wales |
Heir to the Thrones as heir apparent 1751–1760 |
Succeeded by Prince Edward, Duke of York |
| Peerage of Great Britain | ||
| Preceded by Prince Frederick, Duke of Cornwall and Edinburgh |
Prince of Wales 1751–1760 |
Succeeded by Prince George, Duke of Cornwall later King George IV |
| Duke of Edinburgh 1st creation 1751–1760 |
Merged in the Crown | |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | George III of the United Kingdom |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | George William Frederick |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | King of the United Kingdom |
| DATE OF BIRTH | June 4, 1738 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Norfolk House, London, England |
| DATE OF DEATH | January 29, 1820 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Windsor Castle, Berkshire, England |
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