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Cassini–Huygens



On April 15, 2008, Cassini received funding for a two-year extended mission. It will consist of 60 more orbits of Saturn, and will include 23 more Titan flybys, seven of Enceladus, and one each of Dione, Rhea, and Helene.

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Trajectory

The image above displays the initial gravity-assist trajectory of Cassini–Huygens. This is the process whereby an insignificant mass approaches a significant mass 'from behind' and 'steals' some of its orbital energy. The significant mass, usually a planet, loses a very small proportion of its orbital energy to the insignificant mass, in this case, the probe. However, due to the spacecraft's small mass, this energy transfer gives it a relatively large energy increase in proportion to its orbital energy, speeding its travel through space.

Cassini–Huygens performed two gravity assists at Venus, one at Earth and one at Jupiter.

The above simplified diagram shows, in two dimensions, the orbital motion of Cassini–Huygens on and after arrival at Saturn.

Cassini's speed relative to the Sun. The various gravitational slingshots form visible peaks on the left, while the periodic variation on the right is caused by the spacecraft's orbit around Saturn. The data came from the JPL Horizons Ephemeris System in 2005. The speed above is instantaneous distance in kilometers per second. The date/time is UTC in Spacecraft Event Time, which is from 1997-Oct-16 00:00:01 to 2008-Jul-06 23:59:59 UTC, two leap seconds during this period. Note also that the minimum velocity achieved during Saturnian orbit is more or less equal to Saturn's own orbital velocity, which is the ~5 km/s velocity which Cassini matched to enter orbit.
Cassini's speed relative to the Sun. The various gravitational slingshots form visible peaks on the left, while the periodic variation on the right is caused by the spacecraft's orbit around Saturn. The data came from the JPL Horizons Ephemeris System in 2005. The speed above is instantaneous distance in kilometers per second. The date/time is UTC in Spacecraft Event Time, which is from 1997-Oct-16 00:00:01 to 2008-Jul-06 23:59:59 UTC, two leap seconds during this period. Note also that the minimum velocity achieved during Saturnian orbit is more or less equal to Saturn's own orbital velocity, which is the ~5 km/s velocity which Cassini matched to enter orbit.

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See also

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Glossary of Terms

  • AACS: Attitude and Articulation Control Subsystem
  • ACS: Attitude Control Subsystem
  • AFC: AACS Flight Computer
  • ARWM: Articulated Reaction Wheel Mechanism
  • ASI: Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, the Italian space agency
  • BIU: bus interface unit
  • CAM: Command Approval Meeting
  • CDS: Command and Data Subsystem - Cassini computer that commands and collects data from the instruments
  • CICLOPS: Cassini Imaging Central Laboratory for Operations
  • CIMS: Cassini Information Management System
  • DCSS: Descent Control Subsystem
  • DSCC: Deep Space Communications Center
  • DSN: Deep Space Network (large antennas around the earth)
  • DTSTART: Dead Time Start
  • ELS: Electron Spectrometer (part of CAPS instrument)
  • ERT: Earth-received time, UTC of an event
  • ESOC: European Space Operations Centre
  • FSW: flight software
  • HGA: High Gain Antenna
  • HMCS: Huygens Monitoring and Control System
  • HPOC: Huygens Probe Operations Center
  • IBS: Ion Beam Spectrometer (part of CAPS instrument)
  • IEB: Instrument Expanded Blocks (instrument command sequences)
  • IMS: Ion Mass Spectrometer (part of CAPS instrument)
  • ITL: Integrated Test Laboratory - spacecraft simulator
  • IVP: Inertial Vector Propagator
  • LGA: Low Gain Antenna
  • NAC: Narrow Angle Camera
  • OTM: Orbit Trim Maneuver
  • PDRS: Probe Data Relay Subsystem
  • PHSS: Probe Harness SubSystem
  • POSW: Probe On-Board Software
  • PPS: Power and Pyrotechnic Subsystem
  • PRA: Probe Relay Antenna
  • PSA: Probe Support Avionics
  • PSIV: Preliminary Sequence Integration and Validation
  • PSE: probe support equipment
  • RCS: Reaction Control System
  • RFS: Radio Frequency Subsystem
  • RPX: ring plane crossing
  • RWA: Reaction Wheel Assembly
  • SCET: Spacecraft Event Time
  • SCR: sequence change requests
  • SKR: Saturn Kilometric Radiation
  • SOI: Saturn Orbit Insertion (1 July 2004)
  • SOP: Science Operations Plan
  • SSPS: Solid State Power Switch
  • SSR: Solid State Recorder
  • SSUP: Science and Sequence Update Process
  • TLA: Thermal Louver Assemblies
  • USO: UltraStable Oscillator)
  • VRHU: Variable Radioisotope Heater Units
  • WAC: Wide Angle Camera

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References

  1. ^ http://www.cnn.com/2008/TECH/science/04/16/NASA.Saturn.ap/index.html
  2. ^ Cassini-Huygens: Spacecraft-Instruments-Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS)
  3. ^ Cassini-Huygens: Spacecraft-Instruments-Cosmic Dust Analyzer (CDA)
  4. ^ Cassini-Huygens: Spacecraft-Instruments-Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS)
  5. ^ Cassini-Huygens: Spacecraft-Instruments-Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS)
  6. ^ Waite J. H., Lewis S., Kasprzak W. T., Anicich V. G., Block B. P., Cravens T. E., Fletcher G. G., Ip W. H., Luhmann J. G., McNutt R. L., Niemann H. B., Parejko J. K., Richards J. E., Thorpe R. L., Walter E. M., Yelle R. V. (2004). "The Cassini ion and neutral mass spectrometer (INMS) investigation". Space Science Review 114: 113-231. doi:10.1007/s11214-004-1408-2. 
  7. ^ Cassini-Huygens: Spacecraft-Instruments-Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS)
  8. ^ Porco C. C., West R. A., Squyres S., McEwen A., Thomas P., Murray C. D., Delgenio A., Ingersoll A. P., Johnson T. V., Neukum G., Veverka J., Dones L., Brahic A., Burns J. A., Haemmerle V., Knowles B., Dawson D., Roatsch T., Beurle K., Owen W. (2004). "Cassini Imaging Science: Instrument characteristics and anticipated scientific investigations at Saturn". Space Science Review 115: 363-497. 
  9. ^ Cassini-Huygens: Spacecraft-Instruments-Dual Technique Magnetometer (MAG)
  10. ^ Dougherty M. K., Kellock S., Southwood D. J., Balogh A., Smith E. J., Tsurutani B. T., Gerlach B., Glassmeier K. H., Gleim F., Russell C. T., Erdos G., Neubauer E. M., Cowley S. W. H. (2004). "The Cassini magnetic field investigation". Space Science Review 114: 331-383. doi:10.1007/s11214-004-1432-2. 
  11. ^ Cassini-Huygens: Spacecraft-Instruments-Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument (MIMI)
  12. ^ Krimigis S. M., Mitchell D. G., Hamilton D. C., Livi S., Dandouras J., Jaskulek S., Armstrong T. P., Boldt J. D., Cheng A. F., Gloeckler G., Hayes J. R., Hsieh K. C., Ip W. H., Keath E. P., Kirsch E., Krupp N., Lanzerotti L. J., Lundgren R., Mauk B. H., McEntire R. W., Roelof E. C., Schlemm C. E., Tossman B. E., Wilken B., Williams D. J. (2004). "Magnetosphere imaging instrument (MIMI) on the Cassini mission to Saturn/Titan". Space Science Review 114: 233-329. 
  13. ^ Cassini-Huygens: Spacecraft-Instruments-Cassini Radio Detection and Ranging Instrument (Radar)
  14. ^ Cassini-Huygens: Spacecraft-Instruments-Radio and Plasma Wave Science (RPWS)
  15. ^ Cassini-Huygens: Spacecraft-Instruments-Radio Science Subsystem (RSS)
  16. ^ Cassini-Huygens: Spacecraft-Instruments-Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS)
  17. ^ Cassini-Huygens: Spacecraft-Instruments-Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS)
  18. ^ Cassini-Huygens: Spacecraft-Safety
  19. ^ "Death of a Spacecraft: The Unknown Fate of Cassini", SPACE.com, November 8, 2006. Retrieved on 2007-08-06. ""The issue is the heat that would be generated by the RTGs and the environment that would be created (melted ice) that could be conducive to the viability of any Earth organisms that might have survived on the spacecraft to that point," says Mitchell." 
  20. ^ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005cosp.meet..545B
  21. ^ JPL (February 11, 2000). "New Cassini Images of Asteroid Available". Press release. Retrieved on 2006-10-14.
  22. ^ Hansen C. J., Bolton S. J., Matson D. L., Spilker L. J., Lebreton J. P. (2004). "The Cassini–Huygens flyby of Jupiter". ICARUS 172: 1-8. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.06.018. 
  23. ^ Cassini-Huygens: News-Press Releases-2003
  24. ^ Porco C. C., Baker E., Barbara J., Beurle K., Brahic A., Burns J. A., Charnoz S., Cooper N., Dawson D. D., Del Genio A. D., Denk T., Dones L., Dyudina U., Evans M. W., Giese B., Grazier K., Heifenstein P., Ingersoll A. P., Jacobson R. A., Johnson T. V., McEwen A., Murray C. D., Neukum G., Owen W. M., Perry J., Roatsch T., Spitale J., Squyres S., Thomas P. C., Tiscareno M., Turtle E., Vasavada A. R., Veverka J., Wagner R., West R. (2005). "Cassini Imaging Science: Initial results on Phoebe and Iapetus". Science 307: 1237-1242. doi:10.1126/science.1107981. 
  25. ^ JPL.NASA.GOV: News Releases
  26. ^ Porco, Carolyn C. (2007), “Cassini, the first one thousand days”, American Scientist 95 (4): pp. 334-341 
  27. ^ Cassini-Huygens: News
  28. ^ Cassini Spacecraft to Dive Into Water Plume of Saturn Moon NASA.gov, March 10, 2008
  29. ^ Cassini Tastes Organic Material at Saturn's Geyser Moon NASA.gov, March 26, 2008
  30. ^ Cassini Probe Failed To 'Taste' Moon's Geysers in Flyby newscientist.com, March 14, 2008
  31. ^ Catalog Page for PIA05380
  32. ^ Cassini-Huygens: News
  33. ^ Cassini-Huygens: News
  34. ^ "Huge 'hurricane' rages on Saturn", BBC News, November 10, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-11-10. 
  35. ^ Saturn hurricane's winds hit 350 mph. Retrieved on November 11, 2006.
  36. ^ FOXNews.com - Cassini Probe Flies by Iapetus, Goes Into Safe Mode - Science News | Science & Technology | Technology News

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Further reading

  • David M. Harland (2002). Mission to Saturn: Cassini and the Huygens Probe. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 1-85233-656-0. 
  • Ralph Lorenz and Jacqueline Mitton (2002). Lifting Titan's Veil: Exploring the Giant Moon of Saturn. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-79348-3. 
  • Karl Grossman (1997). The Wrong Stuff: The Space Program's Nuclear Threat to Our Planet. Common Courage Press. ISBN 1-56751-125-2. 

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