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Electric power transmission



Main article: Wireless energy transfer

Every radio transmitter emits power wirelessly. Both Nikola Tesla and Hidetsugu Yagi attempted to devise systems for large scale wireless power transmission. Tesla claimed to have succeeded.[25][26][27][28][29] Yagi also proposed a similar concept, but the engineering problems proved to be more onerous than conventional systems. His work, however, led to the invention of the Yagi antenna.

Another form of wireless power transmission has been studied for transmission of power from solar power satellites to the earth. A high power array of microwave transmitters would beam power to a rectenna. Major engineering and economic challenges face any solar power satellite project.

Another form is the operation of a crystal radio is powered by the radio station it is tuned to, however the energetic efficiency is extremely low. Small scale wireless power was demonstrated as early as 1831 by Michael Faraday and by 1888 Heinrich Rudolf Hertz had proven that natural radio waves exist and can be captured.

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Records

  • Highest transmission voltage (AC): 1,150 kV on Powerline Ekibastuz-Kokshetau (Kazakhstan)
  • Highest transmission voltage (DC): +/-600 kV on HVDC Itaipu (Brazil)
  • Highest pylons: Yangtze River Crossing (height: 345 m (1,132 ft))
  • Longest power line: Inga-Shaba (length: 1,700 kilometres (1,056 mi))
  • Longest span of power line: 5,376 m (17,638 ft) at Ameralik Span
  • Longest submarine cables:
    • NorNed, North Sea - (length of submarine/underground cable: 580 kilometres (360 mi))
    • Basslink, Bass Strait - (length of submarine/underground cable: 290 kilometres (180 mi), total length: 357.4 kilometres (222 mi))
    • Baltic-Cable, Baltic Sea - (length of submarine/underground cable: 249 kilometres (155 mi), total length: 261 kilometres (162 mi))

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See also

Look up grid electricity in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Energy Portal

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Notes

  1. ^ Hughes
  2. ^ Thomas P. Hughes, Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society 1880-1930, The Johns Hopkins University Press,Baltimore 1983 ISBN 0-8018-2873-2
  3. ^ Bureau of Census data reprinted in Hughes, pp. 282-283
  4. ^ Hughes, pp. 293-295
  5. ^ Hughes pp.
  6. ^ "Present Limits of Very Long Distance Transmission Systems"
  7. ^ Raghuvir Srinivasan (August 15, 2004). Power transmission business is a natural monopoly. The Hindu Business Line. The Hindu. Retrieved on 2008-01-31.
  8. ^ Lynne Kiesling (August 18, 2003). Rethink the Natural Monopoly Justification of Electricity Regulation. Reason Foundation. Retrieved on 2008-01-31.
  9. ^ Insert footnote text here
  10. ^ Fiona Woolf (February 2003). Global Transmission Expansion. Pennwell Books, 226, 247. ISBN 0-87814-862-0. 
  11. ^ Albohm, Anders; Elisabeth Cardis, Adele Green, Martha Linet, David Savitz, Anthony Swerdlow (December 2001). "Review of the Epidemiologic Literature on EMF and Health". Environ Health Perspect. 109 (S6). 
  12. ^ Tynes, Tore; L Klaeboe, T Haldorsen (May 2003). "Residential and occupational exposure to 50 Hz magnetic fields and malignant melanoma: a population based study". Occup Environ Med 60 (5): 343-7. 
  13. ^ Hansen, J (January 2001). "Increased breast cancer risk among women who work predominantly at night". Epidemiology 12 (1): 74-7. 
  14. ^ Feychting, Maria; Anders Ahlbom, F Jonsson, NL Pederson (July 2003). "Occupational magnetic field exposure and neurodegenerative disease". Epidemiology 14 (4): 413-9. 
  15. ^ Hakansson, Niklas; P Gustavsson, Birgitte Floderus, Christof Johanen (July 2003). "Neurodegenerative diseases in welders and other workers exposed to high levels of magnetic fields". Epidemiology 14 (4): 420-6. 
  16. ^ Albohm, Anders (2001). "Neurodegenerative diseases, suicide and depressive symptoms in relation to EMF.". Bioelectromagnetics (Suppl 5): S132-43. 
  17. ^ Lee, GM; Michael Yost, RR Neutra, L Hristova, RA Hiatt (January 2002). "A nested case-control study of residential and personal magnetic field measures and miscarriages". Epidemiology 13 (1): 21-31. 
  18. ^ Li, De-Kun; Roxana Odouli, S Wi, T Janevic, I Golditch, TD Bracken, R Senior, R Rankin, R Iriye (January 2002). "A population-based prospective cohort study of personal exposure to magnetic fields during pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage". Epidemiology 13 (1): 9-20. 
  19. ^ Cao, YN; Y Zhang, Y Liu (August 2006). "Effects of exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on reproduction of female mice and development of offsprings". Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi 24 (8): 468-70. 
  20. ^ Fews, Peter; Denis Henshaw, Paul Keitch, Julie Close, Richard Wilding (December 1999). "Increased exposure to pollutant aerosols under high voltage power lines". Int J Radiat Biol. 75 (12): 1505-21. 
  21. ^ Fews, Peter; Denis Henshaw, Richard Wilding, Paul Keitch (December 1999). "Corona ions from powerlines and increased exposure to pollutant aerosols". Int J Radiat Biol. 75 (12): 1523-31. 
  22. ^ "SAGE first interim assessment: Power Lines and Property, Wiring in Homes, and Electrical Equipment in Homes"
  23. ^ UK National Grid EMF information site
  24. ^ Jacob Oestergaard et al., Energy losses of superconducting power transmission cables in the grid, [1]
  25. ^ "The Transmission of Electrical Energy Without Wires," Electrical World, March 5, 1904
  26. ^ Norrie, H. S., "Induction Coils: How to make, use, and repair them". Norman H. Schneider, 1907, New York. 4th edition.
  27. ^ Electrical Experimenter, January 1919. pg. 615
  28. ^ Tesla: Man Out of Time By Margaret Cheney. Page 174.
  29. ^ Martin, T. C., & Tesla, N. (1894). The inventions, researches and writings of Nikola Tesla, with special reference to his work in polyphase currents and high potential lighting. New York: The Electrical Engineer. Page 188.

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Further reading

  • Grigsby, L. L., et al. The Electric Power Engineering Handbook. USA: CRC Press. (2001). ISBN 0-8493-8578-4
  • Thomas P. Hughes, Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society 1880-1930, The Johns Hopkins University Press,Baltimore 1983 ISBN 0-8018-2873-2, an excellent overview of development during the first 50 years of commercial electric power
  • Westinghouse Electric Corporation, "Electric power transmission patents; Tesla polyphase system". (Transmission of power; polyphase system; Tesla patents)

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External links




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