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Curtiss P-40



The P-40 was used by over two dozen countries during and after the war. The P-40 was used by Brazil, China, Chile, Egypt, Finland, Netherlands East Indies, South Africa (for air defense in South Africa) and Turkey. The last P-40s in military service were serving with the Brazilian Air Force (FAB) when they were finally retired as late as 1958.

In the air war over Finland, several Soviet P-40s were shot down or had to crash land due to other reasons. The Finns, short of good aircraft, collected these and managed to repair one Warhawk, although it was mistakenly believed to be a Kittyhawk. This aircraft was attached to an operational squadron of the Finnish Air Force, but lack of spares kept it on the ground, with the exception of a few evaluation flights.

[

Variants and development stages

A USAAF Curtiss P-40K-10-CU, serial number 42-9985, c.1943.
A USAAF Curtiss P-40K-10-CU, serial number 42-9985, c.1943.
See also: Comparison of P-40 variants
  • Departing from normal USAAC convention, there was no P-40A. Some records indicate this might have been reserved for a reconnaissance variant that was briefly in development by Curtiss, but quickly discarded.
  • Revised versions of the P-40 soon followed: the P-40B or Tomahawk IIA had extra .30 cal (7.62 mm) U.S., or .303 British (7.7 mm) machine guns in the wings and a partially protected fuel system; the P-40C or Tomahawk IIB added underbelly drop tank and bomb shackles, as well as actual self-sealing fuel tanks and other minor revisions, but the extra weight did have a negative impact on aircraft performance. (All versions of the P-40 had a relatively low power-to-weight ratio compared to contemporary fighters.)
  • Only a small number of P-40D or Kittyhawk Mk Is were made—less than 50. With a new, larger Allison engine, slightly narrower fuselage, redesigned canopy, and improved cockpit, the P-40D eliminated the nose-mounted .50 cal guns and instead had a pair of .50 cal (12.7 mm) guns in each wing. The distinctive chin airscoop grew larger in order to adequately cool the large Allison engine.
  • Retrospective designation for a single prototype. The P-40A was a single camera-carrying aircraft.
  • The P-40E or P-40E-1 was very similar in most respects to the P-40D, except for a slightly more powerful engine and an extra .50 in (12.7 mm) gun in each wing, bringing the total to six. Some aircraft also had small underwing bomb shackles. Supplied to the Commonwealth air forces as the Kittyhawk Mk IA. The P-40E was the variant that bore the brunt of air to air combat by the type in the key period of early to mid 1942, for example with the first US squadrons to replace the AVG in China (the AVG was already transitioning to this type from the P-40B/C), the type used by the Australians at Milne Bay, by the New Zealand squadrons during most of their air to air combat, and by the RAF / Commonwealth in North Africa as the Kittyhawk IA.
In the vicinity of Moore Field, Texas. The lead ship in a formation of P-40s is peeling off for the "attack" in a practice flight at the Army Air Forces advanced flying school. Selected aviation cadets were given transition training in these fighters before receiving their pilot's wings. 1943.
In the vicinity of Moore Field, Texas. The lead ship in a formation of P-40s is peeling off for the "attack" in a practice flight at the Army Air Forces advanced flying school. Selected aviation cadets were given transition training in these fighters before receiving their pilot's wings. 1943.
  • P-40F and P-40L, which both featured Packard Merlin engine in place of the normal Allison, and thus did not have the carburetor scoop on top of the nose. Performance for these models at higher altitudes was better than their Allison-engined cousins. The L in some cases also featured a fillet in front of the vertical stabilizer, or a stretched fuselage to compensate for the higher torque. The P-40L was sometimes nicknamed "Gypsy Rose Lee," after a famous stripper of the era, due to its stripped-down condition. Supplied to the Commonwealth air forces under the designation Kittyhawk Mk II, a total of 330 Mk IIs were supplied to the RAF under Lend-Lease. The first 230 aircraft are sometimes known as the Kittyhawk Mk IIA. The P-40F/L was extensively used by U.S. fighter groups operating in the Mediterranian Theater.
  • P-40G : 43 P-40 aircraft fitted with the wings of the Tomahawk Mk IIA. A total of 16 aircraft were supplied to the Soviet Union, and the rest to the US Army Air Force. It was later redesignated RP-40G.
  • P-40K, an Allison-engined P-40L, with the nosetop scoop retained and the Allison configured scoop and cowl flaps. Supplied to the Commonwealth air forces as the Kittyhawk Mk III, it was widely used by US units in the CBI.
  • P-40M, version generally similar to the P-40K, with a stretched fuselage like the P-40L and powered by an Allison V-1710-81 engine giving better performance at altitude (compared to previous Allison versions). It had some detail improvements and it was characterized by two small air scoops just before the exhaust pipes. Most of them were supplied to Allied countries (mainly UK and USSR), while some others remained in the USA for advanced training. It was also supplied to the Commonwealth air forces as the Kittyhawk Mk. III.
  • P-40N (manufactured 1943-44), the final production model. The P-40N featured a stretched rear fuselage to counter the torque of the larger, late-war Allison engine, and the rear deck of the cockpit behind the pilot was cut down at a moderate slant to improve rearward visibility. A great deal of work was also done to try and eliminate excess weight to improve the Warhawk's climb rate. Early N production blocks dropped a .50 cal (12.7 mm) gun from each wing, bringing the total back to four; later production blocks reintroduced it after complaints from units in the field. Supplied to Commonwealth air forces as the Kittyhawk Mk IV. A total of 553 P-40Ns were acquired by the Royal Australian Air Force, making it the variant most commonly used by the RAAF. Subvariants of the P-40N ranged widely in specialization from stripped down four-gun "hot rods" which could reach the highest top speeds of any production variant of the P-40 (up to 380 mph), to overweight types with all the extras intended for fighter-bombing or even training missions.
Curtiss P-40N-5-CU "Little Jeanne"
Curtiss P-40N-5-CU "Little Jeanne"
  • P-40P : The designation of 1,500 aircraft ordered with V-1650-1 engines, but actually built as the P-40N with V-1710-81 engines.
  • XP-40Q with a 4-bladed prop, cut-down rear fuselage and bubble canopy, supercharger, squared-off wingtips and tail surfaces, and improved engine with two-speed supercharger was tested, but its performance was not enough of an improvement to merit production when compared to the contemporary late model P-47Ds and P-51Ds pouring off production lines. The XP-40Q was, however, the fastest of the P-40 series with a top speed of 422 mph as a result of the introduction of a high-altitude supercharger gear. (No P-40 model with a single-speed supercharger could even approach 400 mph or 640 km/h.) With the end of hostilities in Europe, the P-40 came to the end of its front line service.
  • P-40R : The designation of P-40F and P-40L aircraft, converted into training aircraft in 1944.
  • RP-40 : Some American P-40s were converted into reconnaissance aircraft.
  • TP-40 : Some P-40s were converted into two-seat trainers.
  • Twin P-40 : Probably the most unusual variant, it was a P-40C outfitted in 1942 with a pair of 1,300 hp (969 kW) V-1650-1 Merlin engines mounted atop the wings, over the main landing gear.[53]

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Survivors

Main article: Curtiss P-40 Survivors

Of the 13,738 P-40s built, only 19 P-40s remain airworthy. Approximately 80 aircraft are on static display or under restoration. It is possible that more will be recovered from crash or scrap sites, mostly in the South Pacific, China, the United States, Canada and Eastern Europe.

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Famous P-40 pilots

  • Nicky Barr: RAAF ace (11 kills) and member of the Australian national rugby team
  • Gregory "Pappy" Boyington: American Volunteer Group (Flying Tigers), Chinese Air Force. (Boyington was later leader of the US Marine Corps' VMF-214 "Black Sheep Squadron".)
  • Clive "Killer" Caldwell: RAAF, the highest-scoring P-40 pilot from any air force and the highest-scoring Allied pilot in North Africa.[54] Australia's highest-scoring ace in World War II. Caldwell scored 20.5 of his 28.5 kills while flying P-40s in North Africa.[55]
  • Dan Rowan (as Daniel H. David): USAAF, Southwest Pacific theater. Comedian/actor. Scored two kills against Japanese aircraft before being shot down and seriously wounded.
  • Billy Drake: RAF, the leading British P-40 ace, with 13 kills.
  • James Francis "Stocky" Edwards: RCAF, 15.75 kills (12 on the P-40). (He wrote two books about Commonwealth Kittyhawk pilots in World War II.).[55]
  • Geoff Fisken: RNZAF, the highest scoring British Commonwealth ace in the Pacific theater. Five of his 11 victories were claimed in Kittyhawks.
  • John Everitt "Jack" Frost, SAAF, the highest scoring air ace in a South African unit, with 15 kills (seven on the P-40). Missing in action, 16 June 1942 after combat with JG 27 Bf 109s; his body was never found.[55]
  • John Gorton: RAAF, later Prime Minister of Australia, 1968-71. His war service included combat missions in Kittyhawks with No. 77 Squadron over New Guinea and a period as an instructor on the type with 2 OTU.
  • John F. Hampshire, Jr.: USAAF. Tied for top-scoring USAAF ace on the type with 13 victories.
  • Bruce K. Holloway: USAAF. Tied for top-scoring USAAF ace on the type with 13 victories.
  • Nikolai F. Kuznetsov: VVS, ace, twice Hero of the Soviet Union. Most of his 22 kills were scored in the P-40.
  • Stepan Novichkov: VVS, top scoring Soviet ace on the P-40, with 19 of his 29 total personal victories being scored while flying the type.
  • Petr Pokryshev: VVS, ace, twice Hero of the Soviet Union, scored 22 personal victories, including 14 in P-40s.
  • Robert Lee Scott, Jr.: Flying Tigers/USAAF, later commander of the US 23rd Fighter Group, in the Fourteenth Air Force. (Scored ten+ kills in the P-40.)
  • Kenneth M. Taylor: USAAF, one of two US pilots to get airborne in a P-40 during the Pearl Harbor raid, Taylor shot down two Japanese aircraft on 7 December 1941, and was wounded in the arm.
  • Keith "Bluey" Truscott: RAAF, pre-war star of Australian football; became an ace on Spitfires in the UK, commanded a Kittyhawk squadron at the Battle of Milne Bay (1942), in New Guinea; killed in an accident in 1943, while flying a P-40
  • Len Waters: RAAF, the only Australian Aboriginal fighter pilot of World War II.
  • George Welch: USAAF, one of two U.S. pilots to get airborne in a P-40 during the attack on Pearl Harbor of 7 December 1941. Welch shot down three Japanese aircraft that day.

[

Operators

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Specifications (P-40E)

Data from[citation needed]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1
  • Length: 31.67 ft (9.66 m)
  • Wingspan: 37.33 ft (11.38 m)
  • Height: 12.33 ft (3.76 m)
  • Wing area: 235.94 ft² (21.92 m²)
  • Empty weight: 6,350 lb (2,880 kg)
  • Loaded weight: 8,280 lb (3,760 kg)
  • Max takeoff weight: 8,810 lb (4,000 kg)
  • Powerplant: 1× Allison V-1710-39 liquid-cooled V12 engine, 1,150 hp (858 kW)

Performance

Armament

  • Guns: 6× .50 caliber (12.7 mm) M2 Browning machine guns, 150~200 rounds per gun
  • Bombs: 250 lb (113 kg) to 1,000 Ib (453 kg), a total of 1,500 lb (680 kg) on three hardpoints (one under the fuselage and two underwing)

[

Popular culture

From Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow (2004)
From Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow (2004)
  • In the John Wayne movie: Flying Tigers, (1942) real P-40s are featured, along with some inaccurate studio models.
  • Ronald Reagan appears in the Identification Of The Japanese Zero (Training Film) (1942) as a young pilot learning to recognize the difference between a P-40 and a Japanese Zero. In this film Reagan mistakes a friend's P-40 for a Japanese Zero and tries to shoot it down. In the end, Reagan gets a chance to shoot down a real Zero.
  • In the film, God is My Co-Pilot (1945) from the Robert Lee Scott, Jr's book about the Flying Tigers and the USAAF pilots who replaced them in the Republic of China and Burma, a "mix" of real P-40 and "movie" P-40s are featured.
  • In the play written by Arthur Miller, All My Sons (first performed in 1947), Joe Keller and his partner, Steve Deever, knowingly sold cracked cylinder heads to the Army Air Force. As a result, 21 P-40s crashed in Australia. For this, Keller and Deever served time in prison, although Keller was released shortly after when he was found innocent. At the beginning of the play, his partner is still in prison.
  • In Tora! Tora! Tora! (1970), P-40s are depicted at the attack on Pearl Harbor, both being shot up on the ground and shooting down Zeros.
  • Steven Spielberg's comedy 1941(1979) features a P-40E in the less-than-capable hands of John Belushi's character, "Wild Bill" Kelso.
  • In the film: Pearl Harbor (2001) P-40Es are the main aircraft seen in the film besides Japanese Zeros. Rafe Macauley and Danny Walker fly P-40s during the raid on Pearl Harbor being the only two pilots able to get in the air, recreating the actual event where George Welch and Ken Taylor operated from a satellite field. A P-40N and a P-40E in this movie came from the Warhawk Air Museum in Nampa, Idaho.
  • The alternative history/science fiction pastiche, Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow (2004), has a computer-generated twin-seat fighter aircraft patterned after the P-40 performing amazing feats, including doubling as a submarine.[56]

[

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Related development

Comparable aircraft

Related lists

[

References

[

Notes

  1. ^ Army Air Forces Statistical Digest - World War II
  2. ^ a b c Alexander 2006, p. 25.
  3. ^ a b Brown 1983, p. 20.
  4. ^ a b Crawford 1977, p. 14.
  5. ^ Erik Shilling— Off on his Last Flight.Retrieved: 28 February 2008. The Bf 110s were from II Gruppe/Zerstörergeschwader 26. Shilling, an AVG pilot indicated, "I was looking through a British magazine one day and saw a photo of a Messerschmitt-110 with a shark face on it."
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Masell, Patrick. "The P-40 and the Zero." Naval Aviation and Military History, 2002. Retrieved: 7 March 2006.
  7. ^ Warbird Alley: Curtiss P-40 Warhawk
  8. ^ Green, William. Famous Fighters of the Second World War. London, UK: Macdonald & Co Ltd, 1957.
  9. ^ a b Hingam, Robin. Flying American Combat Aircraft of WW II. Manhattan, Kansas: Sunflower University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-8117-3124-3.
  10. ^ Alexander 2006, p. 22.
  11. ^ a b c d Romanenko, Valeriy and Gebhardt, James F. Lend-lease on airforce.ru. The P-40 in Soviet Aviation. Retrieved: 7 March 2006.
  12. ^ a b Alexander 2006, p. 21.
  13. ^ rafweb.org, 2007, "Aircraft of the RAF (M - T)" Retrieved: 6 January 2008.
  14. ^ rafweb.org, 2007, "Aircraft of the RAF (E - L)" Retrieved: 6 January 2008.
  15. ^ Ethell and Christy 1979, p. 51.
  16. ^ Scutts 1994, pp. 12–13.
  17. ^ Belinda Hawkins, 2002, "The Quiet Man" (Australian Story, ABC-TV). Retrieved: 8 November 2007.
  18. ^ Brown 1983, p. 17.
  19. ^ Alexander 2006, pp. 55–56.
  20. ^ a b Brown 1983, pp. 28–29.
  21. ^ For example, on 15 September 1942, JG27 claimed 19 P-40s destroyed from No. 239 Wing. Yet Russell Brown claims that DAF squadron records show only five aircraft lost to enemy action. He also lists several other dates on which there was significant overclaiming by JG27 pilots. (Brown 1983, pp. 281–282.)
  22. ^ Scutts 1994, p. 13.
  23. ^ Brown 1983, pp. 257–258.
  24. ^ ,Ratuszynski, Wilhelm. "Hans-Joachim Marseille — "Desert Eagle. World War II Ace Stories". Retrieved: 8 March 1999.
  25. ^ a b c d e f Thomas 2002
  26. ^ Alexander 2006, pp. 224–228. Kageneck's brother, August Graf von Kageneck, who corresponded with Caldwell after the war, was among those who held this theory.
  27. ^ Dragicevic, George. Clive "Killer" Caldwell — Stuka Party. 17 July 1999 Retrieved: 7 March 2006.
  28. ^ a b c d Molesworth 2000
  29. ^ Brown 1983, p. 259.
  30. ^ Shilling, Erik. Erik Shilling, AVG Pilot. Retrieved: 25 March 2006.
  31. ^ a b c d Molesworth 2002
  32. ^ a b c Molesworth 2003
  33. ^ Gordon Birkett (adf-serials.com) 2005, "USAAF/RAAF P40E/E-1 Operations in Australia Supplementary #2" Retrieved: 1 August 2007.
  34. ^ Acepilots.com, 2005, PTO/CBI Pilots of WWII. Retrieved: 7 March 2006.
  35. ^ Pike, John (citing 23rd Fighter Group Official Website). GlobalSecurity, 21 August 2005. Retrieved: 5 September 2006.
  36. ^ Molesworth 2000
  37. ^ National Museum of the USAF "Tuskegee Airmen"
  38. ^ "The combat record speaks for itself."
  39. ^ a b Weal 2003, p. 91.
  40. ^ Cathcart, Carol. 325th Fighter Group: Total Victories by Type of Aircraft. Official 325th Fighter Group WWII: "Checkertail Clan" Association. Retrieved: 25 March 2006.
  41. ^ a b Cathcart, Carol. History of the 317th Fighter Squadron. Official 325th Fighter Group WWII "Checkertail Clan" Association. Retrieved: 5 September 2006.
  42. ^ Barr, Nicky. "Interview Transcript." ABC Australia. Retrieved: 8 November 2007.
  43. ^ Australia's War 1939-1945. Official Australian Government, Department of Veterans Affairs. Retrieved: 8 January 2007.
  44. ^ Pentland 1974, pp. 27–39.
  45. ^ RAAF Museum, 2007, "A29 Curtiss P-40 Kittyhawk" Retrieved: 1 August 2007.
  46. ^ In total the RNZAF claimed 106 victories in the Pacific: three by 488(NZ) Sqn in Singapore and Malaya (all confirmed), three by Lockheed Hudsons (one confirmed) and the remaining 102 by P-40 pilots. A total of 99 victories were officially confirmed, including 95 by P-40s.
  47. ^ a b Rudge 2003
  48. ^ Horn 1992
  49. ^ Mossong, Peter. The Curtiss P-40 in RNZAF Service. Royal New Zealand Air Force Pacific WWII Homepage. Retrieved: 4 September 2006.
  50. ^ New Zealand Warbirds Family Album. Curtiss P-40N Kittyhawk. Retrieved: 4 September 2006.
  51. ^ Hardesty, Von [1982] (1991). "Appendixes", Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power 1941-1945. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 253. ISBN 0874745101. 
  52. ^ Japanese Captured P-40, J-Aircraft.com
  53. ^ Donald 1997, p. 291.
  54. ^ Alexander 2006, p. 85.
  55. ^ a b c Shores and Williams, 1994
  56. ^ Trivia @ The Flying Legion - a Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow fansite

[

Bibliography

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  • Bowers, Peter M. Curtiss Aircraft, 1907-1947. London: Putnam & Company Ltd., 1979. ISBN 0-370-10029-8.
  • Bowers, Peter M. and Angellucci, E. The American Fighter. New York: Orion Books, 1987. ISBN 0-517-56588-9.
  • Brown, Russell. Desert Warriors: Australian P-40 Pilots at War in the Middle East and North Africa, 1941-1943. Maryborough, Australia: Banner Books, 1983. ISBN 1-875-59322-5.
  • Crawford, Jerry L. Messerschmitt BF 110 Zerstörer in action. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, 1977. ISBN 0-89747-029-X.
  • Donald, David, ed. "Curtiss Model 81/87 (P-40 Warhawk)"Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. Etobicoke, ON: Prospero, 1997. ISBN ISBN 1-85605-375-X.
  • Ethell, Jeffrey L. and Christy, Joe. P-40 Hawks at War. Shepperton, UK: Ian Allan Ltd., 1979. ISBN 0-71100-983-X.
  • Green, William. War Planes of the Second World War, Volume Four: Fighters. London: MacDonald & Co. (Publishers) Ltd., 1961 (Sixth impression 1969). ISBN 0-356-01448-7.
  • Green, William and Swanborough, Gordon. WW2 Aircraft Fact Files: US Army Air Force Fighters, Part 1. London: Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd., 1977. ISBN 0-356-08218-0.
  • Higham, Robin. Flying American Combat Aircraft of WW II. Manhattan, Kansas: Sunflower University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-8117-3124-3.
  • Horn, Alex. Wings Over the Pacific: The RNZAF in the Pacific Air War. Auckland: Random House New Zealand, 1992. ISBN 1-86941-152-8.
  • Johnsen, F.A. P-40 Warhawk (Warbird History). St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks International, 1999. ISBN 0-7603-0253-7.
  • Lavigne, J.P.A. Michel and Edwards, James F. Kittyhawk Pilot. Battleford, Saskatchewan: Turner-Warwick, 1983. ISBN 0-919899-10-2.
  • Mellinger, George. Soviet Lend-Lease Fighter Aces of World War 2 (Osprey Aircraft of the Aces No. 74). Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2006. ISBN 1-84603-041-2
  • Molesworth, Carl. P-40 Warhawk Aces of the MTO (Osprey Aircraft of the Aces No. 43). London: Osprey Publishing, 2002. ISBN 1-84176-288-1.
  • Molesworth, Carl. P-40 Warhawk Aces of the Pacific (Aircraft of the Aces). London: Osprey Publishing, 2003. ISBN 1-84176-536-8.
  • Molesworth, Carl. P-40 Warhawk Aces of the CBI (Osprey Aircraft of the Aces No. 35). Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2000. ISBN 1-84176-079-X.
  • Müller, Rolf-Dieter. Der Bombenkrieg 1939 – 1945. Berlin: Links Verlag, 2004. ISBN 3-86153-317-0.
  • Pentland, Geoffrey. The P-40 Kittyhawk in Service. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: Kookaburra Technical Publications Pty. Ltd., 1974. ISBN 0-85880-012-8.
  • Rudge, Chris. Air-To-Air: The Story Behind the Air-to-Air Combat Claims of the RNZAF. Lyttleton, Canterbury, New Zealand: Adventure Air, 2003. ISBN 0-473-09724-9.
  • Scott, Robert L. Damned to Glory. New York: Scribner's, 1944. No ISBN.
  • Scutts, Jerry. Bf 109 Aces of North Africa and the Mediterranean. London: Osprey Publishing, 1994. ISBN 1-85532-448-2.
  • Shores, Christopher and Ring, Hans. Fighters over the Desert. London: Neville Spearman Limited, 1969. ISBN 0-668-02070-9.
  • Shores, Christopher and Williams, Clive. Aces High: A Further Tribute to the Most Notable Fighter Pilots of the British and Commonwealth Air Forces in WWII, v. 2. London: Grub Street, 1994. ISBN 1-89869-700-0.
  • Thomas, Andrew. Tomahawk and Kittyhawk Aces of the RAF and Commonwealth. London: Osprey Books, 2002. ISBN 1-84176-083-8.
  • Weal, John. Jagdgeschwader 27 'Afrika'. Oxford, UK: Osprey, 2003. ISBN 1-841765-38-4.

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External links

Jackie Cochran in the cockpit of a P-40 fighter plane, she was head of the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP).
Jackie Cochran in the cockpit of a P-40 fighter plane, she was head of the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP).
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