Forest Brothers
The 2004 film Utterly Alone (Lithuanian: Vienui Vieni) portrays the travails of Lithuanian partisan leader Juozas Lukša who travelled twice to Western Europe in attempts to gain support for the armed resistance.
The 2005 documentary film Stirna tells the story of Izabelė Vilimaitė (codenames Stirna and Sparnuota), an American-born Lithuanian who moved to Lithuania with her family in 1932. A medical student and pharmacist, she was an underground medic and source of medical supplies for the partisans, eventually becoming a district liaison. She infiltrated the local Komsomol (Communist Youth), was discovered, captured, and escaped twice. After going underground full time, she was suspected of having been turned by the KGB as an informant and was nearly executed by the partisans. Her bunker was eventually discovered by the KGB and she was captured a third time, interrogated and killed.[23][24]
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See also
- Leśni
- Romanian anti-communist resistance movement
- Cursed soldiers
- Hovhannes Bagramyan
- Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941-1944
[
Notes and references
- ^ Woods, Alan. Bolshevism: The Road to Revolution, Wellred Publications, London, 1999. ISBN 1-900007-05-3
- ^ Skultans, Vieda. The Testimony of Lives: Narrative and Memory in Post-Soviet Latvia, pp. 83-84, Routledge, 1st edition, December 22, 1997. ISBN 0-415-16289-0
- ^ a b c d Laar, Mart. War in the Woods: Estonia's Struggle for Survival, 1944-1956, translated by Tiina Ets, Compass Press, November 1992. ISBN 0-929590-08-2
- ^ a b c d e Kaszeta, Daniel J. Lithuanian Resistance to Foreign Occupation 1940-1952, Lituanus, Volume 34, No. 3, Fall 1988. ISSN 0024-5089
- ^ Mackevicičius, Mečislovas. Lithuanian Resistance to German Mobilization Attempts 1941-1944, Lituanus Vol. 32, No. 4, Winter 1986. ISSN 0024-5089
- ^ Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Volume 22. The Avalon Project at Yale Law School (Monday, 30 September 1946). Retrieved on 2008-03-04.
- ^ Letter from Harry N. Rosenfield, Acting Chairman of United States Displaced Persons Commission, to Mr. Johannes Kaiv, Acting Consul General of Estonia, in re memorandum from the Estonian Committee in the United States zone of Germany on the question of former Estonian Legionnaires seeking admission to the United States under the Displaced Persons Act, as amended. September 13, 1950.
- ^ Feldmanis, Inesis and Kangeris, Kārlis. The Volunteer SS Legion in Latvia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia, n.d.
- ^ Misiunas, Romuald and Taagepera, Rein. The Baltic States: Years of Dependence, 1940-1990, University of California Press, expanded & updated edition, October 1, 1993. ISBN 0-520-08228-1
- ^ a b c Laar, p. 24
- ^ Plakans, Andrejs. The Latvians: A Short History, 155. Hoover Institution Press, Stanford, 1995.
- ^ a b c Plakans, p. 155
- ^ a b Laar, p. 27
- ^ Dundovich, E., Gori, F. and Guercett, E. Reflections on the gulag. With a documentary appendix on the Italian victims of repression in the USSR, Feltrinelli Editore IT, 2003. ISBN 88-07-99058-X
- ^ Unknown author. excerpt from Lithuania's Struggle For Freedom, unknown year.
- ^ a b Kuodytė, Dalia and Tracevskis, Rokas. The Unknown War: Armed Anti-Soviet Resistance in Lithuania in 1944–1953, 2004. ISBN 9986-757-59-2
- ^ Tarm, Michael. The Forgotten War, City Paper's The Baltic States Worldwide, 1996.
- ^ Huang, Mel. Review of Mart Laar's War in the Woods: Estonia's Struggle for Survival, 1944-1956. Central Europe Review, Vol. 1, No. 12, September 13, 1999. ISSN 1212-8732
- ^ Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania. Law on the February 16, 1949 Declaration by the Council of the Movement of the Struggle for Freedom of Lithuania, Law No. VIII-1021, January 12, 1999, Vilnius.
- ^ We Put Off This Day As Much As We Could. Kommersant (2005-04-19). Retrieved on 2006-07-14.
- ^ McCain, John. "From Tragedy to Destiny: Estonia's Place in the New Atlantic Order," The Robert C. Frasure Memorial Lecture, Tallinn, Estonia, August 24, 2001.
- ^ Kalmre, Eda. The Saga of the Voitka Brothers in the Estonian Press: The Rise and Fall of a Heroic Legend, Electronic Journal of Folklore, vol. 29, August 2005. ISSN 1406-0949
- ^ Krokys, Bronius. "The Winged One". Bridges, April 2006.
- ^ (Lithuanian) Naujas dokumentinis filmas "Stirna". Septynios Meno Dienos, No. 690 (2006-01-06). Retrieved on 2006-07-05.
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Further reading
- Daumantas, Juozas L. Fighters for Freedom, Manyland Books, New York, December 1975. ISBN 0-87141-049-4
- Razgaitis, Darius. Forest Brothers from the West, research thesis, 2002.
- Vardys, V. Stanley. Lithuania Under the Soviets: Portrait of a Nation, 1940-65, F. A. Praeger, New York, 1965.
- Rieber, Alfred J. (2003). Civil Wars in the Soviet Union. Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 4.1, 129-162.
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External links
- Could the Baltic States have resisted to the Soviet Union? – Forum discussion, includes many links and pictures of Lithuanian partisans
- Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania
- Lithuanian Tauras District Partisans and Deportation Museum
- Museum of Occupations of Estonia
- Occupation Museum of Latvia
- Crimes of Soviet Communists – Wide collection of sources and links
- Vienui Vieni ("Utterly Alone") – 2004 film about the Lithuanian Forest Brothers, based on the real life events of Juozas Lukša aka Juozas L. Daumantas
- What Happened in Lithuania in 1940? – Article by Alfred Erich Senn
- War Chronicle of the Partisans – Chronicle of Lithuanian partisans, June 1944–May 1949, prepared by Algis Rupainis
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