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Cocaine



General usage

Cocaine has become the second most popular illegal recreational drug in the U.S. (behind marijuana)[67] and the U.S. is the world's largest consumer of cocaine[59]. Cocaine is commonly used in middle to upper class communities. It is also popular amongst college students, not just to aid in studying, but also as a party drug. Its users span over different ages, races, and professions. In the 1970s and 80's, the drug became particularly popular in the disco culture as cocaine usage was very common and popular in many discos such as Studio 54.

The National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) reported in 1999 that cocaine was used by 3.7 million Americans, or 1.7% of the household population age 12 and older. Estimates of the current number of those who use cocaine regularly (at least once per month) vary, but 1.5 million is a widely accepted figure within the research community.

Although cocaine use had not significantly changed over the six years prior to 1999, the number of first-time users went up from 574,000 in 1991, to 934,000 in 1998 – an increase of 63%. While these numbers indicated that cocaine is still widely present in the United States, cocaine use was significantly less prevalent than it was during the early 1980s. Cocaine use peaked in 1982 when 10.4 million Americans (5.6% of the population) reportedly used the drug.[citation needed]

Usage among youth

The 1999 Monitoring the Future (MTF) survey found the proportion of American students reporting use of powdered cocaine rose during the 1990s. In 1991, 2.3% of eighth-graders stated that they had used cocaine in their lifetime. This figure rose to 4.7% in 1999. For the older grades, increases began in 1992 and continued through the beginning of 1999. Between those years, lifetime use of cocaine went from 3.3% to 7.7% for tenth-graders and from 6.1% to 9.8% for high school seniors. Lifetime use of crack cocaine, according to MTF, also increased among eighth-, tenth-, and twelfth-graders, from an average of 2% in 1991 to 3.9% in 1999.

Perceived risk and disapproval of cocaine and crack use both decreased during the 1990s at all three grade levels. The 1999 NHSDA found the highest rate of monthly cocaine use was for those aged 18–25 at 1.7%, an increase from 1.2% in 1997. Rates declined between 1996 and 1998 for ages 26–34, while rates slightly increased for the 12–17 and 35+ age groups. Studies also show people are experimenting with cocaine at younger ages. NHSDA found a steady decline in the mean age of first use from 23.6 years in 1992 to 20.6 years in 1998.

Addiction

Main article: Cocaine dependence

Cocaine dependence (or addiction) is physical and psychological dependency on the regular use of cocaine. It can result in physiological damage, lethargy, psychosis, depression, or a potentially fatal overdose.

References

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  42. ^ Clinical predictors of leak after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity..
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  52. ^ Ramón Peces; Rafael A. Navascués; José Baltar; Miguel Seco; Jaime Alvarez (1999). "Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Antibody-Mediated Glomerulonephritis after Intranasal Cocaine Use". Nephron 81 (4): 434–438. PMID 10095180. 
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  55. ^ Fokko J. van der Woude (March 2000). "Cocaine use and kidney damage". Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 15 (3): 299-301. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ndt/15.3.299. PMID 10692510. 
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  58. ^ NDIC (2006). "National Drug Threat Assessment 2006".
  59. ^ a b Field Listing - Illicit drugs (by country)
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  61. ^ Cocaine galore in Cornwall. Retrieved on 2008-02-28.
  62. ^ Coast Guard hunts drug-running semi-subs. Retrieved on 2008-03-20.
  63. ^ "Pricing powder", The Economist, June 28, 2007, Prices: USA around $110/g, Israel/ Germany/ Britain around $46/g, Colombia $2/g, New Zealand recordbreaking $714.30/g
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  67. ^ erowid.org. Retrieved on 2007-07-10.

See also

External links

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