After reunification of Germany in 1990, the Bundeswehr was reduced to 370,000 military personnel in accordance with the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany between the two German governments and the Allies (2+4 Treaty). The former East German Nationale Volksarmee (NVA) was disbanded. A small portion of its personnel and material were absorbed into the Bundeswehr.

The Bundeswehr was the first NATO-member using a Soviet-built former NVA-jet (MiG 29)

About 50,000 Volksarmee personnel were integrated into the Bundeswehr on 2 October 1990. This figure was rapidly reduced as conscripts and short-term volunteers completed their service. A number of senior officers (but no generals or admirals) received limited contracts for up to two years to continue daily operations. Personnel remaining in the Bundeswehr were awarded new contracts and new Bundeswehr ranks, dependent on their individual qualification and experience. Many received and accepted a lower rank than previously held in the Volksarmee. These were seen as demotions by critics.

In general, the unification process of the military - under the slogan "Armee der Einheit"/"Army of Unity" - is publicly seen as a major success and an example for other parts of the society.

With the reduction, a large amount of the military hardware of the Bundeswehr, as well as of the Volksarmee, had to be disposed of. A majority of armored vehicles and fighter jet aircraft were dismantled under international disarmament procedures. Ships were scrapped or sold, often to the Baltic states and Indonesia, the latter receiving 39 former Volksmarine vessels of various types.

[

Mission

German Army soldiers in Bosnia

The role of the Bundeswehr is described in the German Basic Law (Art. 87a) as defensive only. Its only 'active' role before 1990 was the "Katastropheneinsatz" (disaster control operation), where the Bundeswehr helped after natural disasters. After 1990, the international situation had changed from East-West-confrontation to general uncertainty and instability. Today, after a ruling of the Federal Constitutional Court in 1994 the term "defense" has been defined to not only include protection of the borders of Germany, but also crisis reaction and conflict prevention - or more broadly as guarding the security of Germany anywhere in the world. According to the definition given by former Defence Minister Struck, it may be necessary to defend Germany even at the Hindu Kush. This requires the Bundeswehr to take part in operations outside of the borders of Germany, as part of NATO or the European Union and mandated by the UN.

[

Organization and command structure

With the growing number of missions abroad it was recognized that the Bundeswehr required a totally new command structure. A reform commission under the chairmanship of the former Federal President Richard von Weizsäcker presented its recommendations in spring 2000.

In October 2000 the Joint Support Service, the Streitkräftebasis, was established to concentrate logistics and other supporting functions such as military police, supply and communications under one command. Medical support was reorganized with the establishment of the Central Medical Services.

The combat forces of the Army are organized into five combat divisions and participate in multi-national command structures at the corps level. The Air Force maintains three divisions and the Navy is structured into two flotillas. The Central Medical Services and the Joint Support Service are each organized into four regional commands. All of these services also have general commands for training, procurement, and other general issues. The Joint Support Service and the Central Medical Services are both organized in four regional commands of identical structure.

The minister of defense or the chancellor is supported by the Chief of defense (CHOD, Generalinspekteur) and the service chiefs (Inspekteure) and their respective staffs in his or her function as commander-in-chief. The CHOD and the service chiefs form the Military Command Council (Militärischer Führungsrat) with functions similar to those of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in the United States. Subordinate to the CHOD is the Armed Forces Operational Command (Einsatzführungskommando). For smaller missions one of the service HQs (e.g. the Fleet Command) may exercise command and control of forces in missions abroad. The term parliamentary army is often used when German troops are committed to operations abroad, as Bundestag members must approve each and every deployment by a simple majority. This has led to some discontentment with Germany's allies about troop deployments e.g. in Afghanistan since parliamentary consent over such issues is relatively hard to achieve in Germany.

The Bundeswehr in general is still among the world's most technologically advanced and best-supplied militaries, as befits Germany's overall economic prosperity and infrastructure. Its budget is, however, steadily shrinking and among the lowest military budgets in NATO in terms of share of GDP.

[

Operations

A German infantryman stands at the ready with his Heckler & Koch G36 during a practice exercise in 2004. U.S. troops watch in the background. All rifles in photo are equipped with blank firing adapters. (Photo: US Navy)

Frigate "Karlsruhe" of the German Navy rescuing shipwrecked people off the coast of Somalia which it is patrolling

Naval Air Wing 5 helicopter Sea King Mk41 in special 30th anniversary colour scheme at Weston-super-Mare, UK, July 2005

Vehicle of the Sanitätsdienst

Vehicle of the Feldjäger (MP)

Since the early 1990s the Bundeswehr has become more and more engaged in international operations in and around the former Yugoslavia, and also in other parts of the world like Cambodia or Somalia. After the September 11, 2001 attacks, German forces were employed in most related theaters except Iraq.

Currently (November 26, 2007) there are Bundeswehr forces in:

• Afghanistan
  • ISAF
  • 3,600 personnel
  • (mandate limit: 3,500)
• Kosovo
  • KFOR
  • 2,230 personnel
  • (mandate limit: 8,500)
• Bosnia and Herzegovina
  • EUFOR (former SFOR)
  • 340 personnel
  • (mandate limit: 2,400)
  • since 2 December 2004 under European Union Command
• Georgia
  • UNOMIG
  • 12 personnel
• Ethiopia and Eritrea
  • UNMEE
  • 2 personnel
• Horn of Africa/Indian Ocean
  • Enduring Freedom
  • 250 personnel
  • (mandate limit: 1,400)
    • Frigate
    • Maritime Patrol Aircraft
• Mediterranean Sea
  • Active Endeavour
  • 0 personnel
• Sudan
  • UNMIS
  • 37 personnel
  • UNAMID
  • 250 personnel
• Coast of Lebanon
  • UNIFIL II
  • 830 personnel
  • (mandate limit: 1,400)
    • 1 Frigate
    • 2 Fast Patrol Boats
    • 2 Mine Counter-Measure Vessels
    • 1 Elbe class replenishment ship

The actual number of troops serving in an abroad deployment complies with the requirements of the current security situation. In addition to the numbers above, 40 soldiers are permanently on stand-by for medical evacuation operations around the world in assistance of ongoing German or coalition operations (STRATAIRMEDEVAC).

In support of Allied stabilization efforts in Iraq, the Bundeswehr is also training the new Iraqi forces in locations outside Iraq, such as the United Arab Emirates and Germany.

Since 1994, more than 60 soldiers have died in abroad deployments, about 20 through hostile activity.

[

Traditions

Former German military organisations have been the old German state armies, the Reichswehr (1921-1935) and the Wehrmacht (1935-1945). The Bundeswehr, however, does not consider itself as their successor and does not follow the traditions of any former German military organisation. The official Bundeswehr traditions are based on three major lines:^{[citation needed]}

• the defence reformers at the beginning of the 19th century such as Scharnhorst, Gneisenau, and Clausewitz
• the members of the military resistance against Hitler such as Claus von Stauffenberg and Henning von Tresckow
• its own tradition since 1955

As its symbol the Bundeswehr uses a form of the Iron Cross. The Iron Cross has a long history, having been awarded as a military wartime decoration for all ranks since 1813, and earlier associated with the Teutonic knights. The name Bundeswehr was proposed by the former Wehrmacht general and liberal politician Hasso von Manteuffel.

One of the most visible traditions is the Großer Zapfenstreich, a form of military tattoo that goes back to the landsknecht era.^{[citation needed]} Another expression of the traditions in the German armed forces is the ceremonial vow (Gelöbnis) of recruits, during basic training. Annually on July 20, the date of the assassination attempt on Adolf Hitler by Wehrmacht officers in 1944, recruits of the Wachbataillon vow at the Bendlerblock, where the officers had their headquarters. The wording of the ceremonial vow of conscripts is:

"I pledge to loyally serve the Federal Republic of Germany and to bravely defend the law and the freedom of the German people."

Professional soldiers and officers of the Bundeswehr have to swear an oath with the same wording, but beginning with "Ich schwöre, ..." ("I swear...").

[

Transformation

According to the new threat scenario facing Germany and its allies, the Bundeswehr is currently reorganising itself. To realise growth in mobility and the enlargement of the air force's capabilities, the Bundeswehr is going to buy 60 A400M transporters as well as 180 EF2000 fighters and also several UAV models. For the ground forces it is currently developing a land soldier system and a new generation of transportation vehicles and light tanks, such as the Fennek, the Boxer MRAV, KMW Grizzly or the Puma (IFV). Further, the German Navy is going to receive five new Braunschweig class corvettes, the new F125 class frigates and two more Type 212 submarines.

[

References

[

See also

• Ceremonial oath of the Bundeswehr
• Conscription in Germany

[

External links

• Bundeswehr - Official site (in German)
• Federal Ministry of Defence official site (in German, English and French)
• Bundesamt für Wehrtechnik und Beschaffung official site (in German)
• Bundesamt für Informationsmanagement und Informationstechnik der Bundeswehr official site (in German)
• Territoriale Wehrverwaltung official site (in German)

v • d • e Bundeswehr (Military of Germany) Heer (Army) | Marine (Navy) | Luftwaffe (Air force) Zentraler Sanitätsdienst (Central Medical Services) | Streitkräftebasis (Joint Support Service)