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Cleveland, Ohio



Main article: Media in Cleveland, Ohio

Cleveland is served in print by The Plain Dealer, the city's sole remaining daily newspaper. The competing Cleveland Press ceased publication on June 17, 1982, and the Cleveland News ended its run in 1960. Cleveland also supports several alternative weekly publications, including the Free Times and Cleveland Scene.

Cleveland, combined with nearby Akron, was ranked in 2006–2007 as the 17th largest television market by Nielsen Media Research.[76] The market is served by stations affiliated with major American networks including: WKYC-TV (channel 3, NBC), WEWS (channel 5, ABC), WJW-TV (channel 8, Fox), WOIO (channel 19, CBS), WUAB (channel 43, MNTV), and WBNX (channel 55, The CW). Cleveland is also served by WVPX (channel 23, ION) and Spanish-language channel WQHS-TV (channel 61, Univision). WVIZ (channel 25) and WEAO (channel 49) are members of PBS. A Cleveland first in television was The Morning Exchange program on WEWS, which defined the morning show format, and served as the inspiration for Good Morning America.[77]

Cleveland is also served by over 43 AM and FM radio stations directly, and dozens of other stations are heard from elsewhere in Northeast Ohio.[78]

[

Economy

Downtown Cleveland as viewed from Edgewater State Park
Downtown Cleveland as viewed from Edgewater State Park

Cleveland's location on the Cuyahoga River and Lake Erie has been key to its growth. The Ohio and Erie Canal coupled with rail links helped establish the city as a major American manufacturing center. Steel and many other manufactured goods emerged as its industries.[79]

The city has sought to diversify its economy to become less dependent on its struggling manufacturing sector. Cleveland is the corporate headquarters of many large companies such as Eaton Corporation, National City Corporation, American Greetings, Forest City Enterprises, Sherwin-Williams Company, KeyCorp, Parker-Hannifin Corporation, Progressive Auto Insurance, TravelCenters of America, and Aleris International. NASA maintains a facility in Cleveland, the Glenn Research Center. Jones Day, one of the largest law firms in the world, traces its origins to Cleveland, and its Cleveland office remains the firm's largest.[80]

However, in recent years, the Cleveland area has lost nearly a dozen corporate headquarters, including TRW, Office Max, BP, and Oglebay Norton, many through acquisitions or mergers.[81] In 2005, Duke Realty Corp., one of the area's largest landlords, announced it was selling all of its property in the Cleveland area because of the stagnation of the market.[82] The commercial real estate market rebounded in 2007 as office properties were purchased at a record pace.[83] From the beginning of July to the end of September, 2007, there was one foreclosure for every fifty-seven homes in the metropolitan area,[84] and ten percent of the city's homes are now vacant, due in part to the rise in foreclosure filings.[85]

Cleveland's largest employer, the Cleveland Clinic,[86] ranks among America's best hospitals as tabulated by U.S. News & World Report.[87] Cleveland's healthcare industry includes University Hospitals of Cleveland, a noted competitor which ranked twenty-fifth in cancer care,[88] and MetroHealth medical center.

Cleveland is an emerging area for biotechnology and fuel cell research, led by Case Western Reserve University, the Cleveland Clinic, and University Hospitals of Cleveland. Cleveland is among the top recipients of investment for biotech start-ups and research.[89] Case Western Reserve, the Clinic, and University Hospitals have recently announced plans to build a large biotechnology research center and incubator on the site of the former Mt. Sinai Medical Center, creating a research campus to stimulate biotech startup companies that can be spun off from research conducted in the city.[90]

City leaders stepped up efforts to cultivate a technology sector in its economy in the early 2000s. Former Mayor Jane L. Campbell appointed a "tech czar" whose job is to actively recruit tech companies to the downtown office market, offering connections to the high-speed fiber networks that run underneath downtown streets in several "high-tech offices" focused on the Euclid Avenue area. Cleveland State University hired a Technology Transfer Officer to work full time on cultivating technology transfers from CSU research to marketable ideas and companies in the Cleveland area, and appointed a Vice President for Economic Development to leverage the university's assets in expanding the city's economy. Case Western Reserve University participates in technology initiatives such as the OneCommunity project[91] a high-speed fiber optic network linking the area's major research centers intended to stimulate growth. OneCommunity's work attracted the attention of Intel and in mid-2005, Cleveland was named an Intel "Worldwide Digital Community" along with Corpus Christi, Texas, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Taipei, Taiwan. This distinction added about $12 million for marketing to expand regional technology partnerships, create a city-wide WiFi network, and develop a tech economy. In addition to this Intel initiative, in January 2006 a New York-based think tank, the Intelligent Community Forum, selected Cleveland as the sole American city among its seven finalists for the "Intelligent Community of the Year" award. The group announced that it nominated the city for its OneCommunity network with potential broadband applications.[92] The OneCommunity Network is collaborating with Cisco Systems to deploy a cutting-edge wireless network that could provide widespread access to the region. Cisco is testing new technologies in wireless "mesh" networking. OneCommunity and Cisco officially launched the first phase in September 2006, blanketing several square miles of University Circle with wireless connectivity. Additionally, Cisco Systems acquired the former Aironet Wireless Networks, which was based in the Greater Cleveland area, to form its wireless networking product lineup and maintain a facility in the region.[93]

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Demographics

Historical populations[94]
Census
year		 Population Rank  %±
1820 606 - -
1830 1,075 - 77.4%
1840 6,071 67 464.7%
1850 17,034 41 180.6%
1860 43,417 21 154.9%
1870 92,829 15 113.8%
1880 160,146 11 72.5%
1890 261,353 10 63.2%
1900 381,768 7 46.1%
1910 560,663 9 46.9%
1920 796,841 5 42.1%
1930 900,429 6 13.0%
1940 878,336 6 -2.7%
1950 914,808 7 4.2%
1960 876,050 8 -4.2%
1970 750,903 10 -14.3%
1980 573,822 18 -23.6%
1990 505,616 23 -11.9%
2000 478,403 33 -5.4%

As of the 2000 Census,[3] there were 478,403 people, 190,638 households, and 111,904 families residing in the city. The population density was 6,166.5 people per square mile (2,380.9/km²). There were 215,856 housing units at an average density of 2,782.4 per square mile (1,074.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 50.99% Black or African American, 41.49% White, 1.35% Asian, 0.30% Native American, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 3.59% from other races, and 2.24% from two or more races. 7.26% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.[1] Ethnic groups include Germans (9.2%), Irish (8.2% ), Poles (4.8%), Italians (4.6%), and English (2.8%). There are also substantial communities of Hungarians, Arabs, Romanians, Czechs, Slovaks, Greeks, Ukrainians, Albanians, Macedonians, Croats, Serbs, Lithuanians, Slovenes, Koreans, and Han Chinese. The presence of Hungarians within the Cleveland proper was so great that the city once boasted the highest concentration of Hungarians in the world outside of Budapest.[95]

Built as the Second Church of Christ, Scientist, this building on Cleveland's East Side now serves a primarily African American congregation.
Built as the Second Church of Christ, Scientist, this building on Cleveland's East Side now serves a primarily African American congregation.

There were 190,638 households out of which 29.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 28.5% were married couples living together, 24.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.3% were nonfamilies. 35.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.1% had someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.19. The population was spread out with 28.5% under the age of 18, 9.5% from 18 to 24, 30.4% from 25 to 44, 19.0% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females there were 90.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.2 males.[1]

The median income for a household in the city was $25,928, and the median income for a family was $30,286. Males had a median income of $30,610 versus $24,214 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,291. 26.3% of the population and 22.9% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 37.6% of those under the age of 18 and 16.8% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.[1]

Cleveland was hit hard in the 1960s and early 1970s by white flight and suburbanization, further exacerbated by the busing-based desegregation of Cleveland schools required by the United States Supreme Court. Although busing ended in the 1990s, Cleveland continued to slide into poverty, reaching a nadir in 2004 when it was named the poorest major city in the United States.[96] Cleveland was again rated the poorest major city in the U.S. in 2006, with a poverty rate of 32.4%.[97]

[

Government and politics

See also: List of mayors of Cleveland, Ohio, Cleveland City Council, and List of Cleveland politicians
Cleveland City Hall
Cleveland City Hall

Cleveland's position as a center of manufacturing established it as a hotbed of union activity early in its history. This contributed to a political progressivism that has influenced Cleveland politics to the present. While other parts of Ohio, particularly Cincinnati and the southern portion of the state, have historically supported the Republican Party, Cleveland commonly breeds the strongest support in the state for the Democrats;[98] Cleveland's two representatives in the House of Representatives are Democrats: Dennis Kucinich and Stephanie Tubbs Jones. During the 2004 Presidential election, although George W. Bush carried Ohio, John Kerry carried Cuyahoga County,[99] which gave him the strongest support in the state.

The city of Cleveland operates on the mayor-council (strong mayor) form of government.[100] The mayor is the chief executive of the city, and the office is held in 2007 by Frank G. Jackson. Previous mayors of Cleveland include progressive Democrat Tom L. Johnson, United States Supreme Court Justice Harold Hitz Burton, Republican Senator George V. Voinovich, two-time Democratic Ohio Governor and Senator Frank J. Lausche, and Carl B. Stokes, the first African American mayor of a major American city.[101]

[

Education

Adelbert Hall on the campus of Case Western Reserve University
Adelbert Hall on the campus of Case Western Reserve University

Cleveland is home to a number of colleges and universities. Most prominent among these is Case Western Reserve University, a world-renowned research and teaching institution located in University Circle. A private university with several prominent graduate programs, Case was ranked 38th in the nation in 2007 by U.S. News & World Report.[102] University Circle also contains Cleveland Institute of Art, the Cleveland Institute of Music, and the Ohio College of Podiatric Medicine. Cleveland State University (CSU), based in downtown Cleveland, is the city's public four-year university. In addition to CSU, downtown hosts the metropolitan campus of Cuyahoga Community College, the county's two-year higher education institution, as well as Myers University, a private four-year school that focuses on business education.[103]

The Cleveland Metropolitan School District is the largest K-12 district in the state, with 127 schools and an enrollment of 55,567 students during the 2006–2007 academic year.[104] It is the only district in Ohio that is under direct control of the mayor, who appoints a school board.[105]

[

Transportation

A collection of fixed and movable bridges crosses the Cuyahoga River in downtown Cleveland.
A collection of fixed and movable bridges crosses the Cuyahoga River in downtown Cleveland.
1992 aerial view of the Cleveland harbor, with the mouth of the Cuyahoga River in the foreground. View is to the east.
1992 aerial view of the Cleveland harbor, with the mouth of the Cuyahoga River in the foreground. View is to the east.

[

Airports

Cleveland Hopkins International Airport is the city's major airport and an international airport that serves as one of three main hubs for Continental Airlines. It holds the distinction of having the first airport-to-downtown rapid transit connection in North America, established in 1968. In 1930, the airport was the site of the first airfield lighting system and the first air traffic control tower. In addition to Hopkins, Cleveland is served by Burke Lakefront Airport, on the north shore of downtown between Lake Erie and the Shoreway. Burke is primarily a commuter and business airport.[106]

[

Railroads

Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service to Cleveland, via the Capitol Limited and Lake Shore Limited routes, which stop at Cleveland Lakefront Station. Cleveland has also been identified as a hub for the proposed Ohio Hub project, which would bring high-speed rail to Ohio.[107]

[

Public Mass Transit

Cleveland currently has a bus and rail mass transit system operated by the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority, also known as "RTA". The rail portion is officially called the RTA Rapid Transit, but is referred to by local residents as The Rapid. It consists of two light rail lines, known as the Green and Blue Lines, and a heavy rail line, the Red Line. RTA is currently installing a bus rapid transit line, for which naming rights were purchased by the Cleveland Clinic and University Hospitals, called the "Health Line", which will run along Euclid Avenue from downtown to University Circle.[108] National bus service is provided at a Greyhound station, located just behind Playhouse Square theater district.

[

Major Highways

Three two-digit Interstate highways serve Cleveland directly.

  • Interstate 71 begins just southwest of downtown and is the major route from downtown Cleveland to the airport. I-71 runs through the southwestern suburbs and eventually connects Cleveland with Columbus.
  • Interstate 77 begins in downtown Cleveland and runs almost due south through the southern suburbs. I-77 sees the least traffic of the three interstates, although it does connect Cleveland to Akron.
  • Interstate 90 connects the two sides of Cleveland, and is the northern terminus for both I-71 and I-77. Running due east–west through the west side suburbs, I-90 turns northeast at the junction with I-71 and I-490, and is known as the Innerbelt through downtown. At the junction with the Shoreway, I-90 makes a 90-degree turn known in the area as Dead Man's Curve, then continues northeast, entering Lake County near the eastern split with Ohio State Route 2.

Cleveland is also served by two three-digit interstates,

  • Interstate 480, which enters Cleveland briefly at a few points and
  • Interstate 490, which connects I-77 with the junction of I-90 and I-71 just south of downtown.[109]

Two other limited-access highways serve Cleveland.

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Sister cities

Cleveland has twenty sister cities:[111]

[

See also

Cleveland, Ohio Portal

[

References

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Coordinates: 41°28′56″N, 81°40′11″W

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Largest urban areas (rank) in the United States by population
New York-Newark • Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana • Chicago • Philadelphia • Miami • Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington • Boston • Washington • Detroit • Houston • Atlanta • San Francisco-Oakland • Phoenix • Seattle • San Diego • Minneapolis-Saint Paul • St. Louis • Baltimore • Tampa-St. Petersburg • Denver • Cleveland • Pittsburgh • Portland • San Jose • Riverside-San Bernardino • Cincinnati • Norfolk-Virginia Beach • Sacramento • Kansas City • San Antonio • Las Vegas • Milwaukee • Indianapolis • Providence • Orlando • Columbus • New Orleans • Buffalo • Memphis • Austin • Bridgeport-Stamford • Salt Lake City • Jacksonville • Louisville • Hartford • Richmond • Charlotte • Nashville • Oklahoma City • Tucson
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All-America City Award: Hall of Fame



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