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English people



The late 1990s saw a resurgence of English national identity, spurred by devolution in the 1990s of some powers to the Scottish Parliament, National Assembly for Wales, Northern Ireland Assembly and the Mayor of London and London Assembly. As England lacks its own devolved parliament, its laws are created only in the UK parliament, giving rise to the "West Lothian question", a hypothetical situation in which a law affecting only England could be voted for or against by a Scottish MP.[61] Consequently, groups such as the Campaign for an English Parliament are calling for the creation of a devolved English Parliament, claiming that there is now a discriminative democratic deficit against the English. A rise in English self-consciousness has resulted, with increased use of the English flag.[62]

The English nationalist movement has had mixed results. When given a referendum on devolution in Northern England the electorate overwhelmingly rejected it.[63] However, opinion polls show support for a devolved English parliament from about two thirds of the residents of England as well as support from both Welsh and Scottish nationalists.[64][65][66] Conversely, the English Democrats gained just 14,506 votes in the 2005 UK general election.

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Geographic distribution

Further information: English American, English Canadian, Anglo-African, English Australian, and New Zealand European

From the earliest times English people have left England to settle in other parts of the British Isles, but it is not possible to identify their numbers, as British censuses have historically not invited respondents to identify themselves as English.[67] However, the census does record place of birth, revealing that 8.08% of Scotland's population,[68] 3.66% of the population of Northern Ireland[69] and 20% of the Welsh population were born in England.[70] Similarly, the census of the Republic of Ireland does not collect information on ethnicity, but it does record that there are over 200,000 people living in Ireland who were born in England and Wales.[3]

Map showing the population density of United States citizens who claim some English ancestry in the census. Dark red and brown colours indicate a higher density: highest in the northeast as well as Utah and surrounding areas. (see also Maps of American ancestries).
Map showing the population density of United States citizens who claim some English ancestry in the census. Dark red and brown colours indicate a higher density: highest in the northeast as well as Utah and surrounding areas. (see also Maps of American ancestries).

English emigrant and descent communities are found across the world, and in some places, settled in significant numbers. In the 2000 United States Census, 24,509,692 Americans described their ancestry as wholly or partly English. In addition, the 1,035,133 who recorded British ancestry and the 20,188,305 who simply called themselves 'American' doubtless contain many people with English ancestry.[71]

In the 2006 Canadian Census, 'English' was the commonest ancestry recorded by respondents; 5,202,890 people described themselves as wholly or partly English, 16% of the population.[72]

In Australia, the 2006 Australian Census recorded 6,298,945 people who described their ancestry as 'English'. 1,425,559 of these people recorded that both their parents were born overseas.

Other countries with significant numbers of people of English ancestry or ethnic origin include South Africa and New Zealand.

Since the 1980s there have been increasingly large numbers of English people, estimated at over 3 million, permanently or semi-permanently living in Spain and France, drawn there by the climate and cheaper house prices.[73][74][75][76]

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Culture

Further information: Culture of England

The culture of England is sometimes difficult to separate clearly from the culture of the United Kingdom,[citation needed] so influential has English culture been on the cultures of the British Isles and, on the other hand, given the extent to which other cultures have influenced life in England.

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See also

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References

  1. ^ The CIA World Factbook reports that in the 2001 UK census 92.1% of the UK population were in the White ethnic group, and that 83.6% of this group are in the English ethnic group. The UK Office for National Statistics reports a total population in the UK census of 58,789,194. A quick calculation shows this is equivalent to 45,265,093 people in the English ethnic group. However, this number may not represent a self-defined ethnic group because the 2001 census did not in fact offer "English" as an option under the 'ethnicity' question (the CIA's figure was presumably arrived at by calculating the number of people in England who listed themselves as "white").
  2. ^ (Ethnic origin) The 2000 US census shows 24,515,138 people claiming English ancestry. According to EuroAmericans.net the greatest population with English origins in a single state was 2,521,355 in California, and the highest percentage was 29.0% in Utah. The American Community Survey 2004 by the US Census Bureau estimates 28,410,295 people claiming some English origin.
  3. ^ (Ancestry) The Australian Bureau of Statistics reports 6,358,880 people of English ancestry in the 2001 Census.[1].
  4. ^ (Ethnic origin) The 2006 Canadian Census gives 1,367,125 respondents stating their ethnic origin as English as a single response, and 5,202,890 including multiple responses, giving a combined total of 6,570,015.
  5. ^ (Ethnic origin) The 2006 New Zealand census reports 44,202 people (based on pre-assigned ethnic categories) stating they belong to the English ethnic group. The 1996 census used a different question to both the 1991 and the 2001 censuses, which had "a tendency for respondents to answer the 1996 question on the basis of ancestry (or descent) rather than 'ethnicity' (or cultural affiliation)" and reported 281,895 people with English origins; See also the figures for 'New Zealand European'.
  6. ^ CIA World Factbook]
  7. ^ Brittany and the Angevins: Province and Empire, 1158-1203 [2]
  8. ^ Hills, Catherine (2003) "The Origins of the English" p. 18. Duckworth Debates in Archaeology. Duckworth. London. ISBN 0 7156 3191 8
  9. ^ a b Krishan Kumar. The Making of English National Identity, Cambridge University Press, 2003
  10. ^ "Nation", sense 1. The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edtn., 1989'.
  11. ^ Krishan Kumar, The Rise of English National Identity (Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 262-290.
  12. ^ English nationalism 'threat to UK', BBC, Sunday, 9 January, 2000
  13. ^ The English question Handle with care, the Economist 1 November 2007
  14. ^ English Democrats FAQ
  15. ^ 'Introduction', The Campaign for an English Parliament
  16. ^ Andrea Levy, [http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/politicsphilosophyandsociety/story/0,6000,138282,00.html "This is my England", The Guardian, February 19, 2000.
  17. ^ 'Identity', National Statistics, 21 Feb, 2006
  18. ^ The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd. edtn (1989).
  19. ^ Sarah Kane, Complete Plays (19**), p. 41.
  20. ^ Scotland's Census 2001: Supporting Information (PDF; see p. 43); see also Philip Johnston, "Tory MP leads English protest over census", Daily Telegraph 15 June, 2006.
  21. ^ 'Developing the Questionnaires', National Statistics Office.
  22. ^ In The Isles, Norman Davies lists numerous examples in history books of 'British' being used to mean 'English' and vice versa.[page reference needed]
  23. ^ Pauline Greenhill, Ethnicity in the Mainstream: Three Studies of English Canadian Culture in Ontario (McGill-Queens, 1994) - page reference needed
  24. ^ Quoted by Kumar, Making [page reference needed]
  25. ^ "English and Welsh are Races Apart", BBC, 30 June, 2002
  26. ^ "Found: Migrants with the Mostest", Robert Winnett and Holly Watt, The Sunday Times, 10 June, 2006
  27. ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=396406&in_page_id=1770&in_page_id=1770&expand=true#StartComments
  28. ^ The BBC article claims a 50-100% "wipeout" of "indigenous British" by Anglo-Saxon "invaders", while the original article (Y Chromosome Evidence for Anglo-Saxon Mass Migration Michael E. Weale et al., in Molecular Biology and Evolution 19 [2002]) claims only a 50-100% "contribution" of "Anglo-Saxons" to the current Central English male population, with samples deriving only from central England; the conclusions of this study have been questioned in Cristian Capelli, et al, A Y Chromosome Census of the British Isles Current Biology, 13 (2003). The Times article reports Richard Webber's OriginsInfo database, which does not use the term 'ethnic' and acknowledges that its conclusions are unsafe for many groups; see "Investigating Customers Origins", OriginsInfo.
  29. ^ Simpson, John; Weiner, Edmund (1989-03-30). The Oxford English Dictionary: second edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, English. ISBN 0198611862. 
  30. ^ The Black Romans: BBC culture website. Retrieved 21 July 2006.
  31. ^ The archaeology of black Britain: Channel 4 history website. Retrieved 21 July 2006.
  32. ^ Gildas, The Ruin of Britain &c. (1899). pp. 4-252. The Ruin of Britain
  33. ^ celtpn
  34. ^ Britain BC: Life in Britain and Ireland before the Romans by Francis Pryor, p. 122. Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-00-712693-X.
  35. ^ Anglo-Saxon Origins: The Reality of the Myth by Malcolm Todd. Retrieved 1 October 2006.
  36. ^ Mark G. Thomas, et al, "Evidence for an Apartheid-like Social Structure in Anglo-Saxon England", Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 2006.. For a summary, see "'Apartheid' society gave edge to Anglo-Saxons, study suggests" , CBC, July 19, 2006.
  37. ^ A Y Chromosome Census of the British Isles; Cristian Capelli, Nicola Redhead, Julia K. Abernethy, Fiona Gratrix, James F. Wilson, Torolf Moen, Tor Hervig, Martin Richards, Michael P. H. Stumpf, Peter A. Underhill, Paul Bradshaw, Alom Shaha, Mark G. Thomas, Neal Bradman, and David B. Goldstein Current Biology, Volume 13, Issue 11, Pages 979-984 (2003). Retrieved 6 December 2005.
  38. ^ Oppenheimer, Stephen (October 2006). "Myths of British Ancestry". Prospect Magazine (127). 
  39. ^ Oppenheimer 2006, pp268–307.
  40. ^ Bryan Sykes (2006). Saxons, Vikings, and Celts: The Genetic Roots of Britain and Ireland. W.W. Norton & Co.. ISBN-13:978-0-393-06268-7. 
  41. ^ The Age of Athelstan by Paul Hill (2004), Tempus Publishing. ISBN 0-7524-2566-8
  42. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary by Douglas Harper (2001), List of sources used. Retrieved 10 July 2006.
  43. ^ The Adventure of English, Melvyn Bragg, 2003. Pg 22
  44. ^ Athelstan (c.895 - 939): Historic Figures: BBC - History. Retrieved 30 October 2006.
  45. ^ The Battle of Brunanburh, 937AD by h2g2, BBC website. Retrieved 30 October 2006.
  46. ^ A. L. Rowse, The Story of Britain, Artus 1979 ISBN 0-297-83311-1
  47. ^ OED, 2nd edition, s.v. 'English'.
  48. ^ England—Plantagenet Kings
  49. ^ BBC - The Resurgence of English 1200 - 1400
  50. ^ OED, s.v. 'Englishry'.
  51. ^ Liberation of Ireland: Ireland on the Net Website. Retrieved 23 June 2006.
  52. ^ A History of Britain: The British Wars 1603-1776 by Simon Schama, BBC Worldwide. ISBN 0-563-53747-7.
  53. ^ The English, Jeremy Paxman 1998
  54. ^ EJP looks back on 350 years of history of Jews in the UK: European Jewish Press. Retrieved 21 July 2006.
  55. ^ Meredith on the Guillet-Thoreau Genealogy
  56. ^ More Britons applying for Irish passports by Owen Bowcott The Guardian, 13 September 2006. Retrieved 9 January 2006.
  57. ^ Black Presence, Asian and Black History in Britain, 1500-1850: UK government website. Retrieved 21 July 2006.
  58. ^ Postwar immigration The National Archives Accessed October 2006
  59. ^ Resident population: by ethnic group, 2001: Regional Trends 38, National Statistics.
  60. ^ Jack Grimston, "Mixed-race Britons to become biggest minority", The Sunday Times, 21 January, 2007.
  61. ^ An English Parliament...
  62. ^ Krishan Kumar, The Rise of English National Identity (Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 262-290.
  63. ^ North East votes 'no' to assembly. The Guardian, 5 November 2004.
  64. ^ Poll shows support for English parliament The Guardian, 16 January 2007
  65. ^ Fresh call for English Parliament BBC 24 October 2006.
  66. ^ Welsh nod for English Parliament BBC 20 December 2006
  67. ^ Scotland's Census 2001: Supporting Information (PDF; see p. 43)
  68. ^ Scottish Census Results Online Browser, accessed November 16, 2007.
  69. ^ Key Statistics Report, p. 10.
  70. ^ Country of Birth: Proportion Born in Wales Falling, National Statistics, 8 January, 2004.
  71. ^ US Census 2000 data, table PHC-T-43.
  72. ^ http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=7&Display=All Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories - 20% sample data], Statistics Canada, 2006.
  73. ^ British People in Spain: An X-ray. University of Navarra (April 2007). Retrieved on 2007-04-25. This source does not differentiate between British and English residents so the exact number of English people is unknown.
  74. ^ Ford, Richard. "Thousands more Britons join the exodus to live and work abroad", The Times, 20 April 2007. Retrieved on 2007-04-25.  Article talks about Britain rather than England so precise number of English involved is not clear.
  75. ^ Casciani, Dominic. "5.5m Britons 'opt to live abroad'", BBC News, 11 December 2006. Retrieved on 2007-05-25.  Although this talks of numbers of British a rule of thumb would put English numbers at 75% of these figures or higher.
  76. ^ "France faces a 'rosbif' invasion", Daily Telegraph, 20 January 2007. Retrieved on 2007-06-13. 

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Bibliography

  • Kate Fox (2004). Watching the English. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN-10 0340818867. 
  • Krishan Kumar (2003). The Making of English National Identity. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521777364. 
  • Jeremy Paxman (1999). The English. Penguin Books Ltd. ISBN-10 0140267239. 

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