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Aviation and the environment



As part of that process the ICAO has endorsed the adoption of an open emissions trading system to meet CO2 emissions reduction objectives. Guidelines for the adoption and implementation of a global scheme are currently being developed, and will be presented to the ICAO Assembly in 2007,[24] although the prospects of a comprehensive inter-governmental agreement on the adoption of such a scheme are uncertain.

Within the European Union, however, the European Commission has resolved to incorporate aviation in the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS).[25] The Commissions plans to make legislative proposals by the end of 2006, with a possible view to incorporating aviation into Phase II of the ETS from 2008. However, a number of design and implementation issues are yet to be resolved[26] and some within the airline industry have expressed doubts about whether this deadline can be achieved.[27]

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Noise

Main article: Aircraft noise

Aircraft noise is seen by advocacy groups as being very hard to get attention and action on. The fundamental issues are increased traffic at larger airports and airport expansion at smaller and regional airports.[28]

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Air quality

Main article: Air pollution

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References

  1. ^ International Civil Aviation Organization, Air Transport Bureau (ATB) (undated). Aircraft Engine Emissions. Retrieved on 2008-03-19.
  2. ^ Enviro.aero (undated). What is the impact of flying?. Retrieved on 2008-03-19.
  3. ^ Travis, David J. (2002). "Contrails reduce daily temperature range". Nature 418: 601. doi:10.1038/418601a. 
  4. ^ EU press release (2006-12-20). "Climate change: Commission proposes bringing air transport into EU Emissions Trading Scheme". Press release. Retrieved on 2008-01-02.
  5. ^ Including Aviation into the EU ETS: Impact on EU allowance prices ICF Consulting for DEFRA February 2006
  6. ^ a b c d IPCC, Aviation and the Global Atmosphere: A Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (1999), Cambridge University Press
  7. ^ a b Sausen, Robert; Ivar Isaksen, Volker Grewe, Didier Hauglustaine, David S. Lee, Gunnar Myhre, Marcus O. KÖhler, Giovanni Pitari, Ulrich Schumann, Frode Stordal and Christos Zerefos (2005). "Aviation radiative forcing in 2000: an update on IPCC". Meteorologische Zeitschrift 14 (4): 555–561. Gebrüder Borntraeger. doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2005/0049. 
  8. ^ a b Aviation and the Global Atmosphere: A Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (1999), Cambridge University Press
  9. ^ Questions & Answers on Aviation & Climate Change. European Commission (2005-09-17). Retrieved on 2008-01-12.
  10. ^ The Future of Air Transport White Paper (2003), HMSO "The aviation industry is encouraged to take account of, and where appropriate reduce, its contribution to global warming...The impact of aviation on climate change is increased over that of direct CO2 emissions alone by some of the other emissions released and their specific effects at altitude".
  11. ^ Goodall, Chris (2007-02-08). How to Live a Low-carbon Life: The Individual's Guide to Stopping Climate Change. Earthscan Publications Ltd, 326. ISBN 1844074269. p. 222
  12. ^ IATA/ATAG, Aviation & the Environment (1999) "Aircraft fuel efficiency has improved by some 50% over the past 30 years"
  13. ^ Advisory Council for Aeronautical Research in Europe (ACARE) Strategic Research Agenda (2002) "These objectives include, inter alia, a 50% cut in CO2 and 80% in Nox emissions" [for new aircraft introduced in 2020 relative to new aircraft introduced in 2000].
  14. ^ International Civil Aviation Organization Operational Opportunities to Minimize Fuel Use and Reduce Emissions (2001)
  15. ^ Williams, Victoria; Robert B. Nolanda and Ralf Toumib (November 2002). "Reducing the climate change impacts of aviation by restricting cruise altitudes". Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 7 (6): 451–464. doi:10.1016/S1361-9209(02)00013-5. 
  16. ^ a b c CBC News (February 2008). Airline flies jumbo jet powered by biofuel. Retrieved on 2008-02-24.
  17. ^ South Dakota State University (2006). Active Projects. Retrieved on 2008-02-19.
  18. ^ Thornton, Jim (January 2004). Ethanol from corn: burning money and oil. Retrieved on 2008-02-19.
  19. ^ Science Daily (April 2005). Study: Ethanol Production Consumes Six Units Of Energy To Produce Just One. Retrieved on 2008-02-19.
  20. ^ Cairns, Dr Sally & Carey Newson et al (September 2006). Predict and decide - Aviation, climate change and UK policy p. 96, section 11.9. Retrieved on 2008-05-31.
  21. ^ Cairns, Dr Sally & Carey Newson et al (September 2006). Predict and decide - Aviation, climate change and UK policy p. 4. Retrieved on 2008-05-31.
  22. ^ Sewill, Brendon (February 2003). The Hidden Cost of Flying (PDF) pp. 19–20. Aviation Environment Federation. Retrieved on 2007-10-18.
  23. ^ Select Committee on Environmental Audit Ninth Report paras. 112, 118–125, 113–114 & 126–133. British House of Commons (19 July 2006). Retrieved on 2007-11-12.
  24. ^ ICAO news release 30 November 2005 "ICAO is also considering market-based options to address engine emissions through the participation of aviation in emissions trading schemes and the use of emissions levies related to local air quality. Guidelines for Contracting States wishing to implement such measures are being formulated and should be completed in time for the next regular Session of the ICAO Assembly in the Fall of 2007, when direction for future action will be set."
  25. ^ European Commission, Reducing the Climate Change Impact of Aviation (2005)]
  26. ^ C E Delft Giving Wings to Emission Trading Report for the European Commission, DG Environment No. ENV.C.2/ETU/2004/0074r (2005)
  27. ^ Oral evidence to the UK House of Commons Environmental Audit Select Committee enquiry Reducing Carbon Emissions from Transport (2006) Dr Andrew Sentence, Chief Economist and Head of Environmental Affairs, British Airways "We have made a lot of progress in getting emissions trading on the agenda for aviation. It is now being actively supported by the European Commission which is developing a proposal which will be put forward later this year. While it may not be possible to hit the deadline of 2008 for the second phase of emissions trading in Europe, hopefully something will be in place in Europe not long after that."
  28. ^ Noise Pollution Clearinghouse (undated). Aviation Noise. Retrieved on 2007-12-29.

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See also

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External links


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