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European Union



Further information: Sport in Europe and Sport policies of the European Union
Spectator sports are popular in many EU member states (Camp Nou, Barcelona)
Spectator sports are popular in many EU member states (Camp Nou, Barcelona)

Sport is mainly the responsibility of individual member states or other international organisations rather than that of the EU. However, some EU policies have had an impact on sport, such as the free movement of workers which was at the core of the Bosman ruling, which prohibited national football leagues from imposing quotas on foreign players with European citizenship.[174]

Under the proposed Treaty of Lisbon sports would be given a special status which would exempt this sector from much of the EU's economic rules. This followed lobbying by governing organisations such as the International Olympic Committee and FIFA, due to objections over the applications of free market principles to sport which led to an increasing gap between rich and poor clubs.[175]

Several European sports associations are consulted in the formulation of the EU's sports policy, including FIBA, UEFA, EHF, IIHF, FIRA and CEV.[176] All EU member states and their respective national sport associations are participating in European sport organisations such as UEFA.[177]

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References

  1. ^ a b Symbols of the EU. Europa. Retrieved on 2008-01-09.
  2. ^ a b c Report for Selected Country Groups and Subjects (European Union). World Economic Outlook Database, April 2008 Edition. International Monetary Fund (April 2008). Retrieved on 2008-05-03. “Gross domestic product, current prices; U.S. dollars, Billions; 2007 = 16,830.100, 2008=18,493.009. Gross domestic product based on purchasing-power-parity (PPP) valuation of country GDP; Current international dollar, Billions; 2007 = 14,712.369;2008 = 15,282.118”
  3. ^ The EU Single Market: Fewer barriers, more opportunities. Europa, European Commission. Retrieved on 2007-09-27. Activities of the European Union: Internal Market. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-06-29.
  4. ^ Farah, Paolo (2006). Five Years of China WTO Membership. EU and US Perspectives about China's Compliance with Transparency Commitments and the Transitional Review Mechanism. Social Science Research Network. Retrieved on 2007-01-25.
  5. ^ a b Abolition of internal borders and creation of a single EU external frontier. Europa (2005). Retrieved on 2007-01-24.
  6. ^ The political consequences. European NAvigator. Retrieved on 2007-09-05.
  7. ^ Declaration of 9 May 1950. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-09-05.
  8. ^ a b A peaceful Europe - the beginnings of cooperation. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-06-25.
  9. ^ Merging the executives. European NAvigator. Retrieved on 2007-06-25.
  10. ^ The first enlargement. European NAvigator. Retrieved on 2007-06-25.
  11. ^ The new European Parliament. European NAvigator. Retrieved on 2007-06-25.
  12. ^ Negotiations for enlargement. European NAvigator. Retrieved on 2007-06-25.
  13. ^ A Europe without frontiers. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-06-25.
  14. ^ 1980-1989 The changing face of Europe - the fall of the Berlin Wall. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-06-25.
  15. ^ Treaty of Maastricht on European Union. Activities of the European Union. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-10-20.; Craig, Paul; Grainne De Burca , P. P. Craig (2006). EU Law: Text, Cases and Materials, 4th ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p15. ISBN 978-0-19-927389-8. 
  16. ^ a b A decade of further expansion. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-06-25.
  17. ^ a b Treaty of Lisbon at a glance. Europa. Retrieved on 2008-02-28.
  18. ^ European Countries. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-09-05.
  19. ^ European Commission - Enlargement - Candidate and Potential Candidate Countries. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-06-26.
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  28. ^ Figure including the four French overseas departments (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Réunion) which are an integral part of the EU, but excluding the French overseas collectivities and territories, which are not part of the EU.
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  32. ^ Humid Continental Climate. The physical environment. University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point (2007). Retrieved on 2007-06-29.
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  35. ^ According to the principle of direct Effect first invoked in the Court of Justice's decision in Van Gend en Loos v. Nederlanse Administratie Der Belastingen, Eur-Lex (European Court of Justice 1963).. See: Craig and de Búrca, ch. 5.
  36. ^ According to the principle of Supremacy as established by the ECJ in Case 6/64, Falminio Costa v. ENEL [1964] ECR 585. See Craig and de Búrca, ch. 7. See also: Factortame Ltd. v. Secretary of State for Transport (No. 2) [1991] 1 AC 603, Solange II (Re Wuensche Handelsgesellschaft, BVerfG decision of 22 Oct. 1986 [1987] 3 CMLR 225,265) and Frontini v. Ministero delle Finanze [1974] 2 CMLR 372; Raoul George Nicolo [1990] 1 CMLR 173.
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  39. ^ Institutions: The European Parliament. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-06-25.
  40. ^ a b c Institutions: The Council of the European Union. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-06-25.
  41. ^ See: Case 34/73, Variola v. Amministrazione delle Finanze [1973] ECR 981
  42. ^ To do otherwise would require the drafting of legislation which would have to cope with the frequently divergent legal systems and administrative systems of all of the now 27 member states. See Craig and de Búrca, p. 115
  43. ^ For a good example of this see Title IV of Part Three of the Treaty of Rome, Council Decision (2004/927/EC) of 22 December 2004 providing for certain areas covered by Title IV of Part Three of the Treaty establishing the European Community to be governed by the procedure laid down in Article 251 of that Treaty and the Protocol on Article 67 of the Treaty establishing the European Community attached to the Nice Treaty.
  44. ^ Decision-making in the European Union. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-09-18.
  45. ^ EUR-Lex. European Community consolidated treaty, (article 220, The court of Justice). Europa. Retrieved on 2007-11-08.
  46. ^ The Court of Justice of the European Communities. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-09-14.;The Court of First Instance. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-09-14.; Institutions: Court of Justice. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-06-25.
  47. ^ EUR-Lex. European Community consolidated treaty, (article 225 (1), The court of First Instance). Europa. Retrieved on 2007-11-08.
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  50. ^ Q&A: Turkey's EU entry talks. BBC News (2006-12-11). Retrieved on 2007-08-14.
  51. ^ FAQs on the EU, from the campaign trail. Sovereignty (2001). Retrieved on 2007-06-29.
  52. ^ EU leaders agree on reform treaty. BBC News (2007). Retrieved on 2007-06-27.
  53. ^ The Schengen acquis and its integration into the Union. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-09-01.
  54. ^ a b EUR-Lex. Maastricht Treaty. Europa. Retrieved on 2008-02-28.
  55. ^ EUR-Lex. European Community consolidated treaty, (article 17), European Citizenship). Europa. Retrieved on 2008-02-28.
  56. ^ EUR-Lex. Amsterdam treaty article 1 s.3 amending European Union consolidated treaty article 2, creating an area of freedom and justice). Europa. Retrieved on 2008-02-28.
  57. ^ European arrest warrant replaces extradition between EU Member States. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-09-04.
  58. ^ Council Regulation (EC) No 2201/2003 of 27 November 2003 concerning jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgements in matrimonial matters and the matters of parental responsibility.
  59. ^ European police office now in full swing. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-09-04.
  60. ^ Eurojust coordinating cross-border prosecutions at EU level. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-09-04.
  61. ^ Frontex. What is Frontex?. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-09-04.
  62. ^ EUR-Lex. European Community consolidated treaty, (articles 39 and 141), prohibition of national or sexual discrimination). Europa. Retrieved on 2008-02-28.
  63. ^ EUR-Lex. Amsterdam treaty article 2 s.7 amending European Community consolidated treaty article 13, combatting discrimination). Europa. Retrieved on 2008-02-28.
  64. ^ Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000 implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin (OJ L 180, 19.7.2000, p. 22–26); Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation (OJ L 303, 2.12.2000, p. 16–22).
  65. ^ Launching the European Day against the Death Penalty. Europa (2007-06-19). Retrieved on 2007-11-12.
  66. ^ Q&A: The Lisbon Treaty. BBC News (2007-10-19). Retrieved on 2007-11-12.
  67. ^ Juncker, Jean-Claude (2006). Council of Europe - European Union: "A sole ambition for the European continent" (PDF). Council of Europe. Retrieved on 2007-07-28.
  68. ^ Qualified-Majority Voting: Common commercial policy. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-09-03.
  69. ^ a b The European commission. European political co-operation (EPC). Europa Glossary. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-09-03.
  70. ^ EUR-Lex. European Union consolidated treaty, (article 11, common foreign policy). Europa. Retrieved on 2007-11-08.
  71. ^ Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) - Overview. Europa (2002). Retrieved on 2007-06-26.
  72. ^ Divided EU agrees Iraq statement. Europa (2003). Retrieved on 2007-06-26.
  73. ^ Bildt, Carl (2005). Europe must keep its 'soft power'. Financial Times on Centre for European Reform. Retrieved on 2007-06-26.
  74. ^ European Parliament (2006-07-05). Presentation of the programme of the Finnish presidency. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-08-13.
  75. ^ EU heading for single UN seat, UN official says. EUobserver (2007). Retrieved on 2007-06-26.
  76. ^ Delegation of the European Commission to Japan. EU and the G8. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-09-26.
  77. ^ European Commission. The EU and the world trade organisation. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-06-26.
  78. ^ European Commission (2006). DG for humanitarian aid - ECHO, financial report 2006 (PDF). Europa. Retrieved on 2007-08-13.
  79. ^ a b European Commission (2007-06-13). Commission calls for a European consensus to boost impact of humanitarian aid. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-08-13.
  80. ^ Mulvey, Stephen (2007-05-30). EU attacked for 'inefficient' aid. BBC News. Retrieved on 2007-08-13.
  81. ^ Taylor, Jerome (2007-05-11). EU accused of artificially inflating its aid figures. The Independent. Retrieved on 2007-08-13.
  82. ^ European Commission. Overviews of the European Union activities: Development. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-08-13.
  83. ^ European Commission. EU Security Police & the role of the European Commission. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-06-26.
  84. ^ European Commission. EU Security Police & the role of the European Commission: Chronology. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-06-26.
  85. ^ Council of the European Union. Military Capabilities. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-10-09.
  86. ^ Council of the European Union. EU security and defense Operations. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-06-26.
  87. ^ Council of the European Union. ESPD Structures. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-06-26.
  88. ^ a b c European Commission. The Euro: our currency. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-11-12.
  89. ^ a b The Single Market. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-06-27.
  90. ^ Rank Order - Exports. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved on 2007-08-21.
  91. ^ Rank Order - Imports. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved on 2007-08-21.
  92. ^ China now EU's biggest import market. People's Daily Online (2007-01-31). Retrieved on 2007-07-22.
  93. ^ EU now biggest trading partner of China. Chinese Embassy (2006-09-15). Retrieved on 2008-04-04.
  94. ^ India and the EU: strategic partners?. Centre for European Reform (February/March 2006). Retrieved on 2008-04-04.
  95. ^ Fortune Global 500: Countries. CNN Money (2007-07-23). Retrieved on 2007-08-24.
  96. ^ Euro area and EU 27 unemployment down to 7.0% (PDF). Europa (2007-07-03). Retrieved on 2007-11-01.
  97. ^ Eur4. Report for Selected Country Groups and Subjects. International Monetary Fund (April 2007). Retrieved on 2007-11-29.
  98. ^ New-generation passports to appear in Lithuania starting New Years. Retrieved on 2008-03-17.
  99. ^ European Commission. A Single Market for Capital. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-06-27.
  100. ^ European Commission. Living and working in the Single Market. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-06-27.
  101. ^ European Commission. A Single Market for Services. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-06-27.
  102. ^ European Commission. A Single Market for goods. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-06-27.
  103. ^ ECB, ESCB and the Eurosystem. European Central Bank. Retrieved on 2007-09-15.
  104. ^ Menzie, Chinn; Jeffery Frankel (January 2006). "Will the Euro Eventually Surpass The Dollar As Leading International Reserve Currency?" (PDF). NBER. 
  105. ^ Article 3(1)(g) of the Treaty of Rome
  106. ^ European Commission. Competition: making markets work better. Europa author=European Commission. Retrieved on 2007-11-12.
  107. ^ Lungescu, Oana (2004-07-23). Examining the EU executive. BBC News. Retrieved on 2007-09-18.
  108. ^ The Commission prohibits GE's acquisition of Honeywell. Europa (2001-07-03). Retrieved on 2007-11-12.
  109. ^ Gow, David (2007-10-22). Microsoft caves in to European commission. The Guardian. Retrieved on 2007-11-12.
  110. ^ EU competition to remain in place. BBC News (2007-06-22). Retrieved on 2007-11-12.
  111. ^ European Commission. EU budget at a glance. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-11-06.
  112. ^ Will Europe Work?. Euro-know. Retrieved on 2008-02-29.
  113. ^ a b c Stead, David; Robert Whaples (eds) (2007-06-22). Common Agricultural Policy. EH.Net Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 2007-08-30.
  114. ^ a b c Jeffery, Simon (2007-06-26). The EU common agricultural policy. The Guardian. Retrieved on 2007-08-30.
  115. ^ Sugar: Commission proposes more market-, consumer- and trade-friendly regime. Europa (2007-04-14). Retrieved on 2007-08-30.
  116. ^ a b c Q&A: EU energy plans. BBC News (2007-03-09). Retrieved on 2007-07-13.
  117. ^ 'Low-carbon economy' proposed for Europe. MSNBC. Retrieved on 2007-01-24.
  118. ^ European Parliament. Ukraine-Russia gas dispute – call for stronger EU energy policy. Europa. Retrieved on 2008-02-27.
  119. ^ European Commission (2003-10-01). The trans-European transport network: new guidelines and financial rules (PDF). Europa. Retrieved on 2007-08-15.
  120. ^ Mirea, Silvia. The trans-European transport network: new guidelines and financial rules. The Railway Journal. Retrieved on 2007-08-15.
  121. ^ White Paper on Transport. Euractiv (2004-09-22). Retrieved on 2007-08-15.
  122. ^ Transport – How Quickly will Polish Roads Improve After Accession. Urząd Komitetu Integracji Europejskiej (2003-05-29). Retrieved on 2007-08-15.
  123. ^ Barrot, Jacques. Jacques Barrot Home Page, Commission vice president for transport. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-07-21.
  124. ^ McKie, Robin (2007-07-15). Sat-nav rival could crash and burn. The Guardian. Retrieved on 2007-08-11.
  125. ^ Eurostat. Regional GDP per inhabitant in the EU 27 (PDF). Europa. Retrieved on 2007-03-01.
  126. ^ Eurostat (2006-12-18). GDP per capita in the Member States ranged from 48% to 251% of the EU25 average in 2005. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-07-13.
  127. ^ EU Structural and Cohesion Funds. Business 2000. Retrieved on 2007-06-27.
  128. ^ 7th Research Framework Programme (FP7). Euractiv (2004). Retrieved on 2007-06-27.
  129. ^ Dimas, Stavros (2007-03-23). Celebrating the Environmental Union. BBC News. Retrieved on 2007-08-15.
  130. ^ Easton, Adam (2007-07-31). Poland ends stand-off with EU over road plans. Financial Times. Retrieved on 2007-08-15.
  131. ^ EU chemicals directive agreed. RTÉ News And Current Affairs (2006-12-01). Retrieved on 2007-08-15.
  132. ^ Aldred, Jessica. EU sets 20% target for carbon cuts. guardian.co.uk. Retrieved on 2008-02-29.
  133. ^ Ames, Paul (2007-03-09). European Union agrees on ambitious plan to fight global warming. Discovery Channel, on Valcent Products website. Retrieved on 2007-03-09.
  134. ^ a b In Bali, EU Floats 50% Greenhouse Gas Cut. BusinessWeek (2007-12-04). Retrieved on 2007-12-07.
  135. ^ European Commission. The Erasmus programme celebrates its 20th anniversary. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-07-21.; Jean-Sébastien, Lefebvre (2007-01-22). Erasmus turns 20 - time to grow up?. Café Babel. Retrieved on 2007-08-10.
  136. ^ EACEA. About the Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-07-21.; European Commission. Lifelong Learning Programme. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-07-21.
  137. ^ European Research Council. What is the ERC?. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-07-21.
  138. ^ European Commission. Energy. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-11-12.
  139. ^ European Commission. What is the European Research Area?. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-07-21.
  140. ^ Fusion for energy. ITER fusion research project. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-09-24.
  141. ^ Astronomical research collaborations. ESO. Retrieved on 2008-02-29.
  142. ^ LUZ figures all for 2001City Profiles List. Urban Audit. European Commission, Directorate-General Regional Policy, Unit D2 Urban Actions. Retrieved on 2008-02-06.
    Urban areas: all figures for 2005 (est.): Pays, villes d'Europe et du monde. InsInstitut National de la Statistiqueet des Études Économiques. Retrieved on 2008-02-06.
    City limits figures:
    London as at 1 July 2006: Mid-2006 Population Estimates (CSV). Office for National Statistics. Retrieved on 2008-02-06.
    Berlin as at September 2007: Bevölkerung Berlin. Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder (German statistics office). Retrieved on 2008-02-06.
    Madrid as at 1 january 2007: Cifras de población. Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spanish national statistics office). Retrieved on 2008-02-06.
    Paris as at 1 July 2005: Résultats des enquêtes annuelles de recensement de 2004 à 2007 pour les grandes villes. Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques (French national institute for statistics). Retrieved on 2008-02-06.
    Rome as at 31 December 2007 Bilancio demografico Anno 2007. ISTAT (Italian national statistics office). Retrieved on 2008-02-06.
  143. ^ Eurostat. Total population. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-07-14.
  144. ^ Eurostat (2005-04-08). EU25 population rises until 2025, then falls (PDF). Europa. Retrieved on 2007-07-14.
  145. ^ Muenz, Rainer (2006). Europe: Population and Migration in 2005. Migration Information. Retrieved on 2007-07-14.
  146. ^ A densely populated area. Telsat Guide. Retrieved on 2007-07-22.
  147. ^ The World According to GaWC. Loughborough University. Retrieved on 2007-06-29.
  148. ^ Eurostat. Indicators for larger urban zones 1999 - 2003. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-01-25.
  149. ^ a b European Commission (2006). Special Eurobarometer 243: Europeans and their Languages (Survey) (PDF). Europa. Retrieved on 2007-02-03.
    European Commission (2006). Special Eurobarometer 243: Europeans and their Languages (Executive Summary) (PDF). Europa. Retrieved on 2007-02-03.
  150. ^ EUR-Lex (2006-12-12). Council Regulation (EC) No 1791/2006 of 20 November 2006. Official Journal of the European Union. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-02-02.
  151. ^ Languages and Europe. FAQ: Is every document generated by the EU translated into all the official languages?. Europa (2004). Retrieved on 2007-02-03.
  152. ^ EUR-Lex (2004). Consolidated version of the Treaty establishing the European Community, Articles 149 to 150. Official Journal of the European Union. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-02-01.
  153. ^ European Parliament (2004). European Parliament Fact Sheets: 4.16.3. Language policy. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-02-03.
  154. ^ a b c European Commission (2004). Many tongues, one family. Languages in the European Union (PDF). Europa. Retrieved on 2007-02-03.
  155. ^ Mercator Newsletter - n. 29. Mercator Central (2006). Retrieved on 2007-02-01.
  156. ^ Castle, Stephen (2007-03-21). EU celebrates 50th birthday-with a row about religion. The Independent. Retrieved on 2008-03-04.
  157. ^ Jewish population figures may be unreliable. These estimates are taken from: Sergio DellaPergola. World Jewish Population (2002). American Jewish Year Book. The Jewish Agency for Israel. Retrieved on 2007-05-03.
  158. ^ In Europa leben gegen­wärtig knapp 53 millionen Muslime. Islam.de (2006-02-25). Retrieved on 2007-07-21.
  159. ^ Ford, Peter (2005-02-22). What place for God in Europe. USA Today. Retrieved on 2008-03-04.
  160. ^ a b Eurostat (2005). Eurobarometer 225: Social values, Science & Technology (PDF). Europa. Retrieved on 2007-07-21.
  161. ^ UK 2001 census
  162. ^ BBC section on Neopaganism
  163. ^ Strmiska, Michael F. (2005). Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
  164. ^ Forklaring til Forn Siðr´s ansøgning om godkendelse som trossamfund.
  165. ^ Odinist and Asatruar Community of Spain - legalization
  166. ^ a b Bozoki, Andras. Cultural Policy and Politics in the European Union (PDF). IECOB, Institute for Central Eastern and Balkan Europe. Retrieved on 2007-07-13.
  167. ^ European Commission. European Culture Month. Europa. Retrieved on 2008-02-27.
  168. ^ European Commission (2007-07-05). Media programme. Europa. Retrieved on 2007-07-13.
  169. ^ An Overture to the European Union Youth Orchestra. The European Youth Orchestra. Retrieved on 2007-08-12.
  170. ^ European Commission. European Capitals of Culture. Europa. Retrieved on 2008-02-27.
  171. ^ Cultural heritage as a vehicle of cultural identity. Europa (2006-05-03). Retrieved on 2008-03-04.
  172. ^ For example: Hans-Gert Poettering (2007-02-13). Priority is dialogue for partnership and tolerance. Inaugural speech by the new president of the European Parliament. Europa, European parliament. Retrieved on 2008-02-27.
  173. ^ Fordyce, Tom (2007-07-11). 10 years since Bosman. BBC News. Retrieved on 2007-07-13.
  174. ^ IOC, FIFA presidents welcomes new EU treaty, call it breakthrough to give sports more power. International Herald Tribune (2007-10-19). Retrieved on 2007-10-21.
  175. ^ Statement of European team sports (PDF). UEFA.com (2007-10-19). Retrieved on 2007-10-21.
  176. ^ UEFA. UEFA.com (2007-10-19). Retrieved on 2007-10-21.

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Members of the World Trade Organisation (WTO)

Albania · Angola · Antigua and Barbuda · Argentina · Armenia · Australia · Bahrain · Bangladesh · Barbados · Belize · Benin · Bolivia · Botswana · Brazil · Brunei (Brunei Darussalam) · Burkina Faso · Burma · Burundi · Cambodia · Cameroon · Canada · Central African Republic · Chad · Chile · China (PRC) · Colombia · Democratic Republic of the Congo · Republic of the Congo · Costa Rica · Côte d'Ivoire · Croatia · Cuba · Djibouti · Dominica · Dominican Republic · Ecuador · Egypt · El Salvador · European Union¹ · Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) · Fiji · Gabon · The Gambia · Georgia · Ghana · Grenada · Guatemala · Guinea · Guinea-Bissau · Guyana · Haiti · Honduras · Hong Kong² · Iceland · India · Indonesia · Israel · Jamaica · Japan · Jordan · Kenya · South Korea · Kuwait · Kyrgyzstan · Lesotho · Liechtenstein · Macau² · Madagascar · Malawi · Malaysia · Maldives · Mali · Mauritania · Mauritius · Mexico · Moldova · Mongolia · Morocco · Mozambique · Namibia · Nepal · New Zealand · Nicaragua · Niger · Nigeria · Norway · Oman · Pakistan · Panama · Papua New Guinea · Paraguay · Peru · Philippines · Qatar · Rwanda · St. Kitts and Nevis · St. Lucia · St. Vincent and the Grenadines · Saudi Arabia · Senegal · Sierra Leone · Singapore · Solomon Islands · South Africa · Sri Lanka · Suriname · Swaziland · Switzerland · Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu³ · Tanzania · Thailand · Togo · Tonga · Trinidad and Tobago · Tunisia · Turkey · Uganda · Ukraine · United Arab Emirates · United States · Uruguay · Venezuela · Vietnam · Zambia · Zimbabwe

  1. All twenty-seven member states of the European Union are also members of the WTO in their own right: Austria • Belgium • Bulgaria • Cyprus • Czech Republic • Denmark • Estonia • Finland • France • Germany • Greece • Hungary • Ireland • Italy • Latvia • Lithuania • Luxembourg • Malta • Netherlands and Netherlands Antilles • Poland • Portugal • Romania • Slovakia • Slovenia • Spain • Sweden • United Kingdom.
  2. Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China.
  3. Designated name for the Republic of China (Chinese Taipei)




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