Finance          Automotive          Computers          Health          Shopping          Sports         News          Reference           Print Facts in English - BCUZ.COMlos hechos en Español

Cuba



The Cuban exodus has lasted almost half a century and has brought more than two million Cubans of all social classes to the United States.[162] Others have emigrated to Spain, Canada, Mexico, Sweden, and other countries. It still is standard procedure for the Cuban government to strip almost all property from most of those leaving the island.[citation needed] Many prominent Cubans, including artists, professionals, sports stars, etc. traveling abroad, have chosen to defect and seek asylum in other countries.

Since 1959 many Cubans have emigrated to Miami, Florida, where a vocal, well-educated and economically successful exile community exists formally called the Cuban-American lobby.[163] The exodus that occurred immediately after the Cuban Revolution was primarily of the upper and middle classes that were predominantly white. This contributed to a demographic shift back in Cuba. Exodus of 1980 demonstrated problems deriving from the lack of personal freedom and chronic economic austerity.[164] Seeking to normalize migration between the two countries—particularly after the chaos that accompanied the Mariel boatlift—Cuba and the United States in 1994 agreed, in what is commonly called the 1994 Clinton-Castro accords,[165] to limit emigration to the United States. The United States grants a specific number of visas to those wishing to emigrate; 20,000 have been granted since 1994. Cubans picked up at sea trying to emigrate without a visa are returned to Cuba while those that make it to U.S. soil are allowed to seek asylum.[166] U.S. law gives the Attorney General the discretion to grant permanent residence to Cuban natives or citizens seeking adjustment of status if they have been present in the United States for at least one year after admission or parole and are admissible as immigrants;[167] In 2005 an additional 7,610 Cuban emigrants from Cuba entered the United States by September 30.[citation needed] Citizens of Cuba must obtain an exit permit before they may leave the country legally.[citation needed] Human Rights Watch has criticized the Cuban restrictions on emigration and its alleged keeping of children as "hostages" in order to prevent defection by Cubans traveling abroad.[168][169] Over the years, thousands of Cubans ("balseros") have attempted to escape across the Florida Strait to reach the United States with many succeeding (over a hundred thousand in the Mariel Boatlift alone). But it has been estimated that between 30,000 to 40,000 Cubans may have perished attempting to flee the island.[170] This has led to a safer route through Mexico where organized traffickers ferry asylum seekers for a price.[166]

Religion

Main article: Religion in Cuba
Catedral de San Cristóbal de la Habana (Cathedral of Saint Christopher of Havana)
Catedral de San Cristóbal de la Habana (Cathedral of Saint Christopher of Havana)

Cuba has many faiths representing the widely varying culture. Catholicism was brought to the island by the Spanish, and is the most dominant faith. After Fidel Castro took over, Cuba became atheistic and punished religious practice. Since the Fourth Cuban Communist Party Congress in 1991, restrictions have been eased and, according to the National Catholic Observer, direct challenges by state institutions to the right to religion have all but disappeared,[171] though the church still faces restrictions of written and electronic communication, and can only accept donations from state-approved funding sources.[171] The Roman Catholic Church is made up of the Cuban Catholic Bishops' Conference (COCC), led by Juan García Rodríguez, Archbishop of Camaguey.[172] It has eleven dioceses, 56 orders of nuns and 24 orders of priests. In January 1998, Pope John Paul II paid a historic visit to the island, invited by the Cuban government and Catholic Church.

The religious landscape of Cuba is also strongly marked by syncretisms of various kinds. This diversity derives from West and Central Africans who were transported to Cuba, and in effect reinvented their African religions. They did so by combining them with elements of the Catholic belief system, with a result very similar to Brazilian Umbanda. Catholicism is often practised in tandem with Santería, a mixture of Catholicism and other, mainly African, faiths that include a number of cult religions. Cuba's patron saint, La Virgen de la Caridad del Cobre (the Virgin of Cobre) is a syncretism with the Santería goddess Ochún. The important religious festival "La Virgen de la Caridad del Cobre" is celebrated by Cubans annually on 8 September. Other religions practised are Palo Monte, and Abakuá, which have large parts of their liturgy in African languages.

Protestantism, introduced from the United States in the 18th century, has seen a steady increase in popularity. 300,000 Cubans belong to the island's 54 Protestant denominations. Pentecostalism has grown rapidly in recent years, and the Assemblies of God alone claims a membership of over 100,000 people. The Episcopal Church of Cuba claims 10,000 adherents. Cuba has small communities of Jews, Muslims and members of the Bahá'í Faith.[173] Havana has just three active synagogues and no mosque.[174] Most Jewish Cubans are descendants of Polish and Russian Ashkenazi Jews who fled pogroms at the beginning of the 20th century. There is, however, a sizeable number of Sephardic Jews in Cuba, who trace their origin to Turkey (primarily Istanbul and Thrace). Most of these Sephardic Jews live in the provinces, although they maintain a synagogue in Havana. In the 1960s, almost 8,000 Jews left for Miami. In the 1990s, approximately 400 Jewish Cubans relocated to Israel in a co-ordinated exodus using visas provided by nations sympathetic to their desire to move to Israel.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Cuba
The courtyard of one of the free museums in Havana, the 'Casa de Simón Bolívar'
The courtyard of one of the free museums in Havana, the 'Casa de Simón Bolívar'

Cuban culture is much influenced by the fact that it is a melting pot of cultures, primarily those of Spain and Africa. It has produced more than its fair share of literature, including the output of non-Cubans Stephen Crane, Graham Greene and Ernest Hemingway

Sport is Cuba's national passion. Due to historical associations with the United States, many Cubans participate in sports which share popularity in North America, rather than sports traditionally promoted in other Latin American nations. Baseball is by far the most popular; other sports and pastimes in Cuba include basketball, volleyball, cricket, and athletics. Cuba is the dominant force in amateur boxing, consistently achieving high gold medal tallies in major international competitions. The government of Cuba however, will not be sending competitors to the "World Boxing Championships, based in the U.S. city of Chicago from October 21 to November 3; this to avoid the "theft" of athletes. the Cuban government official newspaper alleges:

  • " As our people are all too well aware, the theft of anyone who stands out in Cuban society, whether s/he is an athlete, educationalist, doctor, artist, or any kind of scientist, has been the practice of various U.S. governments within that country's constant policy of aggression against our people. That felony was instigated at the very triumph of the Revolution in 1959 with the exit of thousands of doctors and engineers."[175]

Cuban music is very rich and is the most commonly known expression of culture. The "central form" of this music is Son, which has been the basis of many other musical styles like salsa, rumba and mambo and an upbeat derivation of the rumba, the cha-cha-cha. Rumba music originated in early Afro-Cuban culture. The Tres was also invented in Cuba, but other traditional Cuban instruments are of African and/or Taíno origin such as the maracas, güiro, marímba and various wooden drums including the mayohuacan. Popular Cuban music of all styles has been enjoyed and praised widely across the world. Cuban classical music, which includes music with strong African and European influences, and features symphonic works as well as music for soloists, has also received international acclaim thanks to composers like Ernesto Lecuona.

Havana, the Cuban capitol, was the heart of the rap scene in Cuba when it began in the 1990s. During that time, reggaetón was also growing in popularity. The formation of Cubanitos in 2002 by ex-members of pioneering “underground” rap group Primera Base was a pivotal moment in the emergence of reggaetón in the capital and a watershed in Cuban rap. In the wake of this successful bid for a higher commercial profile, most rappers have followed one of two paths: dancing with the enemy and embracing reggaetón, or resisting the new genre vociferously. The resisters deride reggaetón for being trite and mindless, for promoting pointless diversion and dancing over social commitment and reflection with its lack of meaningful lyrics. Rap, on the other hand, was seen as a way to lyrically express their opinions about things such as racism, sexism, peace, the environment, sexuality, poverty and social inequalities. Despite this controversy, reggaetón has become the dominant form of popular music among Cuban youth. The relationship between Cuban rap and reggaetón continues to be debated today.[176][177]

In addition, Cuban reggaeton has in the mind of conventional musicians of Cuba, "sold out" on their established culture. Prior to reggaeton, Cuba had a long established professionalism in music towards the early and mid 90's. The release and popular acceptance of reggaeton has created many openings for those with little or no experience in music. Music in Cuba is not the same as it was before, and much of the new artists that are exposing their creations now utilize electronics, synthetic sounds and technology to create music that was otherwise unheard of. This, created much dissent among the professionalized music industry within Cuba.[176]

Dance within Cuba has taken a major boost over the 1990s. Although lyrics may be censored, bodily movements and provocative dance can not be. Provocative dance allows inhabitants to free the mind and allows people of all social classes to rebel against the political and social injustices within the period. Although this has strayed from the conventional rap, bodily usage has become a commonly accepted form of rebellion among the young communities. Particularly "Perreo", an exotic and slightly different form grinding, has become one of the most accepted forms of dancing in clubs and music videos.[178]

Cuban literature began to find its voice in the early 19th century. Dominant themes of independence and freedom were exemplified by José Martí, who led the Modernist movement in Cuban literature. Writers such as Nicolás Guillén and Jose Z. Tallet focused on literature as social protest. The poetry and novels of José Lezama Lima have also been influential. Writers such as Reinaldo Arenas, Guillermo Cabrera Infante, and more recently Daína Chaviano, Pedro Juan Gutiérrez, Zoé Valdés, and Leonardo Padura have earned international recognition in the postrevolutionary era, though many of these writers have felt compelled to continue their work in exile due to ideological control of media by the Cuban authorities.

Cuban cuisine is a fusion of Spanish and Caribbean cuisines. Cuban recipes share spices and techniques with Spanish cooking, with some Caribbean influence in spice and flavor. Now food rationing, which has been the norm in Cuba for the last four decades, restricts the common availability of these dishes.[179] Traditional Cuban meal would not be served in courses; rather all food items would be served at the same time. The typical meal could consist of plantains, black beans and rice, ropa vieja (shredded beef), Cuban bread, pork with onions, and tropical fruits. Black beans and rice, referred to as Platillo Moros y Cristianos (or moros for short), and plantains are staples of the Cuban diet. Many of the meat dishes are cooked slowly with light sauces. Garlic, cumin, oregano and bay leaves are the dominant spices.

Economy

Main articles: Economy of Cuba, Tourism in Cuba, Rationing in Cuba, and Sociolismo
The 'Palacio Azul', Blue Palace, a State hotel in the city of Cienfuegos.
The 'Palacio Azul', Blue Palace, a State hotel in the city of Cienfuegos.

The Cuban Government adheres to socialist principles in organizing its largely state-controlled planned economy. Most of these means of production are owned and run by the government and most of the labor force is employed by the state. Recent years have seen a trend towards more private sector employment. By the year 2006, public sector employment was 78% and the private sector at 22% compared to the 1981 ratio of 91.8% to 8.2%.[180] Capital investment is restricted and requires approval by the government. The Cuban government sets most prices and rations goods to citizens. Moreover, any firm wishing to hire a Cuban must pay the Cuban government, which in turn will pay the company's employee in Cuban pesos.[citation needed]

While the form of government of Cuba is theoretically opposed to class privilege, preferential treatment exists for those who are members of the Communist Party or who hold positions of power within the government.[181] Access to transportation, work, housing, university education and better health care are a function of status within the government or the Communist Party.[182]

Starting in the late 1980s, the Soviet subsidies for Cuba's state-run economy started to dry up. Before the collapse of the Soviet Union, Cuba depended on Moscow for sheltered markets for its exports and substantial aid. The Soviets had been paying above-market prices for Cuban sugar, while providing Cuba with petroleum at below-market prices. The removal of these subsidies sent the Cuban economy into a rapid depression known in Cuba as the Special Period. At one point, Cuba received subsidies amounting to six billion dollars. In 1992, the United States tightened the trade embargo. Some believe that this may have contributed to a drop in Cuban living standards which approached crisis point within a year.[183]

Like some other Communist and post-Communist states following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Cuba took limited free market-oriented measures to alleviate severe shortages of food, consumer goods, and services to make up for the ending of Soviet subsidies. These steps included allowing some self-employment in certain retail and light manufacturing sectors, the legalization of the use of the U.S. dollar in business, and the encouragement of tourism. In 1996 tourism surpassed the sugar industry as the largest source of hard currency for Cuba. Cuba has tripled its market share of Caribbean tourism in the last decade, with large investment in tourism infrastructure this growth rate is predicted to continue.[184] 1.9 million tourists visited Cuba in 2003 predominantly from Canada and the European Union, generating revenue of $2.1 billion.[185] The rapid growth of tourism during the Special Period had widespread social and economic repercussions in Cuba. This has led to speculation of the emergence of a two-tier economy[186] and the fostering of a state of tourist apartheid on the island.[187][copyvio source?]

The Cuban government has significantly developed its medical tourism capabilities as a key means to generate income for the country. For many years, Cuba has operated a special division of hospitals that treated foreigners and diplomats while excluding Cubans. Every year, thousands of European, Latin American, Canadian and American consumers with hard cash visit to access medical care services at up to 80 percent less than U.S. costs. There are some who criticize Cuba's medical tourism industry because ordinary Cubans do not have access to the kind of quality healthcare that medical tourists receive.[188] {{Copyvio link|date=January 2008}[[189][copyvio source?]

Since 1959, Cuba has experienced slow growth in its Gross Domestic Product relative to other countries that were in a similar situation in the 1950s,[190] stagnant trade.[191] and amassed a significant debt amounting to some 16.62 billion in convertible currency and 15 to 20 billion dollars with Russia.[192][193][194] Cuban citizens themselves have experienced a decrease in their caloric intake and a shortage of housing.

For some time now, Cuba has been experiencing a housing shortage because of the state's failure to keep pace with increasing demand.[195] Moreover, the government instituted food rationing policies in 1962, which were exacerbated following the collapse of the Soviet Union and, according to supporters of the government, the tightening of the US embargo. As late as 2001, studies have shown that the average Cuban's standard of living was lower than before the downturn of the post-Soviet period. Paramount issues have been state salaries failing to meet personal needs under the state rationing system chronically plagued with shortages. As the variety and amount of rationed goods available declined, Cubans increasingly turned to the black market to obtain basic food, clothing, household, and health amenities. The informal sector is characterized by what many Cubans call sociolismo. In addition, petty corruption in state industries, such as the pilferage of state assets to sell on the black market, is still common.[196] In recent years, since the rise of Venezuela's Socialist President Hugo Chávez, Venezuelan economic aid has enabled Cuba to improve economically. Venezuela's assistance of the Cuban economy comes chiefly through its supply of up to 80,000 barrels (13,000 m³) of oil per day in exchange for professional services and agricultural products. In the last several years, Cuba has rolled back some of the market oriented measures undertaken in the 1990s. In 2004, Cuban officials publicly backed the Euro as a "global counter-balance to the U.S. dollar", and eliminated the US currency from circulation in its stores and businesses. Increased US government restrictions on travel by Cuban-Americans and on the numbers of dollars they could transport to Cuba strengthened Cuban government control over dollars circulating in the economy. In the last decade, Cubans had received between US$600 million and US$1 billion annually, mostly from family members in the U.S.[185] This number is influenced by the fact that U.S. government forbids its citizens to send more than $1,200 to Cuba to immediate family members, and then only once per year.

Cuba, the largest of the Caribbean holiday islands, is becoming an increasingly popular tourist destination.
Cuba, the largest of the Caribbean holiday islands, is becoming an increasingly popular tourist destination.
Santa Lucía, one of Cuba's most beautiful beaches.
Santa Lucía, one of Cuba's most beautiful beaches.

In 2005 Cuba exported $2.4 billion, ranking 114 of 226 world countries, and imported $6.9 billion, ranking 87 of 226 countries.[197] Its major export partners are the Netherlands 18.5%, Canada 18.5%, China 16%, Bermuda 14.1%, Spain 5.1%; major import partners are Venezuela 27%, China 15.8%, Spain 9.7%, Germany 6.5%, Canada 5.6%, Italy 4.4%, US 4.4% (2006).[198] Cuba's major exports are sugar, nickel, tobacco, fish, medical products, citrus, and coffee;[199] imports include food, fuel, clothing, and machinery. Cuba presently holds debt in an amount estimated to be $13 billion,[200] approximately 38% of GDP.[201] According to the Heritage Foundation, Cuba is dependent on credit accounts that rotate from country to country.[202] Cuba's prior 35% supply of the world's export market for sugar has declined to 10% due to a variety of factors, including a global sugar commodity price drop making Cuba less competitive on world markets.[203] At one time, Cuba was the world's most important sugar producer and exporter. As a result of diversification, underinvestment and natural disasters, however, Cuba's sugar production has seen a drastic decline. In 2002, more than half of Cuba's sugar mills were shut down. Cuba's most recent sugar harvest of 1.1 million metric tons was its worst in nearly one hundred years, comparable only to those of 1903 and 1904. Cuba holds 6.4% of the global market for nickel[204] which constitutes about 25% of total Cuban exports.[205] Recently, large reserves of oil were found in the North Cuba Basin[206] leading US Congress members Jeff Flake and Larry Craig to call for a repeal of the US embargo of Cuba.[9][copyvio source?]

Military

Main article: Military of Cuba

Under Fidel Castro, and partially because of invasions, assassination attempts and terrorist attacks, Cuba became a highly militarized society. From 1975 until the late 1980s, massive Soviet military assistance enabled Cuba to upgrade its military capabilities. Since the loss of Soviet subsidies Cuba has dramatically scaled down the numbers of military personnel, from 235,000 in 1994 to about 60,000 in 2003.[207] The government now spends roughly 1.7% of GDP on military expenditures. The present Minister for the Revolutionary Armed Forces (FAR) is Julio Casas Regueiro, as a consequence of Raul Castro becoming President of the country.

See also

v • d • e
Flag of Cuba. Topics related to Cuba
History
Geography
Politics
Economy
Religion
Society
Demographics
Culture
Notable people

References

  1. ^ Raul Castro chosen as Cuba's new president - CNN.com
  2. ^ a b Cuba, CIA World Factbook, <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cu.html>. Retrieved on 1 January 2008 
  3. ^ a b Human development Reports: Cuba, United Nations Development Programme, 2007/2008, <http://hdrstats.undp.org/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_CUB.html>. Retrieved on 1 January 2008 
  4. ^ Sonic.net. 1992 coin. Retrieved on 2006-09-26.
  5. ^ Government of Cuba. The Cuban constitution. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
  6. ^ Atlapedia. Cuba.
  7. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Cuba. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
  8. ^ National Symbols, DTCuba, <http://www.dtcuba.com/CubaInfoDetails.aspx?c=9&lng=2>. Retrieved on 9 February 2008 
  9. ^ www.alfredcarrada.org/notes8.html
  10. ^ members.dandy.net/~orocobix/terms1.htm
  11. ^ Gott, Richard : Cuba A New History. Yale University Press. p13
  12. ^ Andrea A.J., Overfield O.H. (2005). The Human Record, Vol 1; Letter by Christopher Columbus concerning recently discovered islands, P8. ISBN 0-618-37040-4. 
  13. ^ AFP 2007 (accessed 11-18 2007) Arqueología Hallazgo podría dar pistas sobre primeros habitantes de la Isla. Cuba en el Encuentro, jueves 15 de noviembre de 2007 http://www.cubaencuentro.com/es “"oficialmente se habla de la presencia de los primeros humanos (en Cuba) en un periodo que oscila entre 6.000 y 8.000 años".”
  14. ^ Image: Greenstone zoomorphic amulet in form of Condor of the Andes, University of Cambridge, <http://museum.archanth.cam.ac.uk/IACA.WWW/amulet.htm>. Retrieved on 18 December 2007 
  15. ^ The Rise and Fall of Smallpox
  16. ^ The Story Of… Smallpox—and other Deadly Eurasian Germs
  17. ^ The Times Thursday, September 01, 1825 London, Middlesex NASSAU (NEW PROVIDENCE), “June 4,-By an arrival from the coast of Cuba, we learn that His Majesty's schooner Speedwell accompanied by several barges from other vessels of war, is engaged in securing a key near Cayo Romano (off North Coast of Cuba), where a number of pirates had secreted themselves in the woods. Some small craft, which the pirates had used in their cruises, were captured by the barges; and with the assistance of some chasseurs which the Spanish Government at Principe had furnished for the purpose, it was expected the pirates would be hunted out of their lurking-places.
  18. ^ The North Carolina Standard; Wednesday. April 6, 1859. …facts are drawn from the official report on the " Commercial Relations of the United States with all Nations", prepared at the State Department and published by order of Congress, we imported from Cuba in 1838 as follows: Molasses, $3,051,1515; sugar, $15,555,409.
  19. ^ Historia de las Guerras de Liberación de Cuba.
  20. ^ The Little War (La Guerra Chiquita).
  21. ^ Anne Applebaum. Gulag: A History of the German Concentration Camps. "the first modern concentration camps were set up not in Germany or Russia, but in colonial Cuba, in 1895. In that year, to put an end to local insurgencies, imperial Spain began to prepare a policy of reconcentratión, intended to remove Cuban peasants from their land and 'reconcentrate' them in camps, depriving the insurgents of food, shelter and support. By 1900, the Spanish term reconcentratión had already been translated into English, and was used to describe a British project, initiated for similar reasons, during the Boer War in South Africa."
  22. ^ The Spanish-American War. Cuban Reconcentration Policy and its Effects. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
  23. ^ Republic of Cuba, maXic.to, citing "Report published in Document 207 of President McKinley's Message to the 55 Senate Appendix "F": Report on the Destruction of the USS Maine, 1898 available in New York Public Library.", <http://suche.maxic.to/lexikon_Cuba_en.html#_ref-16>. Retrieved on 22 January 2008 
  24. ^ a b Official Report of the Naval Court of Inquiry into the loss of the Battleship MAINE (Sampson Board), spanamwar.com, March 22, 1898, <http://www.spanamwar.com/mainerpt.htm>. Retrieved on 22 January 2008 
  25. ^ Charles W. Eliot, ed. (May 2, 2001), “45. Recognition of the Independence of Cuba (1898)”, Harvard Classics, Vol. 43: American Historical Documents, 1000–1904, vol. 43 of 51, New York: Bartleby.com, <http://www.bartleby.com/43/45.html>. Retrieved on 8 January 2008 
  26. ^ Samuels, Peggy and Harold. Remembering the Maine. (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995).
  27. ^ McMorrow, Edward P. (accessed 10-27-07) What Destroyed the USS MAINE - An opinion. part 1, part 2
  28. ^ a b de La Cova, Antonio Rafael 2007 The Moncada Attack: Birth of the Cuban Revolution. University of South Carolina Press ISBN-10 1570036721 ISBN-13 978-1570036729
  29. ^ Middletown Daily Times-Press 2006 Palma will Resign Beaten President to Call Special Session of congress and Give Up His Seat. Middletown Daily Times-Press Wednesday, September 26, 1906 Middletown, New York, page 2. “… All the Members of the cabinet and the heads of departments have presented resignations to President Palma. He has accepted them, but the officers will retain their positions until the resignation of the president has been presented to congress. O’Farrill secretary of state and justice, said their probably would be a government by a commission appointed by the American government. He mentioned Senor Barreiro chief justice of court and General Mario Menocal as commissioners. …”
  30. ^ a b Thomas, Hugh (March 1971). Cuba; the Pursuit of Freedom. New York: Harper & Row, pp283-287. ISBN 0060142596. 
  31. ^ Sources include Portuondo Linares, Serafin 1950 Los Independientes de Color. Historia del Partido Independiente de Color. Direccion de Cultura. Havana. (Fermoselle Lopez, Rafael 1974. Politica y Color in Cuba, La Guerrita de 1912. Ediciones Geminis Montevideo. Other sources give peripheral mention to burning of property at that time
  32. ^ there are the physical acts of arson, in intent and action indistiguishable from the recent Balkan ethnic cleansing. Take for example the incident a La Maya (Fermoselle pp. 243-245) where the town was Take for example the incident a La Maya (Portuondo pp. 243-245) where the town was burned including houses bought by Mambi "de color" using their pensions.
  33. ^ Officially the PIC wanted merely an armed protest to remove La Ley Morua. However, Fermoselle ( p. 199) has a cryptic sentence at the end of his book."Seria interesante saber si el PIC fue influido por ideas nationalistas generadas en otras islas del Caribe." However, there it the famous letter of Evaristo Estenoz "Todo hombre de color que no mate instaneamente al cobarde agresor que lo veje en un establecimineto publico, es un miserable indigno de ser hombre, que deshonra a su patria y a su raza" (Portuondo p. 56)
  34. ^ Dutcher, Rodney (NEA) 1933 Machado Fights Terrorists With Terror To Hold Iron-Handed Foes: of "ABC” Copy Gangster Methods to Rid Island of Despot Who Has Ruled Since-1924 Syracuse Herald Friday evening, April 28, 1933. Front Page “Terrorism has been met "with terrorism in this unique outbreak waged mostly by students and young intellectuals who brand Machado as a tyrant. On one side is the "ABC", secret terrorist, organization that has copied the methods of gangsters in the fine art of assassination. On the other side are Machado's strong-armed and equally, ruthless secret police. Murder has followed murder in a series of spectacular killings. The Law of Flight Typical were assassinations of Dr Clemente Vasquez Bella, president of the Cuban Senate and political ally of Machedo, and Capt. Miguel Calvo former head of the secret police Both were slain on busy throughfares, in daylight, by men who dashed past in autos firing shot guns. Many members, or suspected members of the "ABC" have been slain by the secret police in equally ruthless manner. Often, those killings have been defended on the ground that the victims preferred death to capture, though the evidence. In many cases Is not convincing. One police official alone is accused of 40 official assassinations. Police have also defended killings on the ground that the ley de fuga (law of flight) recognized the right of an officer to shoot an escaping prisoner. But, according to witnesses, prisoners have been released told to flee and then shot down they ran. Bombing has been common. Incendiary fires have destroyed much property. Great numbers of political prisoners have been jailed. President Machado, whose life has been threatened many times, is heavily guarded by soldiers and machine gun crews in his palace. He rides to and from his country estate in a bullet-proof auto, under escort of soldiers armed with rifles and machine guns. NEXT: Cuba economic distress and America's vast stake on the Island
  35. ^ Argote-Freyre, Frank, 2006 Fulgencio Batista: Volume 1, From Revolutionary to Strongman. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey ISBN 978-0813537010 p. 50 and later explained by the communists themselves in: Massón Sena, Caridad 2004 (accessed 6-9-07) Dos visiones sobre el nacionalismo y las alianzas: Mella y Villena. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de la Cultura Cubana “Juan Marinello”. La Habana, Cuba. http://168.96.200.17/ar/libros/cuba/marin/nacion.rtf. “ Según explicara Fabio Grobart a posteriori: “ Esta miopía política se reflejó también en una errónea conclusión que los dirigentes del Partido sacaron, de la justa apreciación de que sustituir a Machado por un gobierno de la oposición burgués-terrateniente significaba dejar a Cuba en su estado de semicolonia y a las masas populares en la misma miseria y esclavitud y que únicamente un gobierno de trabajadores podía producir los cambios radicales que el país necesitaba /.../Dicha a conclusión fue profundamente falsa por ser mecánica, por no basarse en un análisis correcto del desarrollo dialéctico de la situación y, esencialmente, por no tener en cuenta que las masas revolucionarias, enardecidas por la victoria sobre Machado y orientadas en su acción por una justa política de su vanguardia marxista-leninista, sí podría asegurar los cambios profundos, es decir, la realización del programa agrario-antimperialista, por el cual abogaba y luchaba desde su fundación el Partido Comunista.(22)” Reference 22 is Fabio Grobart, 1985, p. 93, This author also refers in this regard to Leonel Soto, 1977, vol. II, p. 8
  36. ^ Dallin, David J 1955 Soviet espionage, Yale University Press New Haven ASIN B0007DVJ8M pp. 394 and 198-203
  37. ^ José Alvarez (2004), “Cuban Agriculture Before 1959: The Social Situation”, Cuba's Agricultural Sector, University Press of Florida, ISBN 0813027543 
    "Law No. 5 created the Banco de Fomento Agrícola e Industrial de Cuba (BANFAIC), which was enacted on December 20, 1950, by President Carlos Prío Socarrás. (In fact, Law No. 13 of 1948, establishing Cuba's national bank, envisioned an agricultural bank as a necessary complement.) Law No. 15 of 1949 authorized the issuance of $200 million in bonds. Of the $25 million going to BANFAIC, an equal distribution went to the agricultural and industrial branches. … It is clearly stated in the ACU study: “The city of Havana is living an epoch of extraordinary prosperity, while in the countryside, people, especially the agricultural workers, are living in sluggish, miserable, and desperate conditions too difficult to believe” (Gastón et al., 1957, p. 6). Thus it is obvious that the living conditions in the city of Havana, and perhaps in a few other urban areas of Cuba, did not parallel those described in this fact sheet for the countryside."
  38. ^ Fidel Castro and the 26th of July Movement
  39. ^ Fidel Castro, Dictator of the Month December, 2004
  40. ^ CIA conspired with mafia to kill Castro | World news | The Guardian
  41. ^ Meyer Lansky
  42. ^ Familia Chibás > Raul Antonio Chibás > Manifiesto Sierra Maestra
  43. ^ Thomas E. Bogenschild (January 30, 2008), Dr. Castro's Princeton Visit, April 20-21, 1959, Princeton University: Program in Latim American Studies, <http://www.princeton.edu/~plas/publications/Essays/castro.html>. Retrieved on 30 January 2008 
  44. ^ [ttp://www.amigospais-guaracabuya.org/oagsg022.php[copyvio source?]
  45. ^ Cuba and the Council on Foreign Relations
  46. ^ In Bed With Castro
  47. ^ Lazo, Mario, American Policy Failures in Cuba--Dagger in the Heart! 1970 Twin Circle Publishing Co., New York, pp.198-200, 240
  48. ^ Lazo, Mario, American Policy Failures in Cuba--Dagger in the Heart! 1970, Twin Circle Publishing Co., New York, pp.198-200, 240
  49. ^ Faria, Miguel A. Cuba in Revolution--Escape from a Lost Paradise, 2002, Hacienda Publishing, Macon, Georgia, pp.105,182,248
  50. ^ Faria, Miguel A. Cuba in Revolution -- Escape From a Lost Paradise, 2002, Hacienda Publishing, Inc., Macon, Georgia, pp. 163-228
  51. ^ Cuba: Order and Revolution, Jorge I. Domínguez
  52. ^ U.S. Arrests Cuban Exile Accused in Deadly '76 Airline Bombing. New York Times (2005-05-18). Retrieved on 2008-01-30.
  53. ^ The Daily News -- April 1980. The Eighties Club - The Politics and Pop Culture of the 1980s (April 1980). Retrieved on 2006-07-09.
  54. ^ The Daily News -- June 1980. The Eighties Club - The Politics and Pop Culture of the 1980s (June 1980). Retrieved on 2006-07-09.
  55. ^ Miguel A. Faria Jr., M.D. (November 2, 2002), Cuba ­ (Part I): The Silent War Against the Environment, haciendapub.com (Reprinted from NewsMax.com), <http://www.haciendapub.com/castro3.html>. Retrieved on 1 January 2008 [copyvio source?]
  56. ^ Miguel A. Faria Jr., M.D. (November 10, 2002), Cuba ­ (Part II): The Hunter and the Hunted in the Lost Caribbean Paradise, haciendapub.com (Reprinted from NewsMax.com), <http://www.haciendapub.com/castro4.html>. Retrieved on 1 January 2008 [copyvio source?]
  57. ^ Castro not dying, US envoys told. BBC News, 18 December 2006.
  58. ^ Castro does not have cancer, says Spanish doctor. Times Online. Retrieved on 2006-12-26.
  59. ^ [1][copyvio source?]
  60. ^ Cuban TV shows 'stronger' BBC News. Castro
  61. ^ Ailing Castro says 'I feel good' BBC News.
  62. ^ Castro 'to be fit to hold power' BBC News.
  63. ^ Llaman los CDR al movimiento Mi aporte por la Patria, granma.com, August 16, 2007, <http://www.granma.cubaweb.cu/2007/08/16/nacional/artic13.html>. Retrieved on 8 January 2008 
  64. ^ "Castro resigns as Cuban president: official media", AFP, 2008-02-19. Retrieved on 2008-02-19. 
  65. ^ "Raul Castro named Cuban president", BBC, 2008-02-24. Retrieved on 2008-02-24. "Raul, 76, has in effect been president since and the National Assembly vote was seen as formalising his position." 
  66. ^ "Byte by byte", The Economist, 2008-03-19. Retrieved on 2008-04-04. 
  67. ^ Arquitectura y Urbanismo en la República de Cuba (1902-1958)…Antecedentes, Evolución y Estructuras de Apoyo. Retrieved on 2006-03-24.
  68. ^ a b Constitution of the Republic of Cuba, 1992. Cubanet.
  69. ^ a b c Inter-American commission on Human Rights
  70. ^ The Cuban Samizdat: Can It Be Stopped?
  71. ^ Cuba's upcoming elections are neither free nor fair, Cubanet CUBA NEWS, quoting People in Need (a Czech human right organization), October 11, 2007, <http://www.cubanet.org/CNews/y07/oct07/18e7.htm>. Retrieved on 8 January 2008 
    "... that presently structured elections in Cuba are neither open nor fair. These opponents make the following points (slightly paraphrased): “During the Parliamentary elections, Cubans: (1) have almost no real choice in who can be considered a candidate since they have no right to propose independent candidates on a national level; (2) the number of candidates is equal to the number of people who are to be elected; (3) candidates are chosen by six specific organizations under the direct control of the communist party; (4) those not affiliated with one of these six organizations have no means of participating in the selection process; (4) voters can be over-represented by serving on one or several of the organizations; (5) voters can only select the approved candidates for the ballots to be considered valid; (6) ballots with no candidate selected or with write-in or other suggestions are invalid.”"
  72. ^ ""Es improbable que se celebre mientras Fidel no esté condiciones de estar en la reunión físicamente, aunque no haya retornado al gobierno", dijo un académico cubano que prefirió no revelar su nombre. " [2]
  73. ^ Jime Lobe
  74. ^ AP 1950 Invasion Wiped Out Says Trujillo Waterloo Daily Courier Wednesday, June 24, 1959 Waterloo, Iowa, page 7 “The government announcement said Capt. Enrique Jimenez Moya, described by' the exiles as the expedition leader, was killed as he tried to escape, it identified six other bodies among the rebel dead, but did not list the total casualties or the size of the invasion force (other sources give the figure at about 89).”
  75. ^ Hernández, Félix José (accessed 10-22-07) Fidel Castro: la Infancia de un Jefe, Consejo Militar Cubano Americano. [3][dead link – history]
    “Franqui narra como después de la muerte de Camilo, su tropa fue enviada a “liberar” a la República Dominicana, osea, a una muerte segura. Sus oficiales de la Sierra pasaron a ocupar puestos de segunda categoría. ¡El único que se salvó en aquel memento fue ... Arnaldo Ochoa!”
  76. ^ AP 1987 Cubans in Nicaragua said to be prepared to fight if invaded The News, Frederick, Md., Monday, December 28, 1987 Washington p. A-8 (AP)
  77. ^ AP 1983 Searchers may have found Bishop's body Wednesday, November 09, 1983 Doylestown, Pennsylvania page 22 “CALIVIGNY, Grenada (AP)
  78. ^ Huchthausen, Peter 2003 America's Splendid Little Wars: A Short History of U.S. Military Engagements: 1975-2000, Viking (Penguin Group) New York ISBN-10 0670032328 ISBN-13 978-0670032327 pp. 64-85 p. 75
  79. ^ de la Cova, Antonio R. 1997 U.S.-Cuba Relations during the Reagan Administration Chapter 20. President Reagan and The World Edited by Eric J. Schmertz, Natalie Datlof, and Alexej Ugrinsky Hofstra University Contributions in Political Science, Number 376 381-301 Greenwood Press Westport, Connecticut • London [4][copyvio source?] - http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=58988026
  80. ^ Ramazani, Rouhollah K. 1975 The Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz, Vol. 3. Sijthoff & Noordhoof, Holland ISBN 9028600698 mentions Cuban intervention in several different sections e.g. p. 75 “Just as the Soviet Union has sought the destruction of the Omani regime by proxy of South Yemini and Cuban support for the insurgents, the United States…” p. 115 “The Soviet Union indirectly intervened in the civil war in Oman by aiding the Dhofari rebels through Cuban and South Yemen.”
  81. ^ TITLE 22 > CHAPTER 69A > § 6021 U.S. Code Collection Cornell Law School, Ithaca N.Y,. Retrieved on 2007-03-07.
  82. ^ http://www.gpoaccess.gov/usbudget/fy08/sheets/28_29.xls
  83. ^ Information about human rights in Cuba (español). Comision Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (April 7 1967). Retrieved on 2006-07-09.
  84. ^ Castro sued over alleged torture. News from Russia (November 16 2005). Retrieved on 2006-07-09.
  85. ^ CUBA. Amnesty International Online Documentation Library. Retrieved on 2006-07-09.
  86. ^ Cuba. Reporters Without Borders (receives Funds of the Center for a Free Cuba). Retrieved on 2007-01-27.
  87. ^ a b “V. GENERAL PRISON CONDITIONS”, CUBA'S REPRESSIVE MACHINERY: Human Rights Forty Years After the Revolution, Human Rights Watch, <http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/cuba/Cuba996-05.htm>. Retrieved on 18 December 2007 
  88. ^ Cuba urged to end crackdown, BBC News, March 22, 2003, <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2871379.stm>. Retrieved on 18 December 2007 
  89. ^ Theresa Bond (2003), “The Crackdown in Cuba”, Foreign Affairs (Council on Foreign Affairs), <http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20030901faessay82509-p20/theresa-bond/the-crackdown-in-cuba.html>. Retrieved on 18 December 2007 
  90. ^ Daniel Flynn (March 18, 2005), Cuban Prisons Cruel and Inhumane, Amnesty Says, netforcuba.org, <http://www.netforcuba.org/News-EN/2005/Mar/News540.htm>. Retrieved on 18 December 2007 
  91. ^ Cuban dissidents denounce break-up of protest, Cubanet, October 5, 2007, <http://www.cubanet.org/CNews/y07/oct07/05e3.htm>. Retrieved on 19 December 2007 
  92. ^ CUBA. Amnesty International Online Documentation Library. Retrieved on 2006-07-09.
  93. ^ e.g. “Another Four Year Anniversary”, Cuba - Human Rights, beautifulhorizons.net, <http://www.beautifulhorizons.net/weblog/cuba_human_rights/index.html>. Retrieved on 18 December 2007 [unreliable source?]
  94. ^ THE HOMELAND BELONGS TO US ALL, cubanet.org, quoting Cuban Dissidence Task Group, June 27, 1997, <http://www.cubanet.org/CNews/y97/jul97/homdoc.htm>. Retrieved on 18 December 2007 
  95. ^ Current prisoners of conscience must be released, Amnesty international, September 1, 1999, <http://web.archive.org/web/20060302105222/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR250361999?open&of=ENG-CUB>. Retrieved on 19 December 2007  (from internet archive)
  96. ^ Rule of law and cuba, Florida State University, <http://www.ruleoflawandcuba.fsu.edu/individual.cfm?id=52>. Retrieved on 18 November 2007 
  97. ^ Cuba: Normando Hernández González, PEN American center, <http://www.pen.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/912>. Retrieved on 18 December 2007 
  98. ^ José Luis García Paneque, Reporters sans frontières, <http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=6848>. Retrieved on 18 December 2007 
  99. ^ Fighting for Democracy. Freedom for Garcia Paneque. Address to Raul Castro, Critica Sociale, <http://www.criticasociale.net/index.php?&function=libreria_page&cid=44&id=0000261>. Retrieved on 19 December 2007 
  100. ^ Luis Enrique Ferrer and José Daniel Ferrer García, Human Rights First, <http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/defenders/hrd_cuba/hrd_cuba_garcia.htm>. Retrieved on 19 December 2007 
  101. ^ CUBA. Amnesty International Online Documentation Library. Retrieved on 2006-07-09.
  102. ^ Blue, Sarah A. 2007 The Erosion of Racial Equality in the Context of Cuba's Dual Economy. Latin American Politics and Society 49(3)35-68 ISSN: 1531426X
  103. ^ Librarians or dissidents? Critics and supporters of The Independent Libraries in Cuba (Progressive Librarian #93)
  104. ^ BBC NEWS | Programmes | From Our Own Correspondent | Packing up home 'easy' in needy Cuba
  105. ^ Cuban officials say Castro not dying | U.S. | Reuters
  106. ^ a b Is Cuba Democratic?. Cuba-solidarity.org. Retrieved on 2006-07-09.
  107. ^ Cubaverdad.net. Workers Paradise. Trade Unions. Violations of Social and Labor. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
  108. ^ Fontaine, Roger (June 4, 1988), Cuba's Terrorist Connection, the Heritaga Foundation, <http://www.heritage.org/Research/LatinAmerica/bg655.cfm?renderforprint=1>. Retrieved on 8 January 2008 
    “... Third, the U.S. should consider ending its low-level diplomatic ties with Cuba. Cuban history is replete with examples of terrorism, most notably in the early 1930s when groups of young Cubans struggled against General Gerardo Machado, who ran Cuba with an iron hand for nearly a decade beginning in 1925. Calling themselves the *ABC it is unclear what the initials stood for (This stood for the level of its cell structure A being the highest level B, the next etc El Jigue)), these young Cubans invented many of the techniques of modern urban terrorism (coordinated bombing, for example which Cuban advisers have passed on in scores of training camps around the world to thousands of Argentinians Brazilians, Chileans, Colombians, Ecuadorans, Hondurans, Nicaraguans, Salvadorans, and Uruguayans, to name a few in Latin America, and to Basques, Namibians, Palestinians West Germans, and Yemenis. ”
  109. ^ (British Foreign Office. Chancery American Department, Foreign Office, London September 2, 1959 (2181/59) to British Embassy Havana classified as restricted Released 2000 by among British Foreign Office papers FOREIGN OFFICES FILES FOR CUBA Part 1: Revolution in Cuba “in our letter 1011/59 May 6 we mentioned that a Russian workers' delegation had been invited to participate in the May Day celebrations here, but had been delayed. The interpreter with the party, which arrived later and stayed in Cuba a few days, was called Vadim Kotchergin although he was at the time using what he subsequently claimed was his mother's name of Liston (?). He remained in the background, and did not attract any attention..”
  110. ^ El campo de entrenamiento "Punto Cero" donde el Partido Comunista de Cuba (PCC) adiestra a terroristas nacionales e internacionales, Cuban American Foundation, <http://www.canf.org/2005/1es/noticias-de-Cuba/2005-nov-07-el-campo-de-entrenamiento.htm>. Retrieved on 8 January 2008  (English title: The training camp "Point Zero" where the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC) trained national and international terrorists)
    “... Los coroneles soviéticos de la KGB Vadim Kochergin y Victor Simonov (ascendido a general en 1970) fueron entrenadores en "Punto Cero" desde finales de los años 60 del siglo pasado. Uno de los" graduados" por Simonov en este campo de entrenamiento es Ilich Ramírez Sánchez, más conocido como "Carlos El Chacal". Otro "alumno" de esta instalación del terror es el mexicano Rafael Sebastián Guillén, alias "subcomandante Marcos", quien se "graduó" en "Punto Cero" a principio de los años 80.”
  111. ^ Levitin, Michael (November 4, 2007), La Stasi entrenó a la Seguridad cubana, Nuevo Herald, <http://www.elnuevoherald.com/209/story/112259.html> 
  112. ^ Cuba Climate data
  113. ^ a b http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/1997/9509097.pdf The Mineral Resources of Cuba 1997
  114. ^ Cuban Oil, Gas Output Grow - Prensa Latina - Cuba Business News - Havana Journal
  115. ^ theTrumpet.com
  116. ^ Wayne S Smith: After 46 years of failure, we must change course on Cuba | Comment is free | The Guardian
  117. ^ a b Zenith and Eclipse: A Comparative Look at Socio-Economic Conditions in Pre-Castro and Present Day Cuba
  118. ^ Cuba Facts | Directorio Democrático Cubano
  119. ^ Renaissance and decay: A comparison of socioeconomic indicators. University of Texas. Retrieved on 2006-07-09.
  120. ^ The Cuban Education System: Lessons and Dilemmas. Human Development Network Education. World Bank.
  121. ^ Students graduate from Cuban school - Americas - MSNBC.com
  122. ^ BBC NEWS | Americas | Cuba-trained US doctors graduate
  123. ^ Resolución 120 del 2007 del Ministro del MIC la cual está vigente desde el ·0 de Septiembre de 2007
  124. ^ Vigilancia y Orden Público, cubaverdad.net, <http://www.cubaverdad.net/cdr.htm>. Retrieved on 8 January 2008 
  125. ^ Cuba: A Different America, By Wilber A. Chaffee, Rowland and Littlefield, 1992, p. 116
  126. ^ Community Health Nursing: Caring for the Public's Health By Karen Saucier Lundy, Jones and Bartlett, 2005. p. 377
  127. ^ Culture and Customs of Cuba, by William Luis, Greenwood Publishing Group (2001) p. 42
  128. ^ Rethinking Health Promotion: A Global Approach by Theodore H. MacDonald, Routledge (1998), p. 44
  129. ^ Beyond the White House: Waging Peace, by Jimmy Carter, Simon and Schuster (2007) p. 83
  130. ^ Havana: Two Faces of the Antillean Metropolis, by Joseph L. Scarpaci, Roberto Segre, Mario, UNC Press (2002), p. 261
  131. ^ www.unicef.org/publications/files/The_State_of_the_Worlds_Children_2008.pdf
  132. ^ 134th session of the executive committee, Provisional Agenda Item 4.3 CE134/11 (Eng.), Washington, D.C. U.S.A: Pan American Health Organization, Observatory of Human resources in Health,, May 18, 2004, <http://www.paho.org/english/gov/ce/ce134-11-e.pdf>. Retrieved on 8 January 2008 
    page 5, item 10: “Gaps in data collection and limitations of data sources undermine efforts to address these issues. Data are generally collected from existing sources, such as personnel registries of ministries of health and social security institutions…”
  133. ^ John Dorschner 2007 Nation's fabled healthcare may not be so healthy Miami Herald, January 28, 2007 p.1E. and more recently Katherine Hirschfeld (2007). Re-examining the Cuban Health Care System: Towards a Qualitative Critique. Retrieved on 2007-07-22.
  134. ^ CIA World Factbook (Cuba), last updated 19/7/2007 and (USA) last updated 19/7/2007
  135. ^ Scarborough, Rowan 2007 Sabotage: America's Enemies Within the CIA, Regnery Publishing, Inc. ISBN-10 1596985100 ISBN-13 978-1596985100
  136. ^ "Health in Cuba", by Richard S. Cooper, Joan F. Kennelly, and Pedro Ordunez-Garcia, International Journal of Epidemiology, Oxford University Press, 2006;35:817-824
  137. ^ Cuban Communism, 1959-1995, by Louis Horowitz, Transaction Publishers, 1995, p. 484.
  138. ^ Cuba, by Brendan Sainsbury, Lonely Planet, 2006, p. 482
  139. ^ Moon Cuba, by Christopher P. Baker, Avalon Travel Publishing (2006) p. 636
  140. ^ Moving Mountains: The Race to Treat Global AIDS, by Anne-Christine D'Adesky, Verso (2006) p. 70
  141. ^ Cuba, by Sarah Cameron, Footprint Publishers (2002) p. 399
  142. ^ Managing Labor Migration in the Twenty-First Century, by Philip L. Martin, Manolo I. Abella, Christiane Kuptsch, Yale University Press (2005) p. 71
  143. ^ Back from the Future: Cuba under Castro, by Susan Eckstein, Routledge (2003) p.176
  144. ^ The Cuban Intervention in Angola, 1965-1991, by Edward George, Routledge (2005) p.159
  145. ^ World Development Report: Making Services Work for Poor People, by Shantayanan Devarajan, Ritva Reinikka, World Bank. World Bank Publications (2003) p. 157-58
  146. ^ Cuban doctors defect from Venezuela posts / Castro's program to aid Chavez opens way for 'desertions'
  147. ^ Cuban Doctors Awaiting U.S. Response - washingtonpost.com
  148. ^ Cuban Doctors Seek Path to U.S. : NPR
  149. ^ Cuban doctors defect from Venezuela posts / Castro's program to aid Chavez opens way for 'desertions'
  150. ^ Id.
  151. ^ Government of Cuba (2002). Cuban Census. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
  152. ^ DePalma, Anthony (July 5 1998). Cuban Site Casts Light on an Extinct People. New York Times. Retrieved on 2006-07-09.
  153. ^ TABLA II.3 POBLACION POR COLOR DE LA PIEL Y GRUPOS DE EDADES, SEGUN ZONA DE RESIDENCIA Y SEXO
  154. ^ Etat des propriétés rurales appartenant à des Français dans l'île de Cuba from http://www.cubagenweb.org
  155. ^ Castro's Cuba in Perspective
  156. ^ Sahrawi children inhumanely treated in Cuba, former Cuban official. MoroccoTimes.com (March 31 2006). Retrieved on 2006-07-09.
  157. ^ thepeninsulaqatar.com
  158. ^ [5]
  159. ^ United Nations World Fertility Patterns 1997. un.org (1997). Retrieved on 2006-07-09.
  160. ^ Stanley K. Henshaw, Susheela Singh and Taylor Haas. The Incidence of Abortion Worldwide. International Family Planning Perspectives, 1999, 25(Supplement):S30 – S38. Retrieved on May 11, 2006. This publication notes, however, that: The relatively high rate in Cuba (78 per 1,000 [women, per year]) includes menstrual regulation, an early abortion procedure carried out without pregnancy testing, as well as termination of known pregnancies. In 1996, 60% of the procedures were menstrual regulations.
  161. ^ Asís, Moisés 2000 Judaism In Cuba 1959 – 1999 ICCAS Occasional Paper Series December 2000 http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/cuban-jews.htm “However, it was a paradox that Jews, who historically have been involved in social reforms and revolutions because it is a part of Judaism to look forward to a world of justice and peace, took a different approach: 94 percent of the 15,000 Cuban Jews left the country in the first years of the Revolution and went to the United States, Israel, Venezuela, Panama, Costa Rica, and other countries. The history of the Jewish community of Cuba during the past 40 years is the history of the remaining 6 percent of a successful and proud community; it is the history of those who stayed and their children”
  162. ^ Pedraza, Silvia 2007 Political Disaffection in Cuba's Revolution and Exodus (Cambridge Studies in Contentious Politics)) Cambridge University Press ISBN-10 0521687292, ISBN-13 978-0521687294 p. 2 and many other sections of this book
  163. ^ Quiñones, Rolando García Quiñones. International Migrations in Cuba: persinting trends and changes. Technical Corporation. Retrieved on 2006-07-09.
  164. ^ Cuba. Encyclopedia Encarta.
  165. ^ Bill Clinton 1993-2001. history.acusd.edu. Retrieved on 2006-02-09.
  166. ^ a b Rush of Cuban migrants use Mexican routes to U.S.
  167. ^ Cuban Natives or Citizens Seeking Lawful Permanent Resident Status. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (1996). Retrieved on 2006-05-06.
  168. ^ Human Rights Overview: Cub. hrw.org. Retrieved on 2006-07-09.
  169. ^ http://www.haciendapub.com/castro20.html[copyvio source?]
  170. ^ Faria, Miguel A. Cuba in Revolution—Escape From a Lost Paradise, 2002, Hacienda Publishing, Inc., Macon, Georgia, pp. 415-416.
  171. ^ a b Catholic church in Cuba strives to reestablish the faith National Catholic Observer
  172. ^ Official Web site of Conferencia de Obispos Catolicos de Cuba. Conferencia De Obispos Catolicos de Cuba (April 12 2008).
  173. ^ Government officials visit Baha'i center. Baha'iWorldNewsService.com (June 13 2005).
  174. ^ Islam in Cuba
  175. ^ Granma 2007 Cuba will not be going to the World Boxing Championships. Digital Granma International Havana. August 30, 2007 http://www.granma.cu/ingles/2007/agosto/juev30/36boxeo.html
  176. ^ a b Baker, Geoffrey. 2008. "The Politics of Dancing." In Reading Reggaeton (forthcoming, Duke University Press).
  177. ^ Cuban hip hop, rap music, reggaeton, reggae & electro acoustic, Alamar festival, LAS KRUDAS, ORISHAS, DOBLE FILO, CUBANITO 102, Obsesión, OGGERE, EDDY- K, EXPLOSIóN SUPREMA, ANóNIMO CONSEJO, FREE HOLE NEGRO, BABY LORES AND INSURRECTO, LOS ALDEANOS, GENTE DE ZONA
  178. ^ Dancing Reggaeton - Perreo - Dancing Perreo
  179. ^ José, Alvarez 2000 "Rationed Products and Something Else: Food Availability and Distribution in 2001" Cuba in Transition 11 pp. 305-322 http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/asce/pdfs/volume11/alvarez.pdf “To blame the U.S. economic sanctions for the existence of a rationing system of basic food products is not a very intelligent argument to justify Cuba's socialist system. It is an admission that Cubans cannot even produce what grows very easily on Cuban soil. If one lists the food products that have been rationed since 1962, it becomes evident that almost all of them were in abundance before the 1959 revolution. Granted, all Cubans were not able to consume a wide variety of products because the instrument for rationing was the price system. But even after the rationing system was established, there have been periods in which the abundance of several products demonstrated the feasibility of returning to a stable and ample supply of food products. I remember the proliferation of a chain of government stores called FrutiCuba devoted exclusively to the selling of numerous fruits and vegetables in the mid-1960s. The existence of the free farmers’ markets in the 1980s, the free agricultural markets after 1994, and the new food outlets described below testify to the ability of Cuban farmers, now including urban inexperienced farmers, to produce abundant food supplies despite the U.S. economic sanctions, that could do away with the food rationing system. It is interesting to recall that, when the Soviet bloc was subsidizing the Cuban economy to the tune of five billion dollars per year, food was still rationed in Cuba.”
  180. ^ Social Policy (PDF). oxfamamerica.org. Retrieved on 2006-07-09.
  181. ^ http://ctp.iccas.miami.edu/Research_Studies/BLatell.pdf
  182. ^ Cuba'S Repressive Machinery
  183. ^ Social Policy (PDF). oxfamamerica.org. Retrieved on 2006-07-09.
  184. ^ Nicolás Crespo and Santos Negrón Díaz, "Cuban tourism in 2007: economic impact", (University of Texas, accessed on 2006-07-09)
  185. ^ a b Background Note: Cuba. U.S. Department of State (December 2005). Retrieved on 2006-07-09.
  186. ^ http://www.uiowa.edu/ifdebook/conferences/cuba/TLCP/Volume%201/Facio.pdf Tourism in Cuba during the Special Period
  187. ^ Fidel Castro, Fine Rum and Cuban Cigars
  188. ^ Socialized Medicine in Cuba 2002 (Part I): A Poor State of Health!
  189. ^ Socialized Medicine in Cuba 2002 (Part II): Other Hidden Faces of Cuban Medicine
  190. ^ La Nueva Cuba
  191. ^ Cuba Facts
  192. ^ Welcome to the Cuba Transition Project at the University of Miami
  193. ^ Cuba's Foreign Debt
  194. ^ CIA - The World Factbook - Cuba
  195. ^ Focus on Cuba
  196. ^ Schweimler, Daniel (May 4th 2001). Cuba's anti-corruption ministry. BBC News. Retrieved on 2006-07-09.
  197. ^ Rank Order Exports. CIA:The World Fact Book (June 29 2006). Retrieved on 2006-07-09.
  198. ^ Cuba. CIA World Fact Book (June 29 2006). Retrieved on 2006-07-09.
  199. ^ Cuba Exports - commodities. IndexMundi.vom (January 1 2005). Retrieved on 2006-07-09.
  200. ^ Calzon, Frank (March 13 2005). Cuba makes poor trade partner for Louisiana. ShreveportTimes.com. Retrieved on 2005-12-21.
  201. ^ Rank Order - GDP (purchasing power parity). CIA Fact Book (June 29 2006). Retrieved on 2006-07-09.
  202. ^ Cuba. heritage.org (2004). Retrieved on 2006-07-09.
  203. ^ Cuba's Sugar Industry and the Impact of Hurricane Michele. International Agricultural Trade Report (December 6 2001). Retrieved on 2006-07-09.
  204. ^ Global Nickel Mine Production 2002 (2002). Retrieved on 2006-08-23.
  205. ^ Frank, Marc (December 18 2002). Cuba's 2002 nickel exports top 70,000 tonnes. Center for International Policy. Retrieved on 2006-07-09.
  206. ^ Smith-Spark, Laura (2006). Cuba oil prospects cloud US horizon. BBC. Retrieved on 2006-12-09.
  207. ^ Cuban army called key in any post-Castro scenario Anthony Boadle Reuters 2006

External links

Cuba Portal
Caribbean Portal
Find more about Cuba on Wikipedia's sister projects:
Dictionary definitions
Textbooks
Quotations
Source texts
Images and media
News stories
Learning resources
 
Geographic locale
v • d • e
Countries and territories of the Caribbean
Commonwealth Realms
Commonwealth republics
Other republics
Dependencies and other territories
United Kingdom
Netherlands
France
United States
v • d • e
Countries of North America
Several nations listed here straddle both North and South America or can also be considered Caribbean
Sovereign states
Dependencies
 
International organizations


v • d • e
Communist states
Flag of the People's Republic of China People's Republic of China • Flag of Cuba Cuba • Flag of North Korea North Korea • Flag of Laos Laos • Flag of Vietnam Vietnam





BCUZ.com FACTS Encyclopedia content is licensed under the GFDL as approved by Wikipedia.
For more information review our copyright contact and privacy policy.
© 1996 - BCUZ.COM - We have all the FACTS you need about Small Business Financing, Behavior Disorder, Having Too Many Bills, Needing Cash Fast, Structured Settlements, Frequent Flier Programs, Top Steak Houses, The Mayan Indians, Norfolk and Suffolk England, Growing Longer Hair and a full reference English Encyclopedia and Spanish Encyclopedia.Privacy Policy