|
|
France
-
Marianne is a symbol of the French Republic. She is an allegorical figure of liberty and the Republic and first appeared at the time of the French Revolution. The earliest representations of Marianne are of a woman wearing a Phrygian cap. The origins of the name Marianne are unknown, but Marie-Anne was a very common first name in the 18th century. Anti-revolutionaries of the time derisively called her La Gueuse (the Commoner). It is believed that revolutionaries from the South of France adopted the Phrygian cap as it symbolised liberty, having been worn by freed slaves in both Greece and Rome. Mediterranean seamen and convicts manning the galleys also wore a similar type of cap.
Under the Third Republic, statues, and especially busts, of Marianne began to proliferate, particularly in town halls. She was represented in several different manners, depending on whether the aim was to emphasise her revolutionary nature or her “wisdom”. Over time, the Phrygian cap was felt to be too seditious, and was replaced by a diadem or a crown. In recent times, famous French women have been used as the model for those busts. Recent ones include Sophie Marceau, and Laetitia Casta. She also features on everyday articles such as postage stamps and coins.
International rankings
See also
- Main list: List of basic France topics
Notes and references
- ^ a b Whole territory of the French Republic, including all the overseas departments and territories, but excluding the French territory of Terre Adélie in Antarctica where sovereignty is suspended since the signing of the Antarctic Treaty in 1959.
- ^ French National Geographic Institute data.
- ^ French Land Register data, which exclude lakes, ponds and glaciers larger than 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.
- ^ INSEE, Government of France. Population totale par sexe et âge au 1er janvier 2008, France métropolitaine. Retrieved on 2008-01-15. (French)
- ^ INSEE, Government of France. Bilan démographique 2007 : des naissances toujours très nombreuses. Retrieved on 2008-01-15. (French)
- ^ a b c Metropolitan France only.
- ^ Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.
- ^ French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.
- ^ In addition to .fr, several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas départements and territories: .re, .mq, .gp, .tf, .nc, .pf, .wf, .pm, .gf and .yt. France also uses .eu, shared with other members of the European Union.
- ^ The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the French telephone numbering plan, but have their own country calling codes: Guadeloupe +590; Martinique +596; French Guiana +594, Réunion and Mayotte +262; Saint Pierre et Miquelon +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: New Caledonia +687, French Polynesia +689; Wallis and Futuna +681
- ^ For more information, see Category:Overseas departments, collectivities and territories of France.
- ^ a b Government of France, Directorate of Tourism. Le tourisme international en France en 2007. Retrieved on 2008-06-05. (French)
- ^ Elizabeth M. Hallam & Judith Everard - Capetian France 937-1328, chapter 1 “The origins of Western Francia” page 7: “What did the name Francia mean in the tenth and eleventh centuries? It still retained a wide general use; both Byzantine and western writers at the time of the crusades described the western forces as Franks. But it was also taking on more specific meanings. From 911 onwards the west Frankish king was known as the Rex Francorum -king of the Franks- and the name Francia could be used to describe his kingdom, as it was also used by the east Frankish, or German, kingdom... The Robertines, forerunners of the Capetians, were duces francorum, dukes of the Franks, and their 'duchy' covered in theory most of northern France. Then as royal power contracted further, leaving the early Capetian only a small bloc of lands around Paris and Orleans, the term Francia was used for this region.”
- ^ Sovereignty claims in Antarctica are governed by the Antarctic Treaty System
- ^ CIA (2007). The World Factbook. Retrieved on 2007-12-06.
- ^ a b CIA (2006). The World Factbook: Field Listing - Elevation extremes. Retrieved on 2006-12-14.
- ^ (French) French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. La France en bref. Retrieved on 2008-03-20.
- ^ According to a different calculation cited by the Pew Research Center, the EEZ of France would be 10,084,201 square kilometres (3,893,532 sq mi), still behind the United States (12,174,629 km² / 4,700,651 sq mi), and still ahead of Australia (8,980,568 km² / 3,467,416 sq mi) and Russia (7,566,673 km² / 2,921,508 sq mi).
- ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2005). Discovering France: Geography. Retrieved on 2006-12-29.
- ^ Rôle et fonctionnement du Sénat. French Senate (2006). Retrieved on 2006-04-20.
- ^ Comparison of recognised and alleged nuclear powers.
- ^ La marine chinoise accède au rang de 3ème puissance mondiale
- ^ L'automobile magazine, hors-série 2003/2004 page 294
- ^ www.ademe.fr/particuliers/Fiches/voiture/rub3.htm.
- ^ UK slips behind France on economy. Financial Times (2008-01-11). Retrieved on 2008-05-12.
- ^ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2005). Labour productivity 2003 (Microsoft Excel). Retrieved on 2006-04-20.
- ^ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2005). Differentials in GDP per capita and their decomposition, 2004 (Microsoft Excel). Retrieved on 2006-04-20.
- ^ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2005). OECD Employment Outlook 2005 - Statistical Annex (PDF format). Retrieved on 2006-06-29.
- ^ Musées et Monuments historiques
- ^ DGEMP / Observatoire de l'énergie (April 2007). Électricité en France: les principaux résultats en 2006.. Retrieved on 2007-05-23.
- ^ Inflow of third-country nationals by country of nationality (2004).
- ^ Immigration and the 2007 French Presidential Elections (PDF).
- ^ INSEE (2005-01-25). Enquêtes annuelles de recensement 2004 et 2005. Retrieved on 2006-12-14. (French)
- ^ UNHCR (2006). UNHCR Global Report 2005: Western Europe (PDF). Retrieved on 2006-12-14.
- ^ Jeanjean, Henri. “Language Diversity in Europe: Can the EU Prevent the Genocide of French Linguistic Minorities?” (PDF).
- ^ Commission d’enquête sur les sectes.
- ^ Catholic World News (2003). France is no longer Catholic, survey shows. Retrieved on 2007-01-11.
- ^ (Romanian) Franţa nu mai e o ţară catolică, Cotidianul 2007-01-11
- ^ La Vie, issue 3209, 2007-03-01 (French)
- ^ Eurobarometer on Social Values, Science and technology 2005 - page 11. Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
- ^ Religious Views and Beliefs Vary Greatly by Country, Financial Times/Harris Poll, December 2006
- ^ the ranking, see spreadsheet details for a whole analysis.
- ^ France searches its soul after euthanasia plea woman dies - CNN.com
- ^ Claude Lébedel - Les Splendeurs du Baroque en France: Histoire et splendeurs du baroque en France page 9: “Si en allant plus loin, on prononce les mots ‘art baroque en France’, on provoque alors le plus souvent une moue interrogative, parfois seulement étonnée, parfois franchement réprobatrice: Mais voyons, l'art baroque n'existe pas en France!”
External links
French government
Country profiles
Culture
|
 Geographic locale |
|
|
|
|
France in the European Union |
|
|
|
|
International organisations |
|
|
Member states and observers of La Francophonie |
|
| Members |
|
|
|
| Observers |
|
|
| 1 Associate member. |
|
|
Coordinates: 47° N 2° E
[[got:����������������������]]
BCUZ.com FACTS Encyclopedia content is licensed under the GFDL as approved by Wikipedia.
For more information review our copyright contact and privacy policy.
© 1996 - BCUZ.COM - We have all the FACTS you need about Small Business Financing, Behavior Disorder, Having Too Many Bills, Needing Cash Fast, Structured Settlements, Frequent Flier Programs, Top Steak Houses, The Mayan Indians, Norfolk and Suffolk England, Growing Longer Hair and a full reference English Encyclopedia and Spanish Encyclopedia.Privacy Policy
|
