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Climate



See also: Climate models and Climatology

Climate models use quantitative methods to simulate the interactions of the atmosphere,[42] oceans, land surface and ice. They are used for a variety of purposes from study of the dynamics of the weather and climate system to projections of future climate. All climate models balance, or very nearly balance, incoming energy as short wave (including visible) electromagnetic radiation to the earth with outgoing energy as long wave (infrared) electromagnetic radiation from the earth. Any imbalance results in a change in the average temperature of the earth.

The most talked-about models of recent years have been those relating temperature to the build-up of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, primarily carbon dioxide (see greenhouse gas). These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.

Models can range from relatively simple to quite complex:

  • A simple radiant heat transfer model that treats the earth as a single point and averages outgoing energy
  • this can be expanded vertically (radiative-convective models), or horizontally
  • finally, (coupled) atmosphere–ocean–sea ice global climate models discretise and solve the full equations for mass and energy transfer and radiant exchange.[43]

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See also

Weather Portal

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References

  1. ^ "Climate". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved on 2008-05-14. 
  2. ^ Climate averages. Met Office. Retrieved on 2008-05-17.
  3. ^ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Appendix I: Glossary. Retrieved on 2007-06-01.
  4. ^ National Weather Service Office Tucson, Arizona. Main page. Retrieved on 2007-06-01.
  5. ^ Stefan Rahmstorf. The Thermohaline Ocean Circulation: A Brief Fact Sheet. Retrieved on 2008-05-02.
  6. ^ Gertjan de Werk and Karel Mulder. Heat Absorption Cooling For Sustainable Air Conditioning of Households. Retrieved on 2008-05-02.
  7. ^ Ledley, T.S.; Sundquist, E.T.; Schwartz, S.E.; Hall, D.K.; Fellows, J.D.; Killeen, T.L. (1999). "Climate change and greenhouse gases". EOS 80 (39): 453. 
  8. ^ United States National Arboretum. USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map. Retrieved on 2008-03-09
  9. ^ a b "Thornethwaite Moisture Index". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved on 2008-05-21. 
  10. ^ "Airmass Classification". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved on 2008-05-22. 
  11. ^ Schwartz, M.D. (1995). "Detecting Structural Climate Change: An Air Mass-Based Approach in the North Central United States, 1958-1992". Annals of the Association of American Geographers 85 (3): 553-568. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1995.tb01812.x. 
  12. ^ Robert E. Davis, L. Sitka, D. M. Hondula, S. Gawtry, D. Knight, T. Lee, and J. Stenger. J1.10 A preliminary back-trajectory and air mass climatology for the Shenandoah Valley (Formerly J3.16 for Applied Climatology). Retrieved on 2008-05-21.
  13. ^ Susan Woodward. Tropical Broadleaf Evergreen Forest: The Rainforest. Retrieved on 2008-03-14.
  14. ^ "Monsoon". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved on 2008-05-14. 
  15. ^ International Committee of the Third Workshop on Monsoons. The Global Monsoon System: Research and Forecast. Retrieved on 2008-03-16.
  16. ^ Susan Woodward. Tropical Savannas. Retrieved on 2008-03-16.
  17. ^ "Humid subtropical climate". Encyclopædia Britannica. (2008). Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved on 2008-05-14. 
  18. ^ Michael Ritter. Humid Subtropical Climate. Retrieved on 2008-03-16.
  19. ^ Peel, M. C. and Finlayson, B. L. and McMahon, T. A. (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification". Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11: 1633-1644. ISSN 1027-5606. 
  20. ^ Climate. Oceanic Climate. Retrieved on 2008-04-15.
  21. ^ Michael Ritter. Mediterranean or Dry Summer Subtropical Climate. Retrieved on 2008-04-15.
  22. ^ Blue Planet Biomes. Steppe Climate. Retrieved on 2008-04-15.
  23. ^ Michael Ritter. Subarctic Climate. Retrieved on 2008-04-16.
  24. ^ Susan Woodward. Taiga or Boreal Forest. Retrieved on 2008-06-06.
  25. ^ The Tundra Biome. The World's Biomes. Retrieved on 2006-03-05.
  26. ^ Michael Ritter. Ice Cap Climate. Retrieved on 2008-03-16.
  27. ^ San Diego State University. Introduction to Arid Regions: A Self-Paced Tutorial. Retrieved on 2008-04-16.
  28. ^ "Moisture Index". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved on 2008-05-21. 
  29. ^ Eric Green. Foundations of Expansive Clay Soil. Retrieved on 2008-05-21.
  30. ^ Istituto Agronomico per l'Otremare. 3 Land Resources. Retrieved on 2008-05-21.
  31. ^ Fredlund, D.G.; Rahardjo, H. (1993). Soil Mechanics for Unsaturated Soils (pdf), Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 978-0471850083. Retrieved on 2008-05-21. 
  32. ^ a b Gregory J. McCabe and David M. Wolock. Trends and temperature sensitivity of moisture conditions in the conterminous United States. Retrieved on 2008-05-21.
  33. ^ Hawkins, B.A.; Pausas, J.G. (2004). "Does plant richness influence animal richness?: the mammals of Catalonia (NE Spain)". Diversity & Distributions 10 (4): 247–252. doi:10.1111/j.1366-9516.2004.00085.x. 
  34. ^ "Microthermal Climate". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved on 2008-05-21. 
  35. ^ "Mesothermal Climate". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved on 2008-05-21. 
  36. ^ "Megathermal Climate". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved on 2008-05-21. 
  37. ^ Spencer Weart. The Modern Temperature Trend. Retrieved on 2007-06-01.
  38. ^ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. NOAA Paleoclimatology. Retrieved on 2007-06-01.
  39. ^ Arctic Climatology and Meteorology. Climate change. Retrieved on 2008-05-19.
  40. ^ Glossary. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2001-01-20). Retrieved on 2008-05-22.
  41. ^ Illinois State Museum (2002). Ice Ages. Retrieved on 2007-05-15.
  42. ^ Eric Maisonnave. Climate Variability. Retrieved on 2008-05-02.
  43. ^ Climateprediction.net. Modelling the climate. Retrieved on 2008-05-02.

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