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Cryptography



Main article: Digital Rights Management

Cryptography is central to digital rights management (DRM), a group of techniques for technologically controlling use of copyrighted material, being widely implemented and deployed at the behest of some copyright holders. In 1998, American President Bill Clinton signed the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), which criminalized all production, dissemination, and use of certain cryptanalytic techniques and technology (now known or later discovered); specifically, those that could be used to circumvent DRM technological schemes.[43] This had a noticeable impact on the cryptography research community since an argument can be made that any cryptanalytic research violated, or might violate, the DMCA. Similar statutes have since been enacted in several countries and regions, including the implementation in the EU Copyright Directive. Similar restrictions are called for by treaties signed by World Intellectual Property Organization member-states.

The United States Department of Justice and FBI have not enforced the DMCA as rigorously as had been feared by some, but the law, nonetheless, remains a controversial one. One well-respected cryptography researcher, Niels Ferguson, has publicly stated that he will not release some of his research into an Intel security design for fear of prosecution under the DMCA, and both Alan Cox (longtime number 2 in Linux kernel development) and Professor Edward Felten (and some of his students at Princeton) have encountered problems related to the Act. Dmitry Sklyarov was arrested during a visit to the US from Russia, and jailed for some months for alleged violations of the DMCA which had occurred in Russia, where the work for which he was arrested and charged was then, and when he was arrested, legal. In 2007, the cryptographic keys responsible for DVD and HD DVD content scrambling were discovered and released onto the internet. Both times, the MPAA sent out numerous DMCA takedown notices, and there was a massive internet backlash as a result of the implications of such notices on fair use and free speech both legally protected in the US and in some other jurisdictions.

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See also

Cryptography Portal

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References

  1. ^ Liddell and Scott's Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford University Press. (1984)
  2. ^ a b c d David Kahn, The Codebreakers, 1967, ISBN 0-684-83130-9.
  3. ^ a b c Oded Goldreich, Foundations of Cryptography, Volume 1: Basic Tools, Cambridge University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-521-79172-3
  4. ^ "Cryptology (definition)". Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th edition). Merriam-Webster. Retrieved on 2008-02-01. 
  5. ^ Kama Sutra, Sir Richard F. Burton, translator, Part I, Chapter III, 44th and 45th arts.
  6. ^ Hakim, Joy (1995). A History of Us: War, Peace and all that Jazz. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509514-6. 
  7. ^ James Gannon, Stealing Secrets, Telling Lies: How Spies and Codebreakers Helped Shape the Twentieth Century, Washington, D.C., Brassey's, 2001, ISBN 1-57488-367-4.
  8. ^ a b c Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman, "New Directions in Cryptography", IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. IT-22, Nov. 1976, pp: 644–654. (pdf)
  9. ^ a b c d e f AJ Menezes, PC van Oorschot, and SA Vanstone, Handbook of Applied Cryptography ISBN 0-8493-8523-7.
  10. ^ FIPS PUB 197: The official Advanced Encryption Standard.
  11. ^ NCUA letter to credit unions, July 2004
  12. ^ RFC 2440 - Open PGP Message Format
  13. ^ SSH at windowsecurity.com by Pawel Golen, July 2004
  14. ^ a b Bruce Schneier, Applied Cryptography, 2nd edition, Wiley, 1996, ISBN 0-471-11709-9.
  15. ^ Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman, "Multi-user cryptographic techniques" [Diffie and Hellman, AFIPS Proceedings 45, pp109–112, June 8, 1976].
  16. ^ Ralph Merkle was working on similar ideas at the time and encountered publication delays, and Hellman has suggested that the term used should be Diffie-Hellman-Merkle aysmmetric key cryptography.
  17. ^ David Kahn, "Cryptology Goes Public", 58 Foreign Affairs 141, 151 (fall 1979), p. 153.
  18. ^ R. Rivest, A. Shamir, L. Adleman. A Method for Obtaining Digital Signatures and Public-Key Cryptosystems. Communications of the ACM, Vol. 21 (2), pp.120–126. 1978. Previously released as an MIT "Technical Memo" in April 1977, and published in Martin Gardner's Scientific American Mathematical Recreations column
  19. ^ Clifford Cocks. A Note on 'Non-Secret Encryption', CESG Research Report, 20 November 1973.
  20. ^ "Shannon": Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver, "The Mathematical Theory of Communication", University of Illinois Press, 1963, ISBN 0-252-72548-4
  21. ^ Pascal Junod, "On the Complexity of Matsui's Attack", SAC 2001.
  22. ^ Dawn Song, David Wagner, and Xuqing Tian, "Timing Analysis of Keystrokes and Timing Attacks on SSH", In Tenth USENIX Security Symposium, 2001.
  23. ^ J. Håstad, R. Impagliazzo, L.A. Levin, and M. Luby, "A Pseudorandom Generator From Any One-Way Function", SIAM J. Computing, vol. 28 num. 4, pp 1364–1396, 1999.
  24. ^ László Babai. "Trading group theory for randomness". Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Symposium on the Theory of Computing, ACM, 1985.
  25. ^ G. Blakley. "Safeguarding cryptographic keys." In Proceedings of AFIPS 1979, volume 48, pp. 313–317, June 1979.
  26. ^ A. Shamir. "How to share a secret." In Communications of the ACM, volume 22, pp. 612–613, ACM, 1979.
  27. ^ S. Goldwasser, S. Micali, and C. Rackoff, "The Knowledge Complexity of Interactive Proof Systems", SIAM J. Computing, vol. 18, num. 1, pp. 186–208, 1989.
  28. ^ S. Brands, "Untraceable Off-line Cash in Wallets with Observers", In Advances in Cryptology — Proceedings of CRYPTO, Springer-Verlag, 1994.
  29. ^ R. Canetti, "Universally composable security: a new paradigm for cryptographic protocols", In Proceedings of the 42nd annual Symposium on the Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS), pp. 136–154, IEEE, 2001.
  30. ^ D. Dolev and A. Yao, "On the security of public key protocols", IEEE transactions on information theory, vol. 29 num. 2, pp. 198–208, IEEE, 1983.
  31. ^ M. Abadi and P. Rogaway, "Reconciling two views of cryptography (the computational soundness of formal encryption)." In IFIP International Conference on Theoretical Computer Science (IFIP TCS 2000), Springer-Verlag, 2000.
  32. ^ D. Song, "Athena, an automatic checker for security protocol analysis", In Proceedings of the 12th IEEE Computer Security Foundations Workshop (CSFW), IEEE, 1999.
  33. ^ a b RSA Laboratories' Frequently Asked Questions About Today's Cryptography
  34. ^ Cryptography & Speech from Cyberlaw
  35. ^ "Case Closed on Zimmermann PGP Investigation", press note from the IEEE.
  36. ^ a b Levy, Steven (2001). "Crypto: How the Code Rebels Beat the Government — Saving Privacy in the Digital Age. Penguin Books, 56. ISBN 0-14-024432-8. 
  37. ^ Bernstein v USDOJ, 9th Circuit court of appeals decision.
  38. ^ The Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls for Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies
  39. ^ "The Data Encryption Standard (DES)" from Bruce Schneier's CryptoGram newsletter, June 15, 2000
  40. ^ Coppersmith, D. (May 1994). "The Data Encryption Standard (DES) and its strength against attacks" (PDF). IBM Journal of Research and Development 38 (3): 243. doi:10.1147/rd.383.0243. 
  41. ^ E. Biham and A. Shamir, "Differential cryptanalysis of DES-like cryptosystems", Journal of Cryptology, vol. 4 num. 1, pp. 3–72, Springer-Verlag, 1991.
  42. ^ Levy, pg. 56
  43. ^ Digital Millennium Copyright Act

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Further reading

  • Becket, B (1988). Introduction to Cryptology. Blackwell Scientific Publications. ISBN 0-632-01836-4.  Excellent coverage of many classical ciphers and cryptograpy concepts and of the "modern" DES and RSA systems.

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External links

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