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Continuation War



Unlike the Winter War, which was a Soviet war of aggression against Finland, the Continuation War was a war of aggression initiated by the Finns,[34][35] which attempted to rectify the territorial losses of the Winter War and pre-empt Soviet aggression. There is a debate in Finland on whether the country had a realistic option of not joining the German Operation Barbarossa, and about how much of the Finnish action was morally justified. However, there exists a consensus that one of the main Finnish objectives was an attempt to get back the areas lost in the Winter War.

Finland's main goal during World War II was, although it was nowhere openly stated, to survive the war as an independent democratic country, capable of maintaining its sovereignty in a politically hostile environment. Specifically for the Continuation War, Finland also aimed at reversing its territorial losses under the March 1940 Moscow Peace Treaty and by extending its territory further east, to have more non-Finnish land to defend before armies from the USSR could enter Finnish territories. Some small right-wing groups also supported a Greater Finland ideology. Finland's efforts during World War II were, as regards survival and with hindsight, successful, although the price was high in war casualties, reparation payments, territorial loss, bruised international reputation, and subsequent adaptation to Soviet international perspectives during the Cold War (see: Finlandization). The Finnish-German alliance was different from most of the other Axis relationships, an example of which is represented by the participation of Finnish Jews in the fight against the Soviet Union.[36] The Finns did not take any anti-Jewish measures in Finland, despite repeated requests from Nazi Germany.[37]

The Soviet Union's war goals are harder to assess on account of the secretive nature of the Stalinist Soviet Union. Soviet sources maintain that Soviet policies up to the Continuation War were best explained as defensive measures by offensive means: the division of occupied Poland with Germany, the annexation of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, and the attempted invasion of Finland in the Winter War are seen by them as elements in the construction of a security zone or buffer region between the perceived threat from the capitalist powers of Western Europe and the Communist Soviet Union – as some see the post-war establishment of Soviet satellite states in the Warsaw Pact countries and the Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance concluded with post-war Finland.[38][39][40] Notable modern western scholars such as Norman Davies and John Lukacs reject this view and claim that the pre-war Soviet policy was aimed at staying out of the war and regaining land lost after the fall of the Russian Empire.[41]

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Battles and operations

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See also

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References

  1. ^ Figure indicates total number of all men in service in the theatre of war.
  2. ^ a b Manninen, Ohto, Molotovin cocktail- Hitlerin sateenvarjo, 1994, Painatuskeskus, ISBN 951-37-1495-0
  3. ^ National Defence College (1994), Jatkosodan historia 6, Porvoo. ISBN 951-0-15332-X
  4. ^ a b FAA archive :raid on Petsamo
  5. ^ Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Finland, Moscow, 1974, ISBN 0-02-880010-9
  6. ^ World War II :Finland
  7. ^ The Royal Air Force in Russia :Hurricanes at Murmansk
  8. ^ Ahtokari, Reijo and Pale, Erkki: Suomen Radiotiedustelu 1927-1944 (Finnish radio intelligence 1927-1944), Helsinki, Hakapaino Oy, pp. 191-198, ISBN 952-90-9437-X
  9. ^ Seppinen, Ilkka, Suomen ulkomaankaupan ehdot, 1939-1944, 1983, ISBN 951-9254-48-X
  10. ^ Transcript of secret taping of Hitler's conversation with Mannerheim
  11. ^ Max Jacobsson 1999 Century of Violence
  12. ^ Nordberg, Erkki, Arvio ja ennuste Venäjän sotilaspolitiikasta Suomen suunnalla, 2003, ISBN 951-884-362-7
  13. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Premium, Finland, 2006, http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-26105
  14. ^ Jokipii, Mauno, Jatkosodan synty, 1987, ISBN 951-1-08799-1
  15. ^ Finnish Navy in WW II - Mine warfare
  16. ^ Naval War in the Baltic Sea 1941-1945
  17. ^ Finnish navy in Continuation War, year 1941
  18. ^ Battle of the Baltic,The wars 1918-1945 Robert Jackson 2007 page 105 ISBN 184415422-x
  19. ^ Wuorinen 1948 p.135
  20. ^ http://yad-vashem.org.il/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%205852.pdf
  21. ^ Rautkallio, Hannu, Suomen juutalaisten aseveljeys (Finnish Jews as German Brothers in Arms), 1989, Tammi
  22. ^ http://gov.karelia.ru/Karelia/1174/sk.pdf
  23. ^ Helsingin Sanomat 8 November 2003: Wartime refugees made pawns in cruel diplomatic game.
  24. ^ Ylikangas, Heikki, Heikki Ylikankaan selvitys Valtioneuvoston kanslialle, Government of Finland
  25. ^ a b Laine, Antti, Suur-Suomen kahdet kasvot, 1982, ISBN 951-1-06947-0, Otava
  26. ^ Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulun historian laitos, Jatkosodan historia 1-6, 1994
  27. ^ Anna-Stina Nykänen (2006-11-19). Sixty years on, there are no grounds to withhold images kept in a Finnish Defence Forces' safe. Too awful an image of war. HELSINGIN SANOMAT (International Edition). Retrieved on 2008-01-17. “The half-naked bodies of Finnish women and children lie strewn on the ground, their corpses partly decomposed. The body of a fair-haired boy of around five years of age is lifted onto the flat bed of a truck. A Finnish soldier holds the burnt and blackened corpse of an infant in his arms.
    Another envelope reveals images of cannibalism. Russian troops, surrounded by Finns and with no hope of relief, have started to eat their dead. A third envelope contains graphic images of executions. A Russian infiltrator, caught behind the Finnish lines, laughs and smiles at the camera as a Finnish officer raises a pistol to despatch him.”
  28. ^ (Russian)"Равнение на Победу" (Eyes toward Victory), the Republic of Karelia (Russian). the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, National Delphi Council of Russia. Retrieved on 2006-08-10.
  29. ^ (Russian)Andropov Yuri Vladimirovich. Biography.
  30. ^ (Finnish)Eino Viheriävaara, (1982). Partisaanien jäljet 1941-1944, Oulun Kirjateollisuus Oy. ISBN 951-99396-6-0
  31. ^ Veikko Erkkilä, (1999). Vaiettu sota, Arator Oy. ISBN 952-9619-18-9.
  32. ^ Lauri Hannikainen, (1992). Implementing Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts: The Case of Finland, Martinuss Nijoff Publishers, Dordrecht. ISBN 0-7923-1611-8.
  33. ^ (Finnish)Tyyne Martikainen, (2002). Partisaanisodan siviiliuhrit, PS-Paino Värisuora Oy. ISBN 952-91-4327-3.
  34. ^ Jatkosodan synty suomalaisen menneisyyden kipupisteenä (Finnish)
  35. ^ SUOMEN MARSSI JATKOSOTAAN (Finnish)
  36. ^ Tuulikki Vuonokari (2003-11-21). "Jews in Finland During the Second World War". University of Tampere. Retrieved on 2008-01-17.
  37. ^ Letter to the New York Times by Mark Cohen, Executive Director of Holocaust Publications in New York, April 28, 1987
  38. ^ (Russian)The problem of ensuring the security of Leningrad from the north in light of Soviet war planning of 1932-1941 by V.N. Baryshnikov: The actual war with Finland began first of all due to unresolved issues in Leningrad's security from the north and Moscow's concerns for the perspective of Finland's politics. At the same time, a desire to claim better strategic positions in case of a war with Germany had surfaced within the Soviet leadership.
  39. ^ (Russian)Финская война. Взгляд "с той стороны". A.I.Kozlov:After the rise of National Socialism to power in Germany, the geopolitical importance of the former "buffer states" had drastically changed. Both the Soviet Union and Germany vied for the inclusion of these states into their spheres of influence. Soviet politicians and military considered it likely, that in case of an aggression against the USSR, German armed forces will use the territory of the Baltic states and Finland as staging areas for invasion - by either conquering or coercing these countries. None of the states of the Baltic region, excluding Poland, had sufficient military power to resist a German invasion.
  40. ^ (Russian)[1] Stalin's Missed Chance, by Mikhail Meltyukhov:The English-French influence in the Baltics, characteristic for the '20s - early '30s was increasingly limited by the growth of the German influence. Due to the strategic importance of the region, the Soviet leadership also aimed to increase its influence there, using both diplomatic means as well as active social propaganda. By the end of the '30s, the main contenders for the influence in the Baltics were Germany and the Soviet Union. Being a buffer zone between Germany and the USSR, the Baltic states were bound to them by a system of economic and non-aggression treaties of 1926, 1932 and 1939
  41. ^ Norman Davies 2007 'No simple victory'ISBN978-0-670-01832-1

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Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
  • Vehviläinen, Olli (2002). Finland in the Second World War: Between Germany and Russia. New York: Palgrave. ISBN 0-333-80149-0. 
  • Jokipii, Mauno (1987). Jatkosodan synty. Otava. ISBN 951-1-08799-1. 
  • Sana, Elina (1994). Luovutetut/ The Extradited: Finland's Extraditions to the Gestapo. WSOY. ISBN 951-0-27975-7. 
  • Seppinen, Ilkka (1983). Suomen Ulkomaankaupan ehdot 1939-1944. ISBN 951-9254-48-X. 
  • Schwartz, Andrew J. (1960). America and the Russo-Finnish War. Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs Press. 
  • Platonov, S.P. (editor) (1964). Битва за Ленинград. Voenizdat Ministerstva oborony SSSR. 
  • Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulun Historian laitos (editor) (1994). Jatkosodan historia 1-6. WSOY. 
  • Leskinen, Jari & Juutilainen, Antti (editors) (2005). Jatkosodan pikkujättiläinen. WSOY. ISBN 951-0-28690-7. 
  • (Russian) Хельге Сеппяля Финляндия как оккупант в 1941-1944 годах Журнал "Север" ISSN 0131-6222, 1995. See
  • Finnish National Archive Luovutukset: Research on prisoner-of-war deaths, extraditions and deportations from Finland between 1939-55, Research project, See
  • Wuorinen, John H. (editor) (1948). Finland and World War II 1939-1944. The Ronald Press Company. 




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