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Elvis Presley



In 2006, a journalist recalled: "Elvis Presley had [in 1977] become a grotesque caricature of his sleek, energetic former self... he was barely able to pull himself through his abbreviated concerts."[167] In Alexandria, Louisiana, the singer was on stage for less than an hour and "was impossible to understand."[168] In Baton Rouge, Presley failed to appear. He was unable to get out of his hotel bed, and the rest of the tour was cancelled.[168] In Knoxville, Tennessee on May 20, "there was no longer any pretense of keeping up appearances. The idea was simply to get Elvis out on stage and keep him upright..."[169] Despite his obvious problems, shows in Omaha, Nebraska and Rapid City, South Dakota were recorded for an album and a CBS-TV special: Elvis In Concert.[170]

In Rapid City, "he was so nervous on stage that he could hardly talk... He was undoubtedly painfully aware of how he looked, and he knew that in his condition, he could not perform any significant movement."[171] His performance in Omaha "exceeded everyone's worst fears... [giving] the impression of a man crying out for help..."[172] According to Guralnick, fans "were becoming increasingly voluble about their disappointment, but it all seemed to go right past Elvis, whose world was now confined almost entirely to his room and his [spiritualism] books."[169] A cousin, Billy Smith, recalled how Presley would sit in his room and chat, recounting things like his favourite Monty Python sketches and past japes, but "mostly there was a grim obsessiveness... a paranoia about people, germs... future events", that reminded Smith of Howard Hughes.[173]

Elvis Presley's final resting place at Graceland
Elvis Presley's final resting place at Graceland

A book was published—the first exposé to detail Presley's years of drug misuse.[174] Written with input from three of Presley's "Memphis Mafia", the book was the authors' revenge for them being sacked and a plea to get Presley to face up to reality.[175] The singer "was devastated by the book. Here were his close friends who had written serious stuff that would affect his life. He felt betrayed."[176]

Presley's final performance was in Indianapolis at the Market Square Arena, on June 26, 1977.

Another tour was scheduled to begin August 17, 1977, but at Graceland the day before, Presley was found on the floor by fiancée, Ginger Alden. According to the medical investigator, Presley had "stumbled or crawled several feet before he died"; he had apparently been using the toilet at the time.[177] Death was officially pronounced at 3:30 pm at the Baptist Memorial Hospital.

At his funeral, hundreds of thousands of fans, the press and celebrities lined the streets and many hoped to see the open casket in Graceland. One of Presley's cousins accepted $18,000 to secretly photograph the corpse; the picture duly appeared on the cover of the National Enquirer, making it the largest and fastest selling issue of all time.[178] Among the mourners were Ann-Margret (who had remained close to Presley) and his ex-wife.[179]z U.S. President Jimmy Carter issued a statement (See 'Legacy').[180]

Presley was buried at Forest Hill Cemetery, Memphis, next to his mother. After an attempt to steal the body, his—and his mother's—remains were reburied at Graceland in the Meditation Gardens.

Presley had developed many health problems, some of them chronic. [181] He started taking drugs (amphetamines) regularly in the army, though it has also been claimed that pills of some form were first given to him by Memphis DJ Dewey Phillips.[182]. Priscilla Presley writes that by 1962, he was taking placidyls to combat severe insomnia in ever-increasing doses and later took Dexedrine to counter the sleeping pills' after-effects. She later saw "problems in Elvis' life, all magnified by taking prescribed drugs." Presley's physician, Dr. George C. Nichopoulos, has said: "[Elvis] felt that by getting [pills] from a doctor, he wasn't the common everyday junkie getting something off the street. He... thought that as far as medications and drugs went, there was something for everything."[148]

According to Guralnick: "[D]rug use was heavily implicated... no one ruled out the possibility of anaphylactic shock brought on by the codeine pills...to which he was known to have had a mild allergy." In two lab reports filed two months later, each indicated "a strong belief that the primary cause of death was polypharmacy," with one report "indicating the detection of fourteen drugs in Elvis' system, ten in significant quantity."[183] It appears he died of Combined Drug Intoxication.

The medical profession has been seriously questioned. Medical Examiner Dr. Jerry Francisco had offered a cause of death while the autopsy was still being performed and before toxicology results were known. Dr. Francisco dubiously stated that cardiac arrhythmia was the cause of death, a condition that can only be determined in a living person—not post mortem.[184] Many doctors had been flattered to be associated with Presley (or had been bribed with gifts) and supplied him with pills which simply fed his addictions.[185] The singer allegedly spent at least $1 million per year on drugs and doctors' fees or inducements.[186] Although Dr. Nichopoulos was exonerated with regard to Presley's death, "In the first eight months of 1977 alone, he had [prescribed] more than 10,000 doses of sedatives, amphetamines, and narcotics: all in Elvis' name. On January 20, 1980, the board found [against] him... but decided that he was not unethical [because he claimed he'd been trying to wean the singer off the drugs]." His license was suspended. In July 1995, it was permanently revoked after it was found he had improperly dispensed drugs to several patients.[148]

In 1994, the autopsy into Presley's death was re-opened. Coroner Dr. Joseph Davis declared: "There is nothing in any of the data that supports a death from drugs [i.e. drug overdose]. In fact, everything points to a sudden, violent heart attack."[148] However, there is little doubt that long-term drug abuse caused his premature death.[184]

Legacy

Further information: Cultural depictions of Elvis Presley; Cultural impact of Elvis Presley; Elvis Presley phenomenon

Elvis Presley's death deprives our country of a part of itself. He was unique and irreplaceable. More than 20 years ago, he burst upon the scene with an impact that was unprecedented and will probably never be equaled. His music and his personality, fusing the styles of white country and black rhythm and blues, permanently changed the face of American popular culture. His following was immense, and he was a symbol to people the world over of the vitality, rebelliousness, and good humor of his country.

– President Jimmy Carter, 1977-08-17, [187]

Author Samuel Roy has argued: "Elvis' death did occur at a time when it could only help his reputation. Just before his death, Elvis had been forgotten by society."[188]

Biographer Ernst Jorgensen has observed that when Presley died, it was as if all perspective on his musical career had been lost.[189] His latter-day song choices had been seen as poor; many who disliked Presley had long been dismissive because he did not write his own songs. Others complained—incorrectly—that he could not play musical instruments. Such criticism of Presley continues.[190][191]i The tabloids had ridiculed his obesity and his kitschy, jump-suited performances. Sade Adu said about Presley: "when I see him in his fifties movies, Jailhouse Rock and King Creole, that's an image I desire to look like. But when he's in his jumpsuit I just think of him as a drag queen."[192] His film career was mocked. (In 1980, John Lennon said: "[Presley] died when he went into the army. That's when they killed him, that's when they castrated him."[1]) Acknowledgment of his vocal style had been reduced to mocking the hiccuping, vocalese tricks that he had used on some early recordings—and to the way he said "Thankyouverymuch" after songs during live shows.[193] This was only countered by the uncritical adulation of die-hard fans, who had even denied that he looked "fat" before he died.[194]j Any wish to understand Elvis Presley—his genuine abilities and his real influence—"seemed almost totally obscured."[189]

Presley has featured prominently in a variety of polls and surveys designed to measure popularity and influence.k However, rock 'n' roll expert Philip Ennis writes: "Perhaps it is an error of enthusiasm to freight Elvis Presley with too heavy a historical load" because, according to a opinion poll of high school students in 1957, Pat Boone was nearly the "two-to-one favorite over Elvis Presley among boys and preferred almost three-to-one by girls..."[195]

However, in the late 1960s, composer and conductor Leonard Bernstein remarked: "Elvis is the greatest cultural force in the twentieth century. He introduced the beat to everything, music, language, clothes, it's a whole new social revolution... the 60's comes from it."[196]

It has been claimed that Presley's early music and live performances—unlike Pat Boones'—helped to lay a commercial foundation which allowed established African American acts of the 1950s to receive due recognition. Performers like Fats Domino, Chuck Berry and Little Richard, came to national prominence after Presley's mix of musical styles was accepted among White American teenagers.[197]ac Rather than Presley being seen as a white man who 'stole black music', Little Richard argued: "He was an integrator, Elvis was a blessing. They wouldn't let black music through. He opened the door for black music."[196] It has also been claimed that Presley's sound and persona helped to relax the rigid color line and thereby fed the fires of the civil rights movement.[198]

Presley's recorded voice is seen by many as his enduring legacy. Music critc Henry Pleasants writes: "Elvis Presley has been described variously as a baritone and a tenor. An extraordinary compass... and a very wide range of vocal color have something to do with this divergence of opinion. The voice covers two octaves and a thirdad... Moreover, he has not been confined to one type of vocal production. In ballads and country songs he belts out full-voiced high G's and A's that an opera baritone might envy. He is a naturally assimilative stylist with a multiplicity of voices—in fact, Elvis' is an extraordinary voice, or many voices."[199]

Gospel tenor Shawn Nielsen, who sang backing vocals for Presley on tour, said: "He could sing anything. I've never seen such versatility... He had such great soul. He had the ability to make everyone in the audience think that he was singing directly to them. He just had a way with communication that was totally unique."[199]ae[196]

Other celebrated pop and rock musicians have acknowledged that the young Presley inspired them. The Beatles were all big Presley fans.[200] John Lennon said: "Nothing really affected me until I heard Elvis. If there hadn't been an Elvis, there wouldn't have been a Beatles."[201] Deep Purple's Ian Gillan said: "For a young singer he was an absolute inspiration. I soaked up what he did like blotting paper... you learn by copying the maestro."[202] Rod Stewart declared: "Elvis was the King. No doubt about it. People like myself, Mick Jagger and all the others only followed in his footsteps." Cher recalls from seeing Presley live in 1956 that he made her "realize the tremendous effect a performer could have on an audience."[196]

By 1958, singers obviously adopting Presley's style, like Marty Wilde and Cliff Richard (the so-called "British Elvis"), were rising to prominence in the UK. Elsewhere, France's Johnny Hallyday and the Italians Adriano Celentano and Bobby Solo were also heavily influenced by Presley.[203][204]

Presley's informal jamming in front of a small audience in the '68 Comeback Special is regarded as a forerunner of the so-called 'Unplugged' concept, later popularized by MTV.[205]

The singer has been inducted into four music 'Halls of Fame': the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (1986), the Rockabilly Hall of Fame (1997), the Country Music Hall of Fame (1998), and the Gospel Music Hall of Fame (2001). In 1984, he received the W. C. Handy Award from the Blues Foundation and the Academy of Country Music’s first Golden Hat Award. In 1987, he received the American Music Awards’ first posthumous presentation of the Award of Merit.[206]

Presley has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7080 Hollywood Boulevard. He was also honored by the Mississippi Blues Commission with a Mississippi Blues Trail historic marker placed in Tupelo, his birth place, in recognition of his contribution to the development of the blues in Mississippi.[207][208]

In 1994, the 40th anniversary of Presley's "That's All Right" was recognized with its re-release, which made the charts worldwide, making top three in the UK.

During the 2002 World Cup a Junkie XL remix of his "A Little Less Conversation" (credited as "Elvis Vs JXL") topped the charts in over twenty countries and was included in a compilation of Presley's U.S. and UK number one hits, Elv1s: 30.

In the UK charts (January 2005), three re-issued singles again went to number one ("Jailhouse Rock", "One Night"/"I Got Stung" and "It's Now or Never"). Throughout the year, twenty singles were re-issued—all making top five.

In the same year, Forbes magazine named Presley, for the fifth straight year, the top-earning deceased celebrity, grossing US$45 million for the Presley estate during the preceding year. In mid-2006, top place was taken by Nirvana's Kurt Cobain after the sale of his song catalogue, but Presley reclaimed the top spot in 2007.[209]

The singer continues to be imitated—and parodied—outside the main music industry. Presley songs remain very popular on the karaoke circuit, and many from a diversity of cultures and backgrounds work as Elvis impersonators ("the raw 1950s Elvis and the kitschy 1970s Elvis are the favorites."[210])

In 2002, it was observed:

For those too young to have experienced Elvis Presley in his prime, today’s celebration of the 25th anniversary of his death must seem peculiar. All the talentless impersonators and appalling black velvet paintings on display can make him seem little more than a perverse and distant memory. But before Elvis was camp, he was its opposite: a genuine cultural force... Elvis’s breakthroughs are underappreciated because in this rock-and-roll age, his hard-rocking music and sultry style have triumphed so completely.

– The New York Times[211]

Discography

For a detailed discography, see Elvis Presley discography.
For a list of all of his songs, see List of Elvis Presley songs.
For a list of Presley's singles, see Elvis Presley hit singles.

See also

Notes

  • Note a: Presley's genuine birth certificate reads "Elvis Aaron Presley" (as written by a doctor). There is also a souvenir birth certificate that reads "Elvis Aron Presley." When Presley did sign his middle name, he used Aron. It reads 'Aron' on his marriage certificate and on his army duffel bag. Aron was apparently the spelling the Presleys used to make it similar to the middle name of Elvis' stillborn twin, Jesse Garon. Elvis later sought to change the name's spelling to the traditional and biblical Aaron. In the process he learned that "official state records had always listed it as Aaron. Therefore, he always was, officially, Elvis Aaron Presley." Knowing Presley's plans for his middle name, Aaron is the spelling his father chose for Elvis' tombstone, and it is the spelling his estate has designated as the official spelling whenever the middle name is used today. His death certificate says "Elvis Aron Presley." This quirk has helped inflame the "Elvis is not dead" conspiracy theories.[1]
  • Note b: Presley's version dropped the word "Mama" from the title.[44]
  • Note e: The issue of whether Presley "stole" music of black origin continued decades later.[78] See: Kolawole, Helen (August 15, 2002). "He wasn't my king". Guardian Unlimited. Retrieved on 2007-10-14; North, Gary (2000). "No Rhythm, No Blues: Must White Guys Always Finish Last?. LewRockwell.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
  • Note f: In 1973, Presley was keen to produce a karate movie/documentary, enlisting the help of several top instructors and film-makers. Instructor Rick Husky says: "...Basically [our meeting] never went anywhere... Elvis got up and did some demonstrations with Ed [Parker], you know stumbled around a little bit, and it was very sad." Husky was aware that Presley was "stoned." "Colonel" Parker thought the project was folly—and a drain on their resources—from the start. (Guralnick 1994, p.531 and in passim). The film footage was finally edited, restored and released as The New Gladiators in 2002.New Gladiators (2002) Yahoo! Movies. Retrieved on 2007-10-12; Susan, King (November 17, 2002). "When Elvis bowed to karate kings" Los Angeles Times. Reprinted in IssacFlorentine.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-12.
  • Note g: In 1974, Barbra Streisand offered Presley the male lead role in the remake of A Star is Born. His manager turned down the offer, saying no one should have equal billing with Presley.[122]
  • Note h: At a press conference after his first opening in Vegas, when a reporter referred to him as "The King", Presley pointed to Fats Domino, standing at the back of the room. "No," he said, "that’s the real king of rock and roll."[156]
  • Note i: Others take the opposite view: "Presley’s comprehensive musical knowledge and talent also surprised and impressed songwriters Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller... [They] considered Presley to be an 'idiot savant' because he knew so many songs. His knowledge of the blues especially impressed them. Leiber remembers that Presley "could imitate anything he heard. He had a perfect ear,"... Presley could sing and/or play a song on the piano after hearing it only once or twice. His natural ear for music, ability to play by ear, and to improvise were well known to his friends and musical associates."[191]
  • Note j: See also: Cook, Graceland National Historic Landmark Nomination Form. Other analyses of Presley's voice credit him with a three octave range.[199]
  • Note k: VH1 ranked Presley #8 on its 100 Greatest Artists in Rock and Roll in 1998 while CMT ranked him #15 on CMT's 40 Greatest Men in Country Music. Presley is one of only three artists to make both VH1's and CMT's lists, the others being Johnny Cash and The Eagles.[212][213] Elvis also ranked second for BBC's "Voice of the Century", eighth on Discovery Channel's "Greatest American" list, in the top ten of Variety's "100 Icons of the century", sixty-sixth in The Atlantic Monthly's "100 most influential figures in American history", and third in Rolling Stone's "The Immortals: The Fifty Greatest Artists of All Time" for which he was chosen by Bono.[214][215][216][217][218]

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c d (May 9, 2002). "Elvis Presley - the Singer". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2007-10-12.
  2. ^ "FAQ: Elvis' middle name, is it Aron or Aaron?" Elvis.com. Retrieved 2007-10-22.
  3. ^ [1] "According to Donald W. Presley and Edward C. Dunn, both distant relatives of the King, a direct link can be made from Elvis back to a certain Johann Valentin Pressler, a winegrower who emigrated to America in 1710. Pressler came from a village in southern Palatinate called Niederhochstadt. Niederhochstadt became Hochstadt sometime during the 250 years after Johann Pressler left it, but there are still many Presslers there..."
  4. ^ "Elvis roots 'lead to Scotland'"; a 23 March 2004 BBC story that cites Allan Morrison, the author of the then-unpublished book The Presley Prophecy
  5. ^ Elvis's great-great-great-grandmother, Morning White Dove (1800-1835), was a full-blooded Cherokee Indian
  6. ^ "'Elvis Presley's Scottish Ancestry'".
  7. ^ "Elvis Presley's Roots"
  8. ^ Elvis Presley's Family Tree. ElvisPresleyNews.com. Retrieved August 15, 2007.
  9. ^ Presley's ancestry is discussed at the following sites:
  10. ^ a b Guralnick 1994, p.13
  11. ^ Guralnick 1994, p.29
  12. ^ Goldman, p.16
  13. ^ Guralnick 1994, p.12
  14. ^ a b Elvis Presley Home. Elvis-Presley-Biography.com. Retrieved July 15, 2007.
  15. ^ Presley, p.172
  16. ^ Guralnick 1994, p.36
    Referring to an account by singer Barbara Pittman in Humphries, Patrick (April 1, 2003). "Elvis The #1 Hits: The Secret History of the Classics" Andrews McMeel Publishing, p.117. ISBN 0740738038.
  17. ^ Elvis Australia (Jan 7, 2004). "Elvis Presley 1935-54." elvis.com.au. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
  18. ^ (October 14, 2001). "Elvis Presley's First Guitar". Tupelo Hardware. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
  19. ^ a b Stanley and Coffey, p.19
  20. ^ www.elvis.am/bio Elvis Biography Retrieved 2008-05-30
  21. ^ Escott, p.420
  22. ^ a b c Guralnick 1994, p.50
  23. ^ a b Carr and Farren, p.10
  24. ^ Guralnick, Last Train to Memphis, chapter 1.
  25. ^ Hopkins 2007, p.33
  26. ^ Lichter, p.10
  27. ^ Lichter, p.9
  28. ^ Guralnick 1994, p.149
  29. ^ (1996). "Elvis Presley". history-of-rock.com. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
  30. ^ a b George-Warren, Holly; Patricia Romanowski, Jon Pareles (2001). The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock And Roll. Fireside. ISBN 0-7432-0120-5. Excerpt in "Elvis Presley biography". Rolling Stone. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
  31. ^ Guralnick 1994, p.461
  32. ^ a b c Guralnick 1994, p.21
  33. ^ Guralnick 1994, p.171
  34. ^ (August 18, 1997). "Good Rockin'". Newsweek, pp.54-5
  35. ^ Guralnick, Peter (August 11, 2007). "How Did Elvis Get Turned Into a Racist?" New York Times. Retrieved August 15, 2007.
  36. ^ Szatmary, p.35
  37. ^ Bertrand, p.205
  38. ^ "Elvis biography: 1935 - 1957". elvis.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
  39. ^ "Marion Keisker: Who Discovered Elvis?". elvispresleynews.com. Retrieved on 2008-6-9.
  40. ^ Miller, p.71
  41. ^ "Sam Phillips Sun Records Two". history-of-rock.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
  42. ^ Guralnick, Peter (1992). The Complete 50's Masters (CD booklet notes).
  43. ^ Jorgensen, p.13
  44. ^ a b Carr and Farren, p.6
  45. ^ EPE (July 21, 2004). "Elvis Presley Sun Recordings". elvis.co.au. Retrieved on August 17, 2007.
  46. ^ a b EPE. "Elvis Presley's First Record & Early Gigs". ElvisPresley.com.au. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
  47. ^ Burnett, Brown (ed.) (August 2, 2004). "Overton Park Shell 50th Anniversary, Elvis’ 1st live show". Memphis Mojo Newspaper. Reprinted in "The Buzzards". RedClock.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
  48. ^ Naylor and Halliday, p.43
  49. ^ Clayton and Heard, p.61
  50. ^ Elvis Presley Classic Albums (DVD). Eagle Eye Media, EE19007 NTSC.
  51. ^ Naylor and Halliday, pp.43-6
  52. ^ Clayton and Heard, p.69
  53. ^ Naylor and Halliday, p.46
  54. ^ Naylor and Halliday, p.52
  55. ^ Clayton and Heard, p.73
  56. ^ Cook, p.50
  57. ^ Guralnick 1994
  58. ^ Farren and Marchbank, p.89
  59. ^ Carr and Farren, p.21
  60. ^ Escott, p.421
  61. ^ Hilburn, Robert (2005-02-11). "Review: Elvis Presley CD". elvis.com.au. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
  62. ^ Butler, Peter. "Blackie". RockabillyHall.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
  63. ^ Jorgensen, p.45
  64. ^ a b Jorgensen, p.49
  65. ^ An example of press criticism can be found at Gould, Jack (June 6, 1956). "TV: New Phenomenon" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
  66. ^ a b Raymond, Susan (Director) (1987, Re-released 2000). Elvis '56 - In the Beginning (DVD). Warner Vision.
  67. ^ Austen, p.13
  68. ^ a b Beebe, Fulbrook and Saunders, p.97
  69. ^ Jorgensen, p.51
  70. ^ For more on the TV host rivalries of the period, see "The Steve Allen Show (And Various Related Programs)". The Museum of Broadcast Communications. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
  71. ^ Marcus, Greil, "Elvis Presley: The Ed Sullivan Shows." "Official Press Release". elvis.com.au. Retrieved on 2007-10-22.
  72. ^ Paul Mavis (Director). Elvis Presley - Ed Sullivan Shows [DVD]. Image Entertainment.
  73. ^ Marcus, "Elvis Presley: The Ed Sullivan Shows."
  74. ^ Clayton and Heard, pp.117-8
  75. ^ a b Gibson, Christine (December 6, 2005). "Elvis on Ed Sullivan: The Real Story". American Heritage Magazine. Retrieved on 2007-10-22.
  76. ^ Carr and Farren, pp.11, 16
  77. ^ Bayles, p.22
  78. ^ a b Blank, Christopher (July 15, 2006). "Elvis & Racism - Elvis Presley Legacy is cloudy through lens of race". elvis.com.au. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
  79. ^ Moore and Dickerson, p.175
  80. ^ a b Carr and Farren, p.12
  81. ^ "Elvis Rock 'n' Roll History". showbuzz.CBSnews.com. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
  82. ^ Billboard writer Arnold Shaw, cited in Denisoff, p.22.
  83. ^ "Elvis Presley - 1956". PBS. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
  84. ^ Khurana, Simran. "Quotes About Elvis Presley". about.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
  85. ^ Hopkins, p.126
  86. ^ See Fensch, Thomas. The FBI Files on Elvis Presley, pp.15-17.
  87. ^ Marino, Rick. "Elvis and Jacksonville, Florida". LadyLuckMusic.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
  88. ^ Davis, Natalie (August 17, 2003). "The 'King' Has Left the Building". GratefulDread.net.Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
  89. ^ Elder, Daniel K. "Remarkable Sergeants: Ten Vignettes of Noteworthy NCOs". ncohistory.com. Retrieved on 2007-11-13.
  90. ^ Lichter, p.51
  91. ^ Jorgensen, p.107
  92. ^ Rodriguez, p.87
  93. ^ Guralnick 1999, p.480
  94. ^ Guralnick 1994, p.21
  95. ^ Guralnick 1994, p.71
  96. ^ "Elvis's secret UK visit revealed", BBC News Online, 2008-04-22. Retrieved on 2008-05-01. 
  97. ^ Ian Youngs. "Elvis friends dispute London trip", BBC News Online, 2008-05-01. Retrieved on 2008-05-01. 
  98. ^ "What is the history of Elvis Presley's military career?". Army.mil. Retrieved on 2007-10-19.
  99. ^ Jorgensen, p.128
  100. ^ Harbinson, p.62
  101. ^ Falk and Falk, p.52
  102. ^ See Brett Farmer, Spectacular Passions: Cinema, Fantasy, Gay Male Spectatorships (Duke University Press, 2000), p.86.
  103. ^ Billy Poore, Rockabilly: A Forty-Year Journey (1998), p. 20.
  104. ^ "Elvis goes Hollywood: Fun in the sun, and not much else". CNN.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-19.
  105. ^ Guralnick 1999, pp.89-91
  106. ^ Guralnick 1999, p.50
  107. ^ Guralnick 1999, p.27
  108. ^ Verswijver, p.129
  109. ^ Caine, p.21
  110. ^ Kirchberg and Hendricks, p.67
  111. ^ Sight and Sound, The British Film Institute, British Institute of Adult Education (1992), p.30.
  112. ^ Hopkins, p.32
  113. ^ Hopkins, p.31
  114. ^ Lisanti 2000, pp.19, 136
  115. ^ Lyon, p.511
  116. ^ Lisanti 2000, p.18
  117. ^ Hopkins, vii
  118. ^ Alagna, Elvis Presley
  119. ^ a b Guralnick 1999, p.171
  120. ^ Lisanti 2000, p.9
  121. ^ Presley, p.188
  122. ^ a b George-Warren, Romanowski and Pareles, The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock And Roll. Excerpt in "Elvis Presley biography". Rolling Stone. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
  123. ^ Kirchberg, Connie and Marc Hendricks 1999, p.66.
  124. ^ a b Binder, Steve (2005-07-08). "Interview with Steve Binder, director of Elvis' 68 Comeback Special". elvis.com.au. Retrieved on 2007-10-19.
  125. ^ Kirchberg and Hendricks, p.62
  126. ^ Curtin, Curtin and Ginter, p.119
  127. ^ See "Hollywood Actress Reveals Her Elvis Sex Secrets". WENN, April 25, 2000.
  128. ^ Raphael, Byron; Alanna Nash (November 2005). "In Bed with Elvis". Playboy, 52 (11): pp.64-8, 76, 140.
  129. ^ Stein, Ruthe August 3, 1997. San Francisco Chronicle.
  130. ^ Lipton, Dalton and Dalton, p.172
  131. ^ Guralnick 1994, p.415
  132. ^ Margret, Ann-Margret: My Story
  133. ^ Presley, p.175
  134. ^ Gamson, p.46
  135. ^ Harrington and Bielby, p.273
  136. ^ Stein, Ruthe (August 3, 1997). "Girls! Girls! Girls! From small-town women to movie stars". San Francisco Chronicle.
  137. ^ Lisanti 2003, p.207
  138. ^ Presley, Elvis and Me.
  139. ^ Dickerson, Colonel Tom Parker: The Curious Life of Elvis Presley's Eccentric Manager
  140. ^ Nash, Lacker, Fike and Smith, Elvis Aron Presley: Revelations from the Memphis Mafia
  141. ^ Presley, Elvis and Me
  142. ^ Schilling, Jerry (2006-07-10). "Why I Wrote Me And A Guy Named Elvis". elvis.com.au. Retrieved on 2007-10-23.
  143. ^ Humphries, p.79
  144. ^ Harris, John (March 27, 2006). "Talking about Graceland". The Guardian.
  145. ^ Clayton and Heard, p.339
  146. ^ a b Guralnick 1999, p.173
  147. ^ Guralnick 1999, p.174 and in passim
  148. ^ a b c d e (August 11, 2002). "Elvis Special: Doctor Feelgood". The Observer. Reprinted in Guardian Unlimited. Retrieved on 2007-10-12.
  149. ^ Beliefnet.com
  150. ^ Deseret News | Elvis almost LDS?
  151. ^ Clayton and Heard, p.265
  152. ^ Clayton and Heard, p.267
  153. ^ Guralnick 1999, p.293
  154. ^ Binder, Steve (Aired: August 14, 2007). "Comeback Special". BBC Radio Two.
  155. ^ Jorgensen, p.281
  156. ^ a b Cook, p.39
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Further reading

External links

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Persondata
NAME Presley, Elvis Aaron
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Presley, Elvis Aaron
SHORT DESCRIPTION American singer, song producer and actor; "The King of Rock'n'Roll"
DATE OF BIRTH January 8, 1935(1935-01-08)
PLACE OF BIRTH Tupelo, Mississippi, U.S.
DATE OF DEATH August 16, 1977
PLACE OF DEATH Memphis, Tennessee, USA




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